SCH3U

Final Exam Review

This exam review package contains sample questions, as well as lists of questions found in the
textbook. It is recommend that students complete all sample questions contained in this review
package. It is NOT expected that students will complete all of the textbook questions listed in
this review. Instead, students should use these listed textbook questions as an extra resource,
completing as many questions as they feel necessary until they have mastered the concepts listed
in this in this review package.

** You must know the rules of rounding and significant digits**

I. Nomenclature

1. You must be familiar with all of the rules of chemical nomenclature that we studied
including, ionic compounds, molecular compounds, multivalent ions, polyatomic ions,
oxyanions, hydrates, acids, oxyacids

I. Basic Atomic Structure

1. Draw the basic structure of an atom. Label the protons, neutrons, nucleus, and electrons

2. Which subatomic particles make up most of the mass of an atom?

II. The Periodic Table

1. Using your periodic table you must be able to locate the following information:

a. Atomic number
b. Common/other ion charges
c. Symbol/name of element
d. Atomic mass (u)
e. Molar mass (g/mol)
f. Mass number
g. Where are metals, non-metals, and metalloids located?

2. How are periods arranged in the periodic table? What information about the electron
arrangement of an atom of an element does this tell us?

How are groups arranged in the periodic table? What information about the electron
arrangement of an atom of an element does this tell us?

3. Where are the following groups/families located on the periodic table? What are some of
their properties/characteristics?

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 a. Alkali Metals
b. Alkaline Earth Metals
c. Halogens
d. Noble Gases

4. Know how absorption/emission spectra work and how this knowledge relates to the Bohr
model of the atom

III. Isotopes

1. What is an isotope?

2. What information is provided by the following notation?

3. Define isotopic abundance:
4. What does the following notation indicate: Cl-35 ?
5. Know how to calculate atomic mass for an element when given % abundance and
isotope mass info know how to calculate % abundance when given isotope mass and
atomic mass info

a. Sample Question:
Natural chlorine contains two isotopes, Cl-35 (34.969 u) and Cl-37 (36.970 u). In
a sample of chlorine, 75.53% of the atoms are Cl-35 and 24.47% of the atoms are
Cl-37. Calculate the atomic mass of chlorine. [Ans: 35.45 amu]

6. Know how to calculate % abundance when given isotope mass and atomic mass info

IV. Trends in the Periodic Table

1. Recall the major trends in the periodic table that we examined (look at the PowerPoint
slides:
a. Atomic radius, Ionization energy, Electron affinity, Electronegativity
b. Understand the definition/meaning of these concepts
c. Be able to explain each of these trends in terms of atomic structure
d. For quick reference, remember how these trends are represented pictorially with
arrows on a periodic table.

i. Sample Questions:
What two factors affect the size of an atom (atomic radius)?

ii. Which element in each pair has a larger atomic radius?

1. carbon, germanium [Ans: Ge]
2. magnesium, chlorine [Ans: Mg]
3. calcium, bromine [Ans: Ca]
iii. How does the radii of an element change when it becomes a positive or
negative ion?

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 iv. List the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius. Give
reasons.
neon, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous [Ans: Ne, N, P, K]
v. Describe the relationship between each pair of periodic trends
1. Atomic radius and ionization energy [Ans: Cl]
2. Atomic radius and electronegativity [Ans: Rb]
vi. Which element in each pair has the higher electron affinity?
1. sodium, chlorine [Ans: Cl]
2. rubidium, cesium [Ans: Rb]

V. Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules

1. Know how to draw Lewis structures and structural formulas for compounds
a. Know how to calculate EN for a bond and classify the bond as non-polar
covalent, polar covalent, ionic
b. Know how to determine whether or not a molecule is polar or non-polar given its
structure
c. For polyatomic ions, know how to draw Lewis structures, calculate formal charge,
know how/when expanded or incomplete octets may occur, know how to draw
resonance structures
d. Know the different intermolecular forces
e. Know what causes each type of force (diagrams) and their relative strengths
f. Know how to use intermolecular forces to explain properties such as melting and
boiling points
g. Sample Question:
For each of the molecules listed below:
Formula C3H8 C5H12 CHCl3 C2H5OH I2

Structure

Boiling Point -42 oC 36 oC 61 oC 78 oC 184 oC

1. Provide a EN calculation for each bond
2. State which type of bonds/intramolecular forces are present
3. State whether the entire molecule is polar molecule is polar or non-polar
and justify your answer
4. Explain why the boiling points of each of the compounds are ordered the
way they are

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 2. Ionic and molecular compounds
a. Know how to determine if elements will combine to form ionic or molecular
compounds
b. Know some properties of ionic and molecular compounds eg. M.P. and B.P. ,
hardness/brittleness, conductivity, solubility in water etc. and how the structure of
the compound contributes to these properties.

VI. Writing and Balancing Reactions

1. We have already reviewed how to write balanced chemical equations extensively. You
should also review your Chemical Nomenclature Assignment.

2. Questions: p. 185 # 39, 40

VII. Types of Reactions

1. Recall the main types of reactions are synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single
displacement and double displacement. Review your notes on these types of reactions.
a. What are acidic oxides and basic oxides?
b. Know the types of synthesis reactions that occur when and acidic oxide or basic
oxide is reacted with water
c. Know the types of decomposition reactions that occur when certain acids and
bases are heated

2. Questions: p. 183 # 3,4,5,13,14,17

p. 184 # 4,5,6,8,9,43,44

3. Recall how to use the activity series of metals when they are reacted with ionic
compounds, acids or water for single displacement reactions
4. Know how to use the activity series of halogens for single displacement reactions
5. Know how to use the solubility table for double displacement reactions.
a. Know the three different products that can form that will drive a double
displacement reaction forward
b. Know the three different types of compounds that can be reacted with acid to
cause a double displacement reaction and know the type of product formed.

6. Questions: p. 184 # 7,10,48,49,50,54,55

VIII. Mole Concept

1. What does the Law of Definite Proportions state?

2. Avogadro’s Constant
a. What is it?
b. What is its symbol?
c. Why was this specific number chosen?

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3. What is molar mass?
a. What is its symbol?
b. What units are used to measure molar mass?
c. Know how to calculate the molar mass of any element or compound using a
periodic table.

4. Calculations involving the mole concept

a. What formula shows the relationship between the quantities of mass, moles, and
molar mass?
b. Know how to calculate either mass, moles, or molar mass if given two of these
three quantities.
c. Know how to calculate the number of entities (atoms or molecules) of a given
sample if given the mass or the number of moles, and vice versa.
i. What constant must be used in this calculation?

ii. Sample Question:

Hydrazine, N2H4(l), is used in rocket fuels and air bags. Calculate how
many moles, molecules, and total atoms are in 78.4 g of hydrazine. [Ans:
2.45 mol; 1.47 x 1024 molecules; 8.83 x 1024 total atoms]

iii. Sample Question

A pure gold coin contains 9.51 x 1022 atoms of gold. What amount in
moles of gold is in the coin? What is the mass of the gold coin? [Ans:
0.158 mol; 31.1 g]

5. Percent Composition
a. Know how to calculate percent composition when given masses, and vice versa.

i. Sample Question:
A 19.6 g sample of a compound contains 16.1 g of nitrogen and 3.50 g of
hydrogen. Determine the percentage composition by mass of the
compound. [Ans: 82.1% N; 17.9% H]

b. Know how to calculate the percent composition of each element in a compound if

given the chemical formula.

i. Sample Question:
Calculate the percentage composition of Na2CO3. [Ans: 43.38% Na;
11.33% C; 45.29% O]

6. Empirical and Molecular Formulas

a. What is the difference between the two?
b. Know how to calculate both the empirical and molecular formulas of a compound
when given mass or percent composition.

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 i. Sample Question:
An unknown compound contains 42.6% oxygen, 32.0% carbon, 18.7%
nitrogen, and the remainder is hydrogen. The molar mass of the unknown
compound is 150.0 g/mol. Calculate the empirical and molecular formula
of the compound. [Ans: empirical formula – C2H5NO2; molecular
formula – C4H10N2O4]

7. Questions: p. 307 # 2-9,14,16,17

p. 308 # 3-10,14-19,26,28,29,31-43,45-50,58,62,64,65,66,71,75,76

8. What is a mole ratio?

a. How is it determined?

9. Calculating Masses of Reactants and Products

a. Know how to calculate the mass of reactants or products from a balanced
chemical equation.

i. Sample Question:
Calculate the mass of silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), that must react with solid
copper to provide 475 kg of copper nitrate, Cu(NO3)2(aq). [Ans: 8.60 x 102
kg]

Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) 2 Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

10. Calculating Limiting and Excess Reagents

a. What are limiting and excess reagents?
b. How can you determine which reagent is limiting and which in is excess?
c. How much extra substance is needed to ensure a reagent is in excess?
d. Know how to calculate which reagent is limiting and which is in excess from a
balanced chemical equation when given masses.

i. Sample Question:
Lithium reacts with oxygen to form lithium oxide, Li2O(s).

4 Li(s) + O2(g) 2 Li2O(s)

When 20.0 g of lithium metal reacts with 30.0 g of oxygen gas, which
reactant is limiting and which is in excess? [Ans: limiting – Li; excess –
O2 ]

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 11. Yield of a Chemical Reaction
a. What is the difference between the actual yield and the theoretical yield?
b. Know how to calculate both the actual yield and the theoretical yield from a
balanced chemical equation.

i. Sample Question:
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4(aq), is neutralized by potassium hydroxide,
KOH(aq), according to the following reaction below. The yield of this
process is known to be 74.5%. If 49.0 g of potassium phosphate is
required to sell to a customer, what mass of potassium hydroxide is
required to produce this much product? Assume phosphoric acid is
present in excess. [Ans: 52.2 g]

H3PO4(aq) + 3 KOH(aq) K3PO4(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

12. Questions: p.345 #1,2,4-7,8,11,13,17-20

p. 346 #1,2,4,6,7,9-12,16,19,20,22,26,30,36,44,49,57,62,63

IX. Solutions and Solubility

1. Know important terms used to describe solutions

a. homogenous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, solute, solvent, aqueous solution,
etc.

2. Explaining Solutions
a. What are intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces?
b. How do polarity and hydrogen bonds affect the solubility of a compound in
water? (diagrams)
c. What happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water? How is it different from
how molecular compounds dissolve in water?
d. What are detergents (surfactants)? What is their structure? What do they do and
how do they work?

2. Solubility and Saturation

a. Know what an unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solution are
b. Know how to interpret solubility curves to determine things such as:
i. Is a solution unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated
ii. To what temperature a solution must be heated to get a certain amount of
solute to dissolve
iii. To what temperature a solution must be cooled to get a solution to start to
crystalize/precipitate
iv. If a solution is cooled to a particular temperature, what mass of solute will
crystalize/precipitate out of solution

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3. Solution Concentration
a. Know the definition of dilute and concentrated solutions.
b. Know the three different types of percentage concentration
v. Know the formulas for each of these and be able to use them in
calculations.
vi. Questions: p. 417 # 20
p. 411 # 2,3,4,7
c. Very low concentrations
vii. ppm, ppb, ppt
viii. Know the units used for each of these and be able to perform calculations.

4. Questions: p. #5,6,8

5. Amount Concentrations
a. What unit is used for amount concentrations?
b. Know the formula and be able to perform calculations involving mass, moles,
concentration and volume.

6. Making solutions
a. Know how to calculate quantities for making solutions by weighing solids
b. Know how to calculate quantities for making solutions by diluting a standard
(stock) solution

7. Questions: p. 415 #4-10,11,13-21

p. 416 #3,4,6-9,19,20,30,33,35,55,56,58,62,63

8. Know how to write total ionic equations, net ionic equations and identify spectator ions

9. Quantitative Chemical Analysis

a. What is it?
b. Know how to calculate the concentration of a solution or volume of a solution
when given the concentration and/or volume of the solution with which it reacts

i. Sample Question:
A 10.00 mL sample of sulfuric acid reacts completely with 15.9 mL of
0.150 mol/L potassium hydroxide solution. Calculate the amount
concentration of the sulfuric acid. [Ans: 0.119 mol/L]

c. Know how to calculate ion concentration when an ionic compound dissolves

i. Sample Question:
15.3 g of magnesium nitride, Mg3N2, is dissolved in water to make 428
mL of solution. Calculate the concentration of magnesium ion, Mg2+(aq),
and the concentration of the nitride ion, N3-(aq). [Ans: [Mg2+(aq)] = 1.06
mol/L; [N3-(aq)] = 0.708 mol/L]

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 10. What are some properties of acids and bases
a. Know the difference between dissociation and ionization. Do acids and bases
ionize and/or dissociate?
b. What are strong and weak acids and strong and weak bases?
c. Know the common strong acids we frequently discussed in class: hydrochloric
acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, etc.
d. Be able to recognize bases (usually compounds with a hydroxyl group)
e. Know the difference between the Arrhenius and Bronsted Lowry Acid-Base
Theories
i. Know how to identify conjugate acid-base pairs
f. What is the pH scale? Know how to interpret pH values. Know how calculate
pH given [H+] and vice versa

11. What are some common acid-base reactions?

g. What is a neutralization reaction
h. What is a titration? Know the general principles and equipment/reagents used.
What is the endpoint?

X. Gas Laws

1. What are the four main variables we learned about when dealing with gases?

2. What are the conditions defined by STP and SATP?

a. What is atmospheric pressure? What are some of the units used to represent
atmospheric pressure?
b. What is the Kelvin scale? Know how to convert Celsius to kelvin and vice versa

3. Boyle’s Law
a. What does Boyle’s Law state?
b. Know how to use the formula for Boyle’s Law in calculation questions.

i. Sample Question:
A weather balloon with a volume of 2.00 x 103 L at a pressure of 96.3 kPa
rises to an altitude of 1.00 x 103 m, where the atmospheric pressure is
measured to be 60.8 kPa. Calculate the new volume of the balloon.
Assume the temperature and amount of gas remain constant. [Ans: 3.17 x
103 L]

c. Know how to represent the relationship with a graph

4. Charles’s Law
a. What does Charles’s Law state?
b. What is the Kelvin scale?
c. Know how to convert temperatures between the Celsius scale and the Kelvin
scale.
d. Know how to use the formula for Charles’s Law in calculation questions.

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 i. Sample Question:
A balloon is filled to a volume of 1.50 L of helium gas in an air-
conditioned room at 18.0 oC. The balloon is then taken outside on a warm
day and left to float as a decoration. The volume of the balloon expands to
1.55 L. Calculate the outside temperature. Assume the pressure and
amount of gas remain constant. [Ans: 27.7 oC]

e. Know how to represent the relationship with a graph

5. Gay-Lussac’s Law
a. What does the Pressure and Temperature Law state?
b. Know how to use the formula for the Pressure and Temperature Law in
calculation questions.

i. Sample Question:
The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister is 5.0 atm at 298 K. What
is the pressure of the oxygen gas inside the canister if the temperature
changes to 263 K? Assume the volume and amount of gas remain
constant. [Ans: 4.4 atm]

c. Know how to represent the relationship with a graph

6. Combined Gas Law

a. Know how to use the formula for the Combined Gas Law in calculation questions.

i. Sample Question:
A small balloon contains 275 mL of helium gas at a temperature of 25.0
o
C and a pressure of 351 kPa. What volume would this gas occupy at 10.0
o
C and 101 kPa. Assume the amount of gas remains constant. [Ans: 908
mL]

7. Ideal Gas Law

a. What is an ideal gas?
b. Know how to use the Ideal Gas Law formula in calculation questions.

i. Sample Question
A 1.58 g sample of gas occupies a volume of 500.0 mL at STP. Calculate
the molar mass of the gas. [Ans: 70.8 g/mol]

ii. Sample Question

What is the density of nitrogen gas reported in units of grams per litre, at
25.00 oC and 126.63 kPa. [Ans: 1.431 g/L]

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8. Law of Combining Volumes and Avogadro’s Law
a. What does the Law of Combining Volumes State?
b. What does Avogadro’s Law state?
c. Know how to use Avogadro’s Law in calculation questions.

i. Sample Question:
A balloon with a volume of 34.5 L is filled with 3.2 mol of helium gas.
To what volume will the balloon expand if another 8.0 g of helium is
added? Assume pressure and temperature remain constant. [Ans: 56 L]

d. What is the molar volume of a gas at STP and at SATP?

e. Be able to perform these calculations when given the mass of a gas, and be able to
calculate the mass of a gas when given the volume.

i. Sample Question:
A sample of helium at SATP has a mass of 32.0 g. What volume does this
mass of gas occupy? [Ans: 198 L]

9. Gas Mixtures and the Law of Partial Pressures

a. Know how to perform calculations involving the law of partial pressures and
collecting gas over water

i. Sample Question:
The total pressure of a mixture of oxygen gas and water vapour is 381
kPa. If the water vapour has a partial pressure of 163 kPa, what is the
partial pressure of the oxygen gas? [Ans: 218 kPa]

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