COMPUTER CONCEPTS

Computer: A computer is a programmable, multi use machine that accepts

data, raw facts and figures and processes, or manipulates it into
information we can use, such as summaries and/or totals.

Ex:-normal pc’s, microwave ovens, automobiles, ATM etc.

It is a Subject of Calculation and also subject of inputting the Data. It is

invented by Charles Babbage, called as father of computers, during 1940’s.

Reason: It is invented only with a view to enhance the features of the

calculator which will not have data entry facility and also data storage
facility.

Function of Computers:

1. Arithmatic and Logical Operations.

2. Comparing values

3. Storing of data, searching of data and also retrieving of data.

Characteristics of Computers:

1. Efficiency
2. Accuracy
3. Capacity
4. Speed

Society of Computers:

1. Education
2. Business
3. Medical
4. Administration
5. Communication
6. Entertainment
7. Transportation etc.,
 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

There is no single change in our present computers. There are 5 steps, that

is 5 generations in present development.

FIRST GENERATION:

This generation had the time period-1946-55. Vaccum tubes were main

components in this generation of computers. The main limitations of first

generation computers were ……………

 Large in size
 Less memory
 Low speed
 Less programming capacity
 Faults finding was difficult
 Short life and maintenance was difficult.

SECOND GENERATION:

This generation time period is from 1956-65. Transistors were the main

components in this generation.

Disadvantages:

o Low speed, low storage capacity,

o Faults finding was difficult.
Advantages: Small size, faster than first generation of computers.

THIRD GENERATION: This generation time period is from 1966-75.

Integrated circuits were the main component in this generation.

Advantages: High storage, low space, long life, fault finding easy.

FOURTH GENERATION: This generation time period is from 1976-85. Micro

processor chips are the main components in this generation computers.
These computers are also called as “Micro computers”.

Advantages: A/c is required, minimum maintenance; these are the

cheapest computers when compared to previous generations of
computers.

FIFTH GENERATION: This generation time period is from 1986-to present.

Super very large-scale integrated (SVLSI) chips are used in this generation.
These computers are also called as Super computers.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER:

CPU: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

1. ALU: ARITHMATIC AND LOGIC UNIT: It is a unit which implements some

calculations.

2. CU: CONTROL UNIT: It is a Unit which controls overall functioning,

which is going in the internal functioning of computers.

3. MU: MEMORY UINIT: It is a Unit that stores the data in the Computer.
THE COMPUTERS MEMORY IS CALCULATED IN BITS &BYTES

8 bits ---------------------------1Byte
1024 byte---------------------- 1-Kilo Byte [KB]
1024 kilobytes------------------- 1 Mega Byte [MB]
1024 mega bytes -------------- 1Gega Byte [GB]
1024 gega bytes -------------- Terra Byte [TB]

Computer Memory is divided into two parts:

1. Primary Memory: Here the user can store the data temporarily.

Ex:RAM: Random Access Memory.

2. Secondary Memory: Here the user can store the data permanently.

Ex:ROM: Read Only Memory.

---o0o---

INPUT DEVICES: It is the device that allows input the data to the system.
The following are called input devices:

 Key Board
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Light-pen
 Scan-pad
 Scanner
 Digital Camera
 Cell phone
 Touch-screen
 Pen drives

OUTPUT DEVICES: It is a device which brings the data from the system
using various devices.

 Monitor
 Printer
 Magnetic disks
 Magnetic tapes
 Floppies
 Punched cards
 Pen drives
 Cell phones
 IMPLEMENTATION UNDER COMPUTERS

The combination of Hard Ware and Software can be called as

“Computer”.

HARD WARE:
The physical parts or components of computer are called
as “Hard Ware”.

Ex: Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Printer, Modem, Motherboard, Joystick,

Monitor etc.,

Topics in Hardware:

 Basics of Hardware
 System Assembling
 Data Installation

SOFT WARE

Software is the second part of the computers. By using software only we

can be able to develop different types of applications. This is mainly
divided into ……………

a) System Software b) Application Software

System Software (operating system):-

Booting:- loading of operating system into computer’s memory. The

operating system creates the interface between the user and computers,
software and hardware components.

The main functions of operating system are…………….

1) Memory management
2) Device management
3) Hardware management
4) File management
The operating system is mainly divided into……

A) Single user Operating system

B) Multi user Operating system

A)Single user operating systems: -

Single user Single Task: In this operating system there is only user and he
can perform only one task at the same time. Ex:-dos ,windows 3.1x

Single user Multi Task:

This type of system normally contains one user can perform more than two
tasks simultaneously.

Ex: Windows-95, windows-97, 98, 2000, Me, 2000XP, 2003

B)Multi user operating systems: -

Multi user Single Task: This system contains more than one user who
performs one task at a time.

Ex: Unix

Multi User Multi Tasking: This system contains more than one user who
performs more than two tasks simultaneously.

Ex: Windows Net working, Linux

B) Application software: -

This software is using mainly to develop different types of document

reports, projects, programs, etc, to develop any package or these type of
soft wares, this software mainly divided into………….

a) Languages b) Packages
LANGUAGES: by using language we can able to develop package, we have
to write the steps and process these languages, we can perform,
sentences, projects, documentations, etc, to develop these types of
programs.

Ex: - c, c++, java, Cobol, Pascal, basic, etc

The languages are mainly divided into ………..

a) Low level language b) middle level language) high level language

a) Low level language: A language which can be under stand by system

ex:- basic, cobol, fotron etc.,

b) Middle level language: A language which can under stand by both (user
and system) ex:- pascal ,c,c++

c) High level language: A language which under stand by user& makes

system to understand. ex:- vc++, java, .net

B) Packages:-

Packages are the pre-designed group of functions, just like ready made
tools available in the market.

Ex:- Ms-office ,FoxPro, Dbase+++, Tally, Focus , Photoshop, Page Maker.

Documentation – format

Format is nothing but a formation of data ex: - Note pad, paint, word pad,
word, excel, power-point etc.,

Data concepts: - Maintaining data under a particular concept.

Ex:- fox pro , v fox, Ms-access, oracle.

 Icon :- graphical representation of an
application .
Program group:- contains the set of icon
applications .
Start button: - display all application or
program list.
Task bar: - display the current task list.

Desk top (default icons):- the desktop

contains the following default icons.
1) my computers
2) my documents
3) my network places
4) internet explorer
5) recycle bin
1) My computers: - displays all drives and
memory capacity of the disk.
2) My documents: - default each file store
in my documents.
3) My net work places:- create the
communication from one system to
another system
4) Internet explorer: - provide the internet facility and opens the specified address.

5) Recycle bin: - stores the deleted files for

temporary.