-Generals-1 Imp Acts & Go CoxT os Mel MoM rele Morel aS ole Ane Li) ol ODO) Vishal Kumar - Lesson 12 + July 29, 202317. Abolition of Untouchability.—“Untouchability’’ is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability’’ shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law 18. Abolition of titles.—(1) No title, not being a military or distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State (3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign (4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State academic Right to Freedom 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, ete.— (1) All citizens shall have the right (a) to freedom of speech and expression. (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms: (c) to form associations or unions; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade ciationBabur was the founder of the Mughal empire which was established in 1526 after Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat. Thus a new epoch and a new empire in India began, lasting for nearly three centuries beginning from 1526 to 1857. Six major rulers of this dynasty, Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, known as the “Great Mughals”, left their mark on Indianhistory. The empire declined after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707.Zaheeruddin Mohammad Baburfte2e OAD) Babur ascended the throne at Farghana (Uzbekistan), in 1494 at the age of twelve after the death of his father. The situation in Central Asia was not stable and Babar had to face a lot of resistance from the nobility itself.Meanwhile in India there was conflict between some Afghan chiefs with Ibrahim Lodi. Prominent among them was Daulat Khan Lodi, the Governor of a large part of Punjab. The Rajput king of Mewar Rana Sanga was also asserting his authority against Ibrahim Lodi and was trying to increase his area of influence in north India.Both of them sent word to Babur to invade India. Invitations from Rana Sanga and Daulat Khan Lodi might have encouraged Babur’s ambitions. MEDIEVAL HISTORY NOTES BY VISHAL SIRFinally, in 1526 Ibrahim Lodi and Babur’s forces met at Panipat . Babur had an active army of only 12000 soldiers while Ibrahim’s army had an estimated strength of 100,000 soldiers. When face to face in the battle field Babur’s tactics were unique. He effectively applied the Rumi (Ottoman) method of warfare.Cannons were an important addition in sixteenth- century warfare. Babur used them effectively in the first battle of Panipat.use of cannons in first battle of panipat Babur had conquered Delhi and Agra, but he still had to suppress the Rajputs and the Afghans. se els ee) eiThe forces of Babur and Rana Sanga met at Khanwa, a place near Fatehpur Sikri. Rana Sanga was defeated in 1527 and once again the superior military tactics of Babur succeeded. With the defeat of Rana the biggest challenge in north India was shattered. (Battle of khanwa 1527).Though the Mewar Rajputs received great shock at Khanwa, Medini Rai at Malwa was still threatening to challenge the authority of Babur. In the neat year Babur defeated Medini Rai in Chanderi. (Battle of Chanderi 1528).In the subsequent year Babur encountered Afghans(Ibrahim Lodi’s brother Mohammad Lodi) , and defeated them in Battle of Ghagra 1529. Babur died in the year 1530AD. He was a scholar of Persian and Arabic languages. He wrote his autobiography, Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turki language. Later it was translated into Persian and other languages.Table 1 MUGHAL EMPERORS Major campaigns and events BABUR 1526-1530 1526 ~ defeated Ibrahim Lodi and his Afghan supporters at Panipat. 1527 - defeated Rana Sanga. Rajput rulers and allies at Khanua. 1528 — defeated the Rajputs at Chander; Established control over Agra and Delhi before his death. ee rt HUMAYUN 1530-1540, 1555-1556 () Humayun divided his inheritance according to the will of his father. His brothers were each given a province. ‘The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened Humayun’s cause against Afghan competitors. Sher Khan — defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540), forcing him to flee to Iran. a (2) In Iran Humayun received help Song the Safavid Shah. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 but died the next year after an accident in this building. MEDIEVAL HISTORY NOTES BY VISHAL SIRWho were the Mughals? The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers. From their mother's side they were descendants of Genghis Khan (died 1227), ruler of the Mongol tribes, China and Central Asia. From their father’s side they were the successors of Timur (died 1404), the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey. However, the Mughals did not like to be called Mughal or Mongol. This was because Genghis Khan’s memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. It was also linked with the Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. On the other hand, the Mughals were MEDIEVAL HISTORY NOTES BY VISHAL SIRInfluence of Mughal Empire on Language The Persian language was quite prominent during the Mughal rule. Many words from Persian, Turkic and Arabic languages were taken and used in daily lives.Influence of Mughal Empire on Paintings Humayun laid the foundation of Mughal Painting in Persia. Humayun on returning to India brought famous artists like Abdal Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali. Miniature art forms of various mythological texts like Ramayana were produced in Persian. Akbar was so fond of paintings and thus he established an Art Studio. Mughal paintings were at their peak during Akbar’s reign t vanished under the Jahangir rule.Mughal Garden During the reign of Mughal emperors many Gardens along with running water had been constructed: Shalimar Bagh, Lahore- Built by Shah Jahan Pinjore Gardens, Punjab- Built by Fidai Khan Nishat Bagh, Kashmir- Built by Asif KhanForts Many forts had been constructed during the Mughal Empire. A few of them had been mentioned below: Agra Fort- by Akbar using red sandstone. Red Fort- by Shah Jahan. It constitutes three parts: Rang Mahal (Palace in Red fort), Diwan-i-Am (Audience hall), and Diwan-i-Khas (Private audience hall). Humayun’s Tomb i i with its marble dome. considered the UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Jama Masjid Built by Shah Jahan.It has three domes on the top with two 40 meters tall towers. Buland Darwaza is the entrance point of Jama Masjid, which is also called as ‘Door of Victory’ after Akbar’s Victory over Gujarat.Influence of Mughal Empire on Growth of Trade There were different kinds of traders in terms of the distance of trading which are as follows: Long-distance traders: Bohra Local traders: Banik Bulk carrying traders: Banjaras moved long distances carrying the bulk of goods.Certain traders were engaged in various trading activities, which include: Multani Merchants: They had rich reserves of Gold and silver. Bengali Merchants: They exported muslin (cotton cloth), rice, and silk. Gujarat: It’s the place from where goods were imported and directed towards the northern part. An extensive import of precious metals like Gold and silver took place during the Mughal Empire. In the west, different communities of Rajasthan were collectively named Marwaris.The majority of trade merchants were Jain, Hindu, and Muslim while other communities also played a minor role in the Growth of Trade. The period of the Mughal Empire had seen growth in certain parts but there were other areas where the growth and development remained stuck; agriculture being one of them.Nasiruddin Mohammad Humayn (1530-1540 ; 1555-56) After the death of Babur in 1530, his son Humayun succeeded him. Humayun means “fortune” but he remained the most unfortunate ruler of the Mughal Empire. Humayun, a cultured and learned person, was not a soldier like his father. He was faced with the problems of a cial system and the predatoryThe growth of Afghan power in the regions around Bihar and Uttar Pradesh under the leadership of Sher Khan (later Sher Shah) made Humayun to initiate action. Defeating the Afghans at Daurah in 1532 Humayun besieged the powerful fort of Chunar.Suri defeated Humayun in (1530 -1707) Battle of Chausa. Somehow alli Humayaun managed to escape from battle ground. However in 1539 Sher Shah 3 ; >) MUGHAL EMPIRE In the next year SherShah Suri confronted Humayun in cm Kannauj and defeated him \ [EB Extent of Mughal in 1530 completely. (Battle of Expansion of Mughal to 1605 Kannauj 1540 i Expansion of Mughal 1707 Expansion of Mughal into Babur's Afghan Kingdom _—— Current Countries Boundaries MEDIEVAL HISTORY NOTES BY VISMEDIEVAL HISTORY NOTES BY VISH.Consider the following statements regarding the “Khilji Dyanasty”: 1. Alauddin Khilji was the founder of Khilji Dynasty. 2. Alauddin was the first ruler to defeat the southern parts of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1.1 only 2. 2 only 3. Both 1 and 2 nor?Who among the following abolished the “Group of Forty” (Turkan-i-Chahalgani) system? 1. Raziya Sultan 2. Iltutmish 3. Balban 4. Tughril Khan MEDIEVAL HISTORY NOTES BY VISHAL SIRConsider the following statements regarding the Jizya tax: 1. It was introduced by Qutb-ud-din Aibak for the first time in India. 2. It was levied on both individuals and agriculture land. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1.1 only 2. 2 only 3. Both 1 and 2 4. Neither 1 nor 2Diwan-i-Amir Kohi is a department during Delhi Sultanate related to which of the following? 1. Agriculture 2. Revenue 3. Taxation 4. Military MEDIEVAL HISTORY NOTES BY VISHAL SIR