Tutorial SOMS1913 – Respiratory system

Week 4
Dr Cristian Leyton Moscoso / Anatomy Department

Dr Jennie Cederholm / Physiology Department

Tutorial 2

Timetable

Activity Time
Individual quiz 15 minutes
Team quiz 15 minutes
Activity 1 – Anatomy 20 minutes
Debrief Activity 1 10 minutes
Activity 2 – Physiology 20 minutes
Debrief Activity 2 10 minutes

1
Activity 1 (Part A)

Identify the anatomical structures shown in a chest X-ray.

1. trachea
____________________
2. ____________________
right bronchus
3. ____________________
left bronchus
4. ____________________
scapula
5. ____________________
clavicle
6. ____________________
sternum
7. ____________________
arch of azigos vein
8. ____________________
aortic arch/knob
9. ____________________
left pulmonary artery
10. ____________________
left atrium
11. ____________________
left ventricle
12. ____________________
right ventricle
13. ____________________
right hilum and pulmonary artery
14. ____________________
costophrenic angle
15. ____________________
breasts shadow

2
 Activity 1 (Part B)

Trace the flow through the respiratory system starting with the external nares. Number the
structures 1 though 17 and draw a diagram with those structures.

____________ alveolar duct

____________ alveolar sac

____________ alveolus

____________ bronchiole

____________ external nares

____________ internal nares

____________ laryngopharynx

____________ larynx

____________ nasal cavity

____________ nasopharynx

____________ oropharynx

____________ primary (main) bronchus

____________ respiratory bronchiole

____________ secondary (lobar) bronchus

____________ terminal bronchiole

____________ tertiary (segmental) bronchus

____________ trachea

3
 Activity 1 (Part C): Complete the below table according to the histology of respiratory system (Use
the different types of epitheliums provided below the table (there is an answer as an example in
red colour).

organ Segmental alveoli Terminal Primary Middle Trachea Roof of nasal Nasal Secondary
bronchus bronchiole bronchus conchae cavity vestibule bronchus
Epithelium 2 3,4 1 2 2 2 2 5 2
1- Simple cuboidal epithelium
2- Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
3- Simple squamous epithelium
4- Neuroepithelium
5- Stratified squamous epithelium.

4
Activity 2 – Physiology – Gas exchange

Instructions

1. Add and subtract cubes to the beaker for each of the exercises to simulate changes in partial
pressure of gases.
2. Each colour of cube represents a gas molecule, and each cube represents 20 mmHg partial
pressure:
Red – CO2
Green – O2
Blue – N2
Yellow – H2O

Activity A

1. Add cubes to the beaker to get what you think might be a reasonable starting composition for
each gas in the atmosphere. Think of the gases in terms of partial pressure with each cube = 20
mmHg. Assume an atmospheric pressure at sea level, i.e., 760 mmHg. You will need to use
Dalton’s law to calculate the partial pressures for each gas in order to estimate the number of
cubes for each gas. Note: use 1 cube for H2O for atmospheric pressure.
2. Now, imagine the atmospheric air (represented by the cubes in the beaker) being inhaled and this
air taking part in gas exchange.
3. Remove or add cubes to the beaker to match the partial pressures of the gases in the alveoli after
gas exchange. To get you started: The printed sheet next to the beaker shows you the PO2 and
PCO2 values. The total number of cubes should still be the same in the beaker, but the
composition of the cubes will change.
4. Discuss the differences in partial pressure of each gas in the atmosphere and alveoli, and how
that comes about.
a. Is there an increase or decrease in the partial pressure of H2O from atmospheric air to
alveoli air? Why?
b. Is there an increase or decrease in the partial pressure of O2 from atmospheric air to
alveoli air? Why?
c. Is there an increase or decrease in the partial pressure of CO2 from atmospheric air to
alveoli air? Why?
d. What happens to the partial pressure of N2? Why?

Activity B

1. Add cubes to the beaker to represent arterial blood partial pressures. You should know the PO2
and PCO2 values in arterial blood and use the other cubes to make up the difference to total
pressure.
2. Imagine you are now hyperventilating due to an asthma attack. This will change the partial
pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood as the breathing is more rapid and/or deep.
3. Discuss with your group how the gas partial pressures change.
a. Do they increase or decrease? Why?
b. Remove or add cubes to the beaker to reflect the changes in blood partial pressures.
4. Does the blood pH decrease or increase due to hyperventilation? Why and how? Discuss the
process involved.