Article

Journal of Vibration and Control

2017, Vol. 23(17) 2841–2865

Mode shapes and frequencies of thin ! The Author(s) 2016

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rectangular plates with arbitrarily DOI: 10.1177/1077546315623710
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varying non-homogeneity along two
concurrent edges

Roshan Lal and Renu Saini

Abstract
Analysis and numerical results are presented for free transverse vibrations of isotropic rectangular plates having arbi-
trarily varying non-homogeneity with the in-plane coordinates along the two concurrent edges on the basis of Kirchhoff
plate theory. For the non-homogeneity, a general type of variation for Young’s modulus and density of the plate material
has been assumed. Generalized differential quadrature method has been used to obtain the eigenvalue problem for such
model of plates for four different combinations of boundary conditions at the edges namely, (i) fully clamped, (ii) two
opposite edges are clamped and other two are simply supported, (iii) two opposite edges are clamped and other two are
free, and (iv) two opposite edges are simply supported and other two are free. By solving these eigenvalue problems
using software MATLAB, the lowest three eigenvalues have been reported as the first three natural frequencies for the
first three modes of vibration. The effect of various plate parameters on the vibration characteristics has been analysed.
Three dimensional mode shapes have been plotted. A comparison of results with those available in literature has been
presented.

Keywords
Rectangular, isotropic, non-homogeneous, mode shapes, generalized differential quadrature (GDQ)

1. Introduction
Now-a-days, technologists are able to tailor advanced
materials by mixing two or more materials to get the
desired mechanical properties along one/more direction
due to their extensive demand in many fields of modern
engineering applications, and especially for perform-
ance in high temperature environments. Usually, these
materials are stiffer, stronger and corrosion resistant
than any other conventional material used earlier.
The structural elements made of such materials will
be non-homogeneous by nature in which the material
properties may vary continuously in a certain manner
either along a line or in a plane or in space. Thus, the
study of non-homogeneous materials with a fair
amount of accuracy is of practical importance from
the view-point of design engineers (Olszak, 1958;
Lekhnitskii et al., 1968; Lomakin, 1976; Jones, 1999;
Hudramovich, 2006; Sofiyev et al., 2009). In this
regard, the earliest model for the non-homogeneity
was proposed by Bose (1967), in which Young’s
modulus and density of the plate material are supposed
to vary with the radius vector i.e. ðE, Þ ¼ ðE0 , 0 Þ r.
Later on, Biswas (1969) developed a model for non-
homogeneity considering the exponential variations for
torsional rigidity  ¼ 0 e1 z and material density
 ¼ 0 e1 z , where 0 , 0 and 1 are constants. Das
and Mishra (1971) considered the non-homogeneity of
the plate characterized by taking Young’s modu-
lus E ¼ E0 ð1  Z Þ and density  ¼ 0 ð1  Z Þ2 ,
0    1 and  is an integer greater than 3. Rao et al.
(1974) proposed a model for non-homogeneous isotropic
Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Roorkee, India
Received: 2 April 2015; accepted: 23 November 2015
Corresponding author:
Renu Saini, Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
Email: renusaini189@gmail.com
2842
thin plates by assuming linear variations for Young’s
modulus and density given by E ¼ E0 ð1 þ  xÞ and
 ¼ 0 ð1 þ  xÞ,  and  being constants. Up till now,
a number of researches dealing with the dynamic behav-
iour of non-homogeneous plates/shells of various geo-
metries are available in the literature and reported in the
references (Tomar et al., 1982a; 1982b; 1984;
Chakraverty and Pety, 1997; Gutierrez et al., 1998;
Awrejcewicz et al., 1999; Gupta et al., 2007;
Chakraverty et al., 2005; Lal and Dhanpati, 2007;
Sofiyev et al., 2010; Gupta et al., 2012; Najafov et al.,
2014; Tornabene et al., 2014; Sofiyev, 2014; Ye et al.,
2014; Su et al., 2014; Jin et al., 2014a, 2014b), to mention
a few. In these studies, various models such as linear,
quadratic, exponential etc. for the non-homogeneity of
the isotropic/orthotropic material have been con-
sidered assuming that the Young’s modulus/moduli
and density are varying in same/distinct manner
along one direction only. Recently, few papers (Lal
et al., 2010; Kumar and Lal, 2011; 2012; Lal and
Kumar, 2012a, 2012b; Lal and Saini, 2015) have
appeared in the literature analysing the vibration char-
acteristics of uniform/non-uniform, isotropic/ ortho-
tropic rectangular plates in which the non-
homogeneity of the plate material is assumed to vary
in one or two directions due to their widespread appli-
cations in the field of electronics and aerospace indus-
try. All of these investigations have been made taking
Poisson’s ratio  as constant. Though, this consider-
ation doesn’t seem appropriate but to the best of the
author’s knowledge almost no paper has been found in
the literature in which Poisson’s ratio is taken vari-
able. However, in the two studies (Rossi and Laura,
1996; Laura et al., 1996), it has been found that the
effect of Poisson’s ratio on the frequencies is not
appreciable and reported as considerably less than
1%.
During the past few decades, due to the development
of high speed digital computers and numerical meth-
odologies such as Lagrange multiplier technique
(Ramkumar et al., 1987), hierarchical finite element
method (Bardell, 1991), Kantorovich method (Sakata
et al., 1996), finite strip method (Ashour, 2006), meth-
ods based on Green functions (Huang et al., 2007),
Chebyshev collocation technique (Gupta et al., 2007),
quintic splines methods (Lal and Dhanpati, 2007),
hybrid method (Kerboua et al., 2007), superposition
method (Bhaskar and Sivaram, 2008), boundary knot
method (Shi et al., 2009), element-free kp-Ritz method
(Zhao et al., 2009), discrete singular convolution
method (Civalek et al., 2010), finite cosine integral
transform method (Zhong et al., 2014), finite element
method (Xiaohui et al., 2011; Houmat, 2012), differen-
tial transform method (Semnani et al., 2013), symplec-
tic geometry method (Hu et al., 2012), Ritz method
Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)
(Eftekhari and Jafari, 2013), unified formulation-cell
based smoothed finite element method (Natarajan
et al., 2013), local Kriging meshless method (Zhang
et al., 2014), etc, a huge amount of work analyzing
the dynamic behaviour of plates of various geometries
with different boundary conditions has been reported
in the literature. In the recent years, differential quad-
rature (DQ) method introduced by Bellman and Casti
(1971) and Bert et al. (1988) and its improved versions
proposed by Shu and Richards (1992) as generalized
differential quadrature (GDQ) method, Striz et al.
(1995) as harmonic differential quadrature (HDQ)
method, Shu and Chew (1997) as Fourier expansion-
based differential quadrature (FDQ) method, Liu and
Wu (2001) as generalized differential quadrature rule
(GDQR), Karami and Malekzadeh (2013) as new dif-
ferential quadrature (NDQ) method, Krowiak (2006a,
2006b) as spline-based differential quadrature method
(SDQM), Fantuzzi et al. (2014) as generalized differ-
ential quadrature finite element method (GDQFEM)
etc. have emerged the powerful technique for produ-
cing highly accurate results with minimum computa-
tional efforts for both initial and boundary value
problems (Wu and Liu, 2004; Tomasiello, 1998; Shu,
1996; Viola and Tornabene, 2006; Honga and Jane,
2013; Ruan et al., 2011; Asadi and Qatu, 2012; Lal
and Rani, 2014) arising in the mechanics.
Despite the aforementioned researches on the vibra-
tion of non-homogeneous rectangular plates, there
exists no work in which two-dimensional (2D)-
arbitrary variation for the non-homogeneity of the
plate material has been considered. The present work
is an attempt to fill this gap for isotropic rectangular
plates of uniform thickness. The non-homogeneity of
the plate material is assumed to arise due to arbitrary
variations in Young’s modulus and density of the plate
material with both the in-plane coordinates whereas
Poisson’s ratio  is taken as constant. This type of
non-homogeneity arises during the fiber reinforced
plastic structures, which use fibers of different strength
properties along two mutually perpendicular directions
along the edges of the plate. For such plate models, the
governing differential equation of motion has been
solved employing generalized differential quadrature
(GDQ) method. Further, this consideration for the
non-homogeneity together with the aspect ratio of the
plate gives-rise to nine parameters and the study of
their effects on the natural frequencies for all the pos-
sible 21 combinations of classical boundary conditions
at the four edges generates the huge data. In the present
work, the numerical computations have been carried
out only for four boundary conditions, namely (i)
CCCC-all the four edges are clamped, (ii) CSCS- two
opposite edges are simply supported and the other two
are clamped, (iii) CFCF- two opposite edges are free
Lal and Saini 2843

and the other two are clamped, and (iv) SFSF- two
opposite edges are free and the other two are simply
supported with linear as well as parabolic variations for
non-homogeneity in Young’s modulus and density of
the plate material. The effect of non-homogeneity par-
ameters, density parameters and the aspect ratio on the
natural frequencies has been investigated for the first
three modes of vibration. Three dimensional (3D) mode
shapes for a specified plate have been plotted. A com-
parison of results has been presented. The main novel-
ties of the present work are:

(i) 2D model for non-homogeneity of a plate-type

structure has been proposed.
(ii) In this model, the Young’s modulus and density of
the plate material are assumed as very general
functions of in-plane coordinates x and y.
(iii) The proposed model encompasses various unidir-
ectional/bidirectional, linear and non-linear
models and few of them are available in the
literature.
(iv) 2D GDQ solution has been obtained success-
fully to deal with a very complex problem Figure 1. (a) Geometry of the isotropic rectangular plate and
having nine parameters with an accuracy of four (b) boundary conditions.
decimals.
(v) The analysis may be useful for missiles and aircraft
designers, solid state physicists and, in general, modulus,  is the Poisson ratio, r2 is the Laplacian
people engaged in material sciences, all deal with operator and t is the time.
a variety of non-homogeneous/anisotropic For free harmonic solutions, the displacement w is
materials. assumed to be


wðx, y, tÞ ¼ wðx, yÞ ei ! t ð2Þ
2. Mathematical formulation where ! is the circular frequency of vibration (in rad/s).
Consider a non-homogeneous isotropic rectangular Introducing the non-dimensional variables X ¼
plate of uniform thickness h, density  ðx, yÞ having a x=a, Y ¼ y=b, H ¼ h=a, W ¼ w=a,  together with the
domain 0  x  a, 0  y  b, where a and b are the arbitrary variations for Young’s modulus and density
length and breadth of the plate, respectively. The x- of the plate material as the functions of in-plane coord-
and y-axes are taken along the edges of the plate, the inates given by
axis of z is perpendicular to the x y-plane. The middle
surface being z ¼ 0 and origin is at one of the corners of EðX, YÞ ¼ E0 ð1 þ 1 Xp þ 2 Yq Þ,
the plate as shown in the Figure 1(a). The differential ð3Þ
ðX, YÞ ¼ 0 ð1 þ 1 Xr þ 2 Ys Þ
equation governing the motion of such plates is given
by (Leissa, 1969; Tomar et al., 1984) Equation (1), now reduces to
 4 
r2 ðD r2 wÞ  ð1  Þ @ W 4
2 @ W
4
4@ W
 2 2  2  2   ð1 þ 1 Xp þ 2 Yq Þ þ 2l þ l
@ D@ w @ D @ w @2 D @2 w @X4 @X2 @Y2 @Y4
 2 þ  3 
@x2 @y2 @x @y @x @y @y2 @x2 ð1Þ @ W @3 W
þ 2 p1 Xp1 3
þ l2
@2 w @X @X@Y2
þh ¼0  3 3

@t2 q1 4 @ W 2 @ W
þ 2 q 2 Y l þl
@Y3 @X2 @Y
where, the flexural rigidity D ¼ D ðx, yÞ ¼  2 2

p2 @ W 2@ W
Eðx, yÞ h3 =12 ð1  2 Þ, w ðx, y, tÞ is the transverse dis- þ p ð p  1Þ 1 X þ l
@X2 @Y2
placement at the point ðx, yÞ, Eðx, yÞ is the Young’s
2844 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

 
@2 W @2 W
þ q ðq  1Þ 2 Yq2  l2 þ
@X2 @Y2
 2 ð1 þ 1 Xr þ 2 Ys Þ W ¼ 0 ð4Þ
where l ¼ a=b and 2 ¼ 12 0 !2 a2 ð1  2 Þ =E0 H2 : In
equation (3), p, q, r and s are the positive integers,E0
and 0 are the Young’s modulus and density of the
plate material at X ¼ 0, Y ¼ 0, 1 , 2 are non-homo-
geneity parameters and 1 , 2 are the density param-
eters, respectively. This type of consideration is mainly
for illustration to fascinate theoretical problems invol-
ving the analysis of non-homogeneity in complex media
and may be of practical use for Geologists to apply it as
4. Method of solution
According to the method, one has to divide the com-
putational domain of the plate {0  X  1, 0  Y  1}
by drawing the lines parallel to X-axis and Y-axis. Let
N and M be the number of grid points (including
boundary points) in X and Y directions, respectively,
then the total number of function values in the whole
domain is N  M (Figure 2 (a)). Following (Shu, 2000),
the nth , mth order derivatives of WðX, YÞ and its mixed
derivative with respect to X and Y at ði, j Þth grid point
can be approximated as
@n WðXi , Yj Þ X N

a tool in examining the heterogeneity of the materials. ¼ aðnÞ

il WðXl , Yj Þ
@Xn l¼1
Equation (4) together with the appropriate bound-
ary conditions at the four edges gives-rise a boundary @m WðXi , Yj Þ X M
¼ bðmÞ
jl WðXi , Yl Þ
value problem whose closed form solution is not pos- @Y m
l¼1
sible due to the presence of variable coefficients. In the
present work, an approximate solution has been @mþn WðXi , Yj Þ X N X M ð5Þ
¼ aðnÞ ðmÞ
i l1 bj l2 WðXl1 , Yl2 Þ
obtained employing the generalized differential quadra- @Xn @Ym l ¼1 l ¼1
1 2
ture method for the four boundary conditions.
For i ¼ 1, 2, . . . , N; j ¼ 1, 2, . . . , M;
n ¼ 1, 2, . . . , N  1;
3. Boundary conditions m ¼ 1, 2, . . . , M  1;
The four different combinations of boundary conditions
namely, CCCC, CSCS, CFCF and SFSF have been con-
sidered where the symbol C, S, or F denotes clamped,
simply supported or free edge. In a notation such as
CSCS the first symbol indicates the condition at X ¼ 0,
the second at Y ¼ 0, the third at X ¼ 1 and the fourth at
Y ¼ 1 (Figure 1(b)). The relations that should be satisfied
at clamped, simply supported and free edges are as follows:

(i) Clamped edge

dW dW
W ¼ 0, ¼ 0 at X ¼ 0 and 1; W ¼ 0, ¼ 0;
dX dY
at Y ¼ 0 and 1:

(ii) Simply supported edge

d2 W d2 W
W ¼ 0, 2
¼ 0 at X ¼ 0 and 1; W ¼ 0,
dX dY2
¼ 0 at Y ¼ 0 and 1:

(iii) Free edge

 
@2 W
2 @2 W 2@3 W @3 W
l þ  ¼ 0, D l þ ð2  Þ
@Y2 @X2 @Y3 @X2 @Y
dD @2 W Figure 2. (a) Grid point distribution on a rectangular domain
þ ð1  Þ ¼0
dX @X @Y (b) Demonstration of interior points, adjacent points and
at Y ¼ 0 and 1. boundary of a rectangular plate.
Lal and Saini 2845

where aðnÞ ðmÞ

il and bjl are the weighting coefficients asso- !
X
M X
N X
M
ciated with n and mth order derivatives with respect to
th
þ 2 q 2 Yq1
ðjÞ l 4
bð3Þ þl 2
að2Þ ð1Þ
lj Wi, l il1 bjl2 Wl1 ,l2
X and Y, respectively. l¼1 l1 ¼1 l2 ¼1
The weighting coefficient of first-order derivative are !
X
N X
N
determined as þ p ð p  1Þ 1 X ð p2Þ
ðiÞ að2Þ
il Wl, j þ l 2
bð2Þ
lj Wl, j
8 l¼1 l¼1
Pð1Þ ðXi Þ
!
>
> j 6¼ i, X
N X
N
< ðXi Xj Þ Pð1Þ ðXj Þ
þ q ðq  1Þ 1 Y ðq2Þ
ðjÞ l 2
að2Þ
il Wl, j þ bð2Þ
lj Wl, j
að1Þ
ij ¼ PN ð6Þ
>
>  að1Þ j ¼ i, l¼1 l¼1
: ij
j¼1, j6¼i ¼ 2 ð1 þ 1 XðiÞ þ 2 Yð j ÞÞ Wi,j
8
> Qð1Þ ðYi Þ where 2 ¼ 12 0 !2 a2 ð1  2 Þ =E0 H2 :
< ðYi Yj Þ Qð1Þ ðYj Þ j 6¼ i,
>
Discretizing equation (11) at the internal grid points
bð1Þ
ij ¼ P
M ð7Þ
>
> bð1Þ j ¼ i, ðXi , Yj Þ, with 3  i  N  2 and 3  j  M  2
: ij
(Figure 2(b)), one obtains a set of linear simultaneously
j¼1, j6¼i
equations, which can be written in the following matrix
for i, j ¼ 1, 2, . . . , N form:

Y
N ½SIB  ½WB  þ ½SII  ½WI  ¼ 2 ½WI  ð12Þ
where Pð1Þ ðXi Þ ¼ ðXi  Xj Þ,
j¼1, j6¼i
ð8Þ where ½WB  is the matrix of order ð4N þ 4M  16Þ by 1,
Y
M
represent the function values based on the boundary
Qð1Þ ðYi Þ ¼ ðYi  Yj Þ points and their adjacent interior points, whereas,
j¼1, j6¼i
½WI  is the matrix of order ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ by
1 denote the function values based on the interior
and the second and higher order derivatives are points only.
obtained from the recurrence relationships of the Similarly, the discretized boundary conditions along
weighting coefficients as follows: the four edges of the rectangular plates can be written
8   as follows (Shu and Du, 1997):
>
> ðn1Þ ð1Þ aðn1Þ
ij For clamped edge
>
< n a ii a ij  ðXi Xj Þ j 6¼ i,
aðnÞ ¼ ð9Þ X
N
ij
>
> P
N W1,j ¼ 0, að1Þ
1l Wl,j ¼ 0 at X ¼ 0,
>
: aðnÞ
ij j ¼ i, l¼1
j¼1, j6¼i
X
N
WN,j ¼ 0, að1Þ
Nl Wl,j ¼ 0 at X ¼ 1
for i, j ¼ 1, 2, . . . , N, n ¼ 2, 3, . . . , N  1 l¼1
ð13Þ
8   X
M

> bðm1Þ Wi, 1 ¼ 0, bð1Þ

1l Wi,l ¼ 0 at Y ¼ 0,
>
> m b ðm1Þ ð1Þ
b  ij
j 6¼ i,
< ii ij ðYi Yj Þ l¼1
bðmÞ
ij ¼ ð10Þ X
M
>
> P
M
Wi, M ¼ 0, bð1Þ
>
: bðmÞ
ij j ¼ i, Ml Wi,l ¼ 0 at Y ¼ 1
j¼1, j6¼i l¼1

For simply supported edge

for i, j ¼ 1, 2, . . . , M, m ¼ 2, 3, . . . , M  1
X
N
Substitution of the first four derivatives with respect W1,j ¼ 0, að2Þ
1l Wl,j ¼ 0 at X ¼ 0,
to X and Y in equation (4) and the satisfaction of result- l¼1
ing equation at the point ðXi , Yj Þ gives X
N
WN,j ¼ 0, að2Þ
Nl Wl,j ¼ 0 at X ¼ 1
p q
ð1 þ 1 X ðiÞ þ 2 Y ð j ÞÞ l¼1
! ð14Þ
X
N X
N X
M X
M X
M
að4Þ
il Wl, j þ 2l 2
að2Þ ð2Þ
il1 bjl2 Wl1 ,l2 þl 4
bð4Þ
lj Wi, l
Wi, 1 ¼ 0, bð2Þ
1l Wi,l ¼ 0 at Y ¼ 0,
l¼1 l1 ¼1 l2 ¼1 l¼1 ð11Þ l¼1
!
X
N X
N X
M X
M
að3Þ að1Þ bð2Þ
p1 2 ð2Þ
þ 2 p 1 X ðiÞ il Wl, j þl il1 bjl2 Wl1 ,l2 Wi, M ¼ 0, Ml Wi,l ¼ 0 at Y ¼ 1
l¼1 l1 ¼1 l2 ¼1 l¼1
2846 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

For free edge presented by taking three different types of grid points
for a specified plate:
X
M X
N
l2 bð2Þ
lj W1, l þ  að2Þ
1l Wl, j ¼ 0, (i) Equally spaced grid points (Bert et al., 1998)
l¼1 l¼1
!
X
M N X
X M
i1
E l2 bð3Þ
1l Wi,l þ ð2  Þ að2Þ ð1Þ
1l1 bjl2 Wl1 ,l2
Xi ¼ , i ¼ 1, 2, . . . , N
N1 ð19Þ
l¼1 l1 ¼1 l2 ¼1
j1
X
N X
M Yj ¼ , j ¼ 1, 2, . . . , M
þ ð1  Þ l2 p 1 Xp1 E0 að1Þ ð1Þ M1
1l1 bjl2 Wl1 ,l2 ¼ 0
l1 ¼1 l2 ¼1
(ii) Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto grid points (Liew et al.,
at Y ¼ 0
ð15Þ 1996)
X
M X
N
l2 bð2Þ að2Þ    
lj WN, l þ  Nl Wl, j ¼ 0, 1 i1
l¼1 l¼1 Xi ¼ 1  cos  i ¼ 1, 2, . . . , N
! 2 N1
X
N X
N X
M     ð20Þ
E að3Þ
Nl Wl, j þ ð2  Þ l
2
að1Þ ð2Þ
Nl1 bjl2 Wl1 ,l2
1 j1
Yj ¼ 1  cos  j ¼ 1, 2, . . . , M
l¼1 l1 ¼1 l2 ¼1 2 N1
X
N X
M
þ ð1  Þ l2 q 2 Yq1 E0 að1Þ ð1Þ
Nl1 bjl2 Wl1 ,l2 ¼ 0
l1 ¼1 l2 ¼1 (iii) Roots of shifted Legendre polynomials Pn ðXÞ and
at Y ¼ 1 Pm ðYÞ, (Bellman et al., 1972), satisfying the differ-
ential equations

Similarly, the discretized the boundary conditions can d2 Pn dPn

be written in the following matrix form: Xð1  XÞ þ ð1  2XÞ þ nðn þ 1ÞPn ðXÞ ¼ 0
dX2 dX
d2 Pm dPm
½SBB  ½WB  þ ½SBI  ½WI  ¼ 0 ð16Þ Yð1  YÞ þ ð1  2YÞ þ m ðm þ 1Þ Pm ðYÞ ¼ 0
dY2 dY
ð21Þ
Substituting for ½WB  from equation (16) into equation respectively.
(12) gives a complete set of ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ
homogeneous equations in ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ
unknowns, which can be written as follows:
5. Numerical results and discussion
½S ½WI  ¼ 2 ½WI  ð17Þ The numerical solution of equation (17) for each
boundary condition has been obtained using the soft-
where ½S ¼ ½SII   ½SIB  ½SBB 1 ½SBI  in which the order ware MATLAB. Out of these ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ
of the matrices ½SII , ½SIB , ½SBB  and ½SBI  are eigenvalues for each set of the values of the plate par-
ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ by ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ, ameters, the lowest three eigenvalues have been
ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ by ð4N þ 4M  16Þ, ð4N þ 4M retained as the first three natural frequencies. In the
16Þ by ð4N þ 4M  16Þ and ð4N þ 4M  16Þ by present study, the two variations for non-homogeneity,
ðNM  4ðN þ MÞ þ 16Þ, respectively. namely, linear i.e. p ¼ q ¼ r ¼ s ¼ 1 (LVN) and para-
Here, the internal grid points chosen for collocation bolic i.e. p ¼ q ¼ r ¼ s ¼ 2 (PVN) have been con-
are the zeroes of shifted Chebyshev polynomials with sidered for illustration with the values of other plate
orthogonality range [0, 1] and given by parameters as follows:

   non-homogeneity parameters 1 and 2 ¼ -0.5(0.1)0.5;

1 2i  1 
Xiþ1 ¼ 1 þ cos i ¼ 1, 2, . . . , N  2 density parameters 1 and 2 ¼ -0.5(0.1)0.5;
2 N2 2
   aspect ratio a=b ¼ 0.25(0.125)2.0; and Poisson’s ratio
1 2j  1   ¼ 0.3.
Yjþ1 ¼ 1 þ cos j ¼ 1, 2, . . . , M  2
2 M2 2
ð18Þ To choose an appropriate number of grid points
ðN, MÞ, convergence study of frequency parameter 
with the increasing values of grid points
However, for the convergence of the present consider- N ¼ M ¼ 8 ð 1Þ 30, for homogeneous, 1D non-homoge-
ation of the grid points, a comparative study has been neous and 2D non-homogeneous plates has been
Lal and Saini 2847

Table 1. Convergence of frequency parameter  with the grid points ðN, MÞ for homogeneous (1 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 2 ¼ 0) square
plate.

I II III I II III
Mode !

!
No. of grid points CCCC CSCS

N¼M¼8 35.9911 72.7209 72.7209 28.9559 54.9767 68.6039

N ¼ M ¼ 10 35.9852 73.3878 73.3878 28.9509 54.7323 69.3199
N ¼ M ¼ 11 35.9852 73.3939 73.3939 28.9509 54.7431 69.3270
N ¼ M ¼ 12 – 73.3939 73.3939 – 54.7431 69.3270
N ¼ M ¼ 13 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 14 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 15 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 16 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 18 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – – – – – –

CFCF SFSF
N¼M¼8 22.7443 27.9364 44.8190 9.6798 16.2677 36.5338
N ¼ M ¼ 10 22.3421 26.9245 44.3814 9.6328 16.1394 36.9115
N ¼ M ¼ 11 22.2650 26.6994 44.0081 9.6314 16.1373 36.7291
N ¼ M ¼ 12 22.2195 26.5979 43.8602 9.6314 16.1348 36.7278
N ¼ M ¼ 13 22.1990 26.5138 43.7832 – 16.1348 36.7276
N ¼ M ¼ 14 22.1824 26.4813 43.7145 – – 36.7256
N ¼ M ¼ 15 22.1772 26.4470 43.6847 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 16 22.1708 26.4363 43.6511 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 17 22.1696 26.4212 43.6391 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 18 – 26.4164 43.6117 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – 26.4091 43.6073 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 22 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 24 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 26 – – – – – –

carried out for various set of the values of plate param-
eters. For all the four plates, these are given in
Tables 1–3, respectively for the first three modes of
vibration for a particular set of plate parameters
where the maximum value of grid points was required.
From these tables, it is clear that the number of grid
points required for the same accuracy is in the order of
the nature of plates; homogeneous < 1D non-
homogeneous < 2D non-homogeneous. Here, for the
consideration of 2D non-homogeneity, the value of
the grid points N and M for the three boundary condi-
tions, namely, CCCC, CSCS and SFSF has been fixed
as 16 for both LVN and PVN since there was no further
improvement in the values of frequency parameter 
even at the fourth place of decimal (i.e.
jk  16 j  0:00005, k ¼ 17, 18, . . . , 20). However,
for CFCF plate, this value has been taken as 22 for
both the variations, with the accuracy of two decimals
(i.e. jk  22 j  0:005, k ¼ 23, 24, . . . , 26).
Here, it is worth to mentioned that for the choice of
the present grid points, a comparative study for a spe-
cified plate for the evaluation of the frequency param-
eter  by taking three different types of grid points
namely:
(i) Equally spaced grid points used in reference (Bert
et al., 1998) given by equation (19).
(ii) Unequally spaced grid points (Chebyshev-
Gauss-Lobatto) used in reference (Liew et al.,
1996) given by equation (20).
(iii) Unequally spaced grid points (zeros of shifted
Legendre polynomial) used in reference (Bellman
et al., 1972) given by equation (21), has been pre-
sented in Table 4 for the first three modes of vibra-
tion. It is observed that for uniform grid spacing,
the number of grid points is greater as compared to
that for non-uniform grid spacing. The number of
grid points taken as zeros of shifted Chebyshev
2848 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Table 2. Convergence of frequency parameter  with the grid points ðN, MÞ for 1-D non-homogeneous
(1 ¼ 1 ¼ 0:5, 2 ¼ 2 ¼ 0) square (a=b ¼ 1) plate.

I II III I II III
Mode !

!
No. of grid points CCCC CSCS

N¼M¼8 35.9370 72.6457 72.6763 28.8914 54.9223 68.5252

N ¼ M ¼ 10 35.9311 73.3051 73.3435 28.8863 54.6773 69.2332
N ¼ M ¼ 11 35.9310 73.3110 73.3495 28.8863 54.6839 69.2402
N ¼ M ¼ 12 35.9310 73.3110 73.3495 – 54.6881 69.2402
N ¼ M ¼ 13 – – – – 54.6881 –
N ¼ M ¼ 14 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 15 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 16 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 18 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – – – – – –
LVN CFCF SFSF
N¼M¼8 22.6791 27.8733 44.7516 9.6606 16.2403 36.4959
N ¼ M ¼ 10 22.2751 26.8575 44.3149 9.6159 16.1136 36.8733
N ¼ M ¼ 11 22.1526 26.5307 43.7944 9.6145 16.1114 36.6911
N ¼ M ¼ 12 22.1153 26.4137 43.6486 9.6145 16.1092 36.6897
N ¼ M ¼ 13 22.1036 26.3684 43.5852 – 16.1091 36.6880
N ¼ M ¼ 14 22.1023 26.3532 43.5731 – 16.1091 36.6877
N ¼ M ¼ 15 22.1101 26.3792 43.6188 – – 36.6877
N ¼ M ¼ 16 22.0996 26.3494 43.5557 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 17 22.0994 26.3422 43.5505 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 18 22.0981 26.3408 43.5401 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 19 22.0982 26.3374 43.5388 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 22 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 24 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 26 – – – – – –
CCCC CSCS
PVN N¼M¼8 24.0491 28.1531 38.2767 23.6848 26.7668 33.0395
N ¼ M ¼ 10 24.0426 28.1922 35.8577 23.6800 26.7562 32.8052
N ¼ M ¼ 11 24.0425 28.1919 35.7698 23.6800 26.7566 32.7293
N ¼ M ¼ 12 24.0424 28.1916 35.7788 – 26.7568 32.7367
N ¼ M ¼ 13 – 28.191 35.7780 – 26.7568 32.7409
N ¼ M ¼ 14 – – – – – 32.7406
N ¼ M ¼ 15 – – – – – 32.7404
N ¼ M ¼ 16 – – – – – 32.7404
N ¼ M ¼ 18 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – – – – – –

CFCF SFSF
N¼M¼8 23.1265 28.2981 45.2039 9.6439 16.3564 36.7654
N ¼ M ¼ 10 22.7247 27.2903 44.7506 9.5897 16.2186 37.1276
N ¼ M ¼ 11 22.6468 27.0664 44.3740 9.5883 16.2160 36.9430
N ¼ M ¼ 12 22.6015 26.9643 44.2266 9.5881 16.2132 36.9408
N ¼ M ¼ 13 22.5810 26.8814 44.1492 9.5881 16.2130 36.9391
(continued)
Lal and Saini 2849

Table 2. Continued

I II III I II III
Mode !


!
No. of grid points CCCC CSCS

N ¼ M ¼ 14 22.5647 26.8491 44.0810 – 16.2128 36.9387

N ¼ M ¼ 15 22.5597 26.8156 44.0515 – 16.2127 36.9384
N ¼ M ¼ 16 22.5534 26.8051 44.0182 – 16.2127 36.9383
N ¼ M ¼ 17 22.5522 26.7904 44.0064 – – 36.9383
N ¼ M ¼ 18 – 26.7868 43.9893 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 19 – – 43.9843 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 22 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 24 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 26 – – – – – –

Table 3. Convergence of frequency parameter  with the grid points ðN, MÞ for 2-D non-homogeneous
(1 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5) square (a=b ¼ 1) plate.

I II III I II III
Mode !
!

No. of grid points CCCC CSCS

N¼M¼8 35.9157 72.6215 72.6535 28.8985 54.9363 68.5322

N ¼ M ¼ 10 35.9098 73.2830 73.3153 28.8935 54.6951 69.2420
N ¼ M ¼ 12 35.9097 73.2890 73.3213 28.8934 54.7059 69.2490
N ¼ M ¼ 13 35.9097 73.2889 73.3213 28.8934 54.7057 69.2490
N ¼ M ¼ 14 – 73.2889 – – 54.7056 69.2489
N ¼ M ¼ 15 – – – – 54.7056 69.2489
N ¼ M ¼ 16 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 18 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – – – – – –
LVN CFCF SFSF

N¼M¼8 22.6995 27.9085 44.9204 9.6675 16.2870 36.6691

N ¼ M ¼ 10 22.2949 26.8997 44.3780 9.6203 16.1584 36.9370
N ¼ M ¼ 12 22.1722 26.5753 43.8618 9.6188 16.1537 36.7543
N ¼ M ¼ 14 22.1350 26.4593 43.7156 9.6188 16.1537 36.7541
N ¼ M ¼ 16 22.1232 26.4144 43.6524 – – 36.7539
N ¼ M ¼ 18 22.1193 26.3956 43.6231 – – 36.7539
N ¼ M ¼ 20 22.1179 26.3872 43.6086 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 22 22.1175 26.3832 43.6041 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 24 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 26 – – – – – –
PVN CCCC CSCS
N¼M¼8 36.5934 73.3293 73.3495 29.4098 55.4361 69.1398
N ¼ M ¼ 10 36.5877 74.0745 74.0944 29.4042 55.0930 69.9421
N ¼ M ¼ 12 36.5876 74.0820 74.1020 29.4043 55.1107 69.9511
N ¼ M ¼ 13 36.5876 74.0820 74.1019 29.4043 55.1103 69.9511
N ¼ M ¼ 14 – – 74.1019 29.4044 55.1102 –
N ¼ M ¼ 15 – – – 29.4044 55.1102 –
(continued)
2850 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Table 3. Continued

I II III I II III
Mode !


!
No. of grid points CCCC CSCS

N ¼ M ¼ 16 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 18 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – – – – – –
CFCF SFSF

N¼M¼8 23.1095 28.2180 44.7044 9.6456 16.2360 36.2062

N ¼ M ¼ 10 22.6902 27.1943 44.5851 9.5968 16.1192 36.9380
N ¼ M ¼ 12 22.5607 26.8605 44.0349 9.5957 16.1155 36.7320
N ¼ M ¼ 14 22.5218 26.7421 43.8886 9.5956 16.1153 36.7323
N ¼ M ¼ 16 22.5097 26.6966 43.8243 9.5956 16.1151 36.7320
N ¼ M ¼ 18 22.5056 26.6775 43.7946 – 16.1151 36.7320
N ¼ M ¼ 20 – 26.6688 43.7798 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 22 – 26.6649 43.7752 – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 24 – – – – – –
N ¼ M ¼ 26 – – – – – –

polynomial are less than that the number of grid

Table 4. Convergence of frequency parameter  with the points used by Liew et al. (1996) and Bellman et al.
number of different grid points for LVN; 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼
(1972). Thus the present choice of grid points pro-
2 ¼ 0:5 and a=b ¼ 1.
vides a faster rate of convergence.
Mode
A comparison of frequency parameter  for homoge-
Boundary neous ð1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0Þ square plate ða=b ¼ 1Þ
Ref. conditions I II III
and rectangular plates (a=b ¼ 0:4, 1:5, 2:5) with those
(Bert et al., 1998) CCCC 22 25 27 obtained by other methods has been presented in
(Liew et al., 1996) 15 16 16 Tables 5 and 6, respectively. A close agreement of the
(Bellman et al., 1972) 14 16 15 results shows the versatility of the present technique.
Present 12 13 12 To avoid the repetition of the results, the numerical
values for LVN are presented in graphical form in
(Bert et al., 1998) CSCS 15 17 18 Figures 3–6 while for PVN these are given in tabular
(Liew et al., 1996) 13 15 15 form in Tables 7–10. It is observed that the values of
(Bellman et al., 1972) 13 14 14 frequency parameter  for both LVN and PVN for the
Present 12 14 14 same set of the values of other plate parameters is
found in the order of boundary conditions CCCC >
(Bert et al., 1998) CFCF 29 30 33 CSCS > CFCF > SFSF.
(Liew et al., 1996) 25 27 28 Figure 3 shows the graphs for the frequency
(Bellman et al., 1972) 24 5 27 parameter  versus non-homogeneity parameter 1
Present 18 22 22 for a square plate a=b ¼ 1 with the fixed values of
1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 and three different values of
(Bert et al., 1998) SFSF 21 23 26
2 ¼ 0:5, 0:0, 0:5 for the first three modes of vibra-
(Liew et al., 1996) 18 14 17 tion for all the four boundary conditions. It is found
(Bellman et al., 1972) 17 18 15 that the frequency parameter  increases as the stiffness
Present 14 14 16 of the plate along X-direction (i.e. 1 ) increases what-
A comparison of frequency parameter  for homogeneous ever be the values of 2 for all the four plates. It further
ð1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0Þ square plate ða=b ¼ 1Þ and rectangular plates increases with the increase in the stiffness of the plate
(a=b ¼ 0:4, 1:5, 2:5) with those obtained by other methods has been along Y-direction i.e. 2 changes from 0.5 to 0.5. The
presented in Table 5 and Table 6, respectively. A close agreement of rate of increase of frequency parameter  with 1
the results shows the versatility of the present technique.
increases with the increase in the number of modes
for all the four plates is in the order of the boundary
Lal and Saini 2851

Table 5. Comparison of frequency parameter  for homogeneous square plate for  ¼ 0:3.

Mode

Boundary
conditions Ref. I II III

CCCC (Leissa, 1973) 35.992 73.413 73.413

(Bhat, 1985) 35.9855 73.395 73.395
(Bhat, et al., 1990) 35.9855 73.3947 73.3947
(Liew et al., 1990) 35.99 73.41 108.26
(Bardell, 1991) 35.99 73.39 73.39
(Li, 2004) 35.99 73.40 73.40
(Kerboua et al., 2007) 35.45 72.03 72.03
(Lal et al., 2010) 35.9855 73.3954 73.3954
present 35.9852 73.3938 73.3938

CSCS (Leissa, 1973) 28.9509 54.7431 69.3270

(Bhat, et al., 1990) 28.9509 54.7432 69.3270
(Liew et al., 1990) 28.95 54.88 69.34
(Bardell, 1991) 28.95 54.74 69.33
(Lal et al., 2010) 28.9509 54.7431 69.3270
present 28.9509 54.7431 69.3270

CFCF (Leissa, 1973) 22.272 26.529 43.664

(Liew et al., 1990) 22.22 26.48 43.91
(Bardell, 1991) 22.18 26.43 43.61
(Lal et al., 2010) 22.1922 26.4510 43.6025
present 22.1651 26.4052 43.5997

SFSF (Leissa, 1973) 9.6314 16.1348 36.7256

(Liew et al., 1990) 9.63 16.13 37.11
(Bardell, 1991) 9.63 16.13 36.73
(Kerboua et al., 2007) 9.65 16.13 36.44
(Lal et al., 2010) 9.6314 16.1348 36.7256
present 9.63139 16.1348 36.7256

Table 6. Comparison of frequency parameter  for homogeneous rectangular plate with different aspect ratio for  ¼ 0:3.

Mode
Ref.
I II III I II III I II III
!

Boundary
conditions a=b ! 0.4 1.5 2.5

CCCC (Leissa, 1973) 23.648 27.817 35.446 60.772 93.860

148.82 147.80 173.85 221.54
(Liew et al., 1990) 23.64 27.81 35.44 60.77 93.87148.83 147.78 173.84 221.52
(Bardell, 1991) 23.64 27.81 35.44 – – – 147.78 173.80 221.50
(Li, 2004) – – – 60.76 93.84 148.8 147.8 173.8 221.4
(Kerboua et al., 2007) 23.31 26.69 33.48 – – – 145.72 166.84 209.31
present 23.6438 27.8069 35.4171 60.7611 93.8335 148.78 147.779 173.815 221.338

CFCF (Leissa, 1973) 22.346 23.086 25.666 22.215 30.901 61.303 22.130 41.689 61.002
(continued)
2852 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Table 6. Continued

Mode
Ref.
I II III I II III I II III
!

Boundary
conditions a=b ! 0.4 1.5 2.5

(Liew et al., 1990) 22.31 23.02 25.80 22.16 30.86 22.07 61.09 41.63 61.01
(Bardell, 1991) 22.29 23.00 25.62 – – 22.01– 41.60 60.64
present 22.2813 22.9938 25.6117 22.0903 30.7827 60.9611 21.9789 41.5687 60.6028

SFSF (Leissa, 1973) 9.7600 11.0368 15.0626 9.5582 21 6192 38.7214 9.4841 33.6228 8.3629
(Liew et al., 1990) 9.77 11.04 15.29 9.56 21.62 38.73 9.48 33.62 38.53
(Bardell, 1991) 9.76 11.04 15.06 – – – 9.48 33.62 38.36
(Kerboua et al., 2007) 9.81 11.05 14.89 – – – 9.49 33.62 38.46
present 9.76004 11.0368 15.0626 9.5582 21.6192 38.7214 9.48415 33.6228 38.3629

130 120
CCCC-Plate CSCS-Plate

110 100

90 80
Ω Ω

70 60

50 40

35 25
-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
α1 α1

80 65
CFCF-Plate SFSF-Plate
60
70

50
60

40
Ω 50 Ω

30
40

20
30

10
20
-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
α1 α1

Figure 3. Frequency parameter  versus non-homogeneity parameter 1 for a square plate for1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5. First mode: ——;
second mode: ————; third mode: . . .. . .: «; 2 ¼ 0:5, *; 2 ¼ 0, ; 2 ¼ 0:5.
Lal and Saini 2853

Figure 4. Frequency parameter  versus non-homogeneity parameter 1 for a square plate for1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5. First mode: ——;
second mode: ————; third mode: . . .. . .: «; 2 ¼ 0:5, *; 2 ¼ 0, ; 2 ¼ 0:5.

conditions CCCC > CSCS > CFCF > SFSF for the
same set of the values of other parameters. The effect
of 2 on the frequency parameter  is more pro-
nounced for 1 ¼ 0:5 as compared to 1 ¼ 0:5.
The effect of the density parameter 1 on the fre-
quency parameter  for a square plate a=b ¼ 1 with
the fixed values of 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 and three different
values of 2 ¼ 0:5, 0:0, 0:5 for the first three modes
of vibration have been shown in Figure 4. It is clear
that the frequency parameter  decreases as the values
of density parameter 1 increases i.e. plate becomes
denser along X-direction whatever be the values of 2
for all the boundary conditions. The frequency
parameter  is also found to decrease due to the
increasing values of 2 , i.e. plate becomes denser
along Y-direction. The rate of decrease of frequency
parameter  with 1 is in the order of boundary con-
ditions CCCC > CSCS > CFCF > SFSF for all three
modes. This rate for the third mode is higher as com-
pared to the first two modes. The effect of 2 on the
frequency parameter  more pronounced for 1 ¼ 0:5
as compared to 1 ¼ 0:5.
Figure 5 depicts the behaviour of aspect ratio a=b on
the frequency parameter  for 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5,
1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 for all the four plates vibrating in first
three modes. The graphs for 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5
2854 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Figure 5. Frequency parameter  versus aspect ratioa=b. First mode: ——; second mode: ————; third mode: . . .. . .: «;
1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5, 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5, *; 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5, 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5, ; 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5.

has not been given as it was overlapping with other
graphs. It is seen that the frequency parameter
 increases with the increasing values of aspect ratio
a=b for all the three modes and all the plates except for
CFCF and SFSF plates vibrating in the first mode for
2 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5. In this case, the values of frequency
parameter  slightly decrease with the increasing
values of aspect ratio a=b. It may be attributed to
the fact that the large values of a=b for these boundary
conditions, the plates behaves like a beam of length
a, clamped/ simply supported at the both ends and
under goes anticlastic bending, giving-rise the fre-
quency parameter independent to the Poisson’s ratio.
A similar inference was reported by Leissa (1973)
for homogeneous plates. This effect is more pro-
nounced for a=b 4 1 in the order of the boundary con-
ditions CCCC > CSCS > CFCF > SFSF for the same
set of the values of other plate parameters. This
effect also increases with the increase in the number
of modes.
Regarding the parabolic variation for non-homoge-
neity (PVN) of the plate material, from the Tables 7–10,
it is observed that the frequency parameter  increases
as the plate becomes more and more stiff (i.e. 1 and 2
changes from 0.5 to 0.5) towards the edges X ¼ 1 as
well as Y ¼ 1, keeping all other parameters fixed for all
the boundary conditions. However, the effect of the
density parameters 1 and 2 on the frequency
Lal and Saini
Figure 6. Vibration modes for LVN (a) CCCC, (b) CSCS, (c) CFCF and (d) SFSF for; 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5, and a=b ¼ 1.
parameter  is just the reverse of the non-homogeneity
parameters 1 and 2 i.e. the values of  decreases with
the increasing values of both 1 and 2 for all the plates
and modes of vibration. The frequency parameter 
also increases with the increasing values of aspect
ratio a=b for all the four plates in the order of boundary
conditions CCCC > CSCS > CFCF > SFSF except few
exceptional cases for CFCF and SFSF plates vibrating
in the first mode for 1 ¼ 1 ¼ 0:5; 2 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5.
For these cases (CFCF and SFSF), the frequency par-
ameter  slightly decreases with the increasing values of
aspect ratio a=b. The effect of aspect ratio a=b on the
frequency parameter  is more pronounced for a=b 4 1
and increases with increase in the number of modes.
A comparison of frequency parameter  for LVN
and PVN has been given in Tables 11–14. From Table
14, it is observed that for CCCC boundary condition
the values of frequency parameter  for linear variation
is higher than that for parabolic variation when the
plate becomes stiffer i.e. 1 and 2 changes from 0.5
to 0.5 and mechanically soft i.e. 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5
2855
towards the edges X ¼ 1, Y ¼ 1 and it is just the reverse
when the plate is becoming denser i.e. 1 and 2
changes from 0.5 to 0.5 and mechanically flexible
i.e. 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 towards the edges X ¼ 1, Y ¼ 1
for all the three modes of vibration. A similar behav-
iour can be seen for CSCS (Table 12) and CFCF (Table
13) boundary conditions. However, in case of SFSF
(Table 14) boundary condition, the behaviour is just
the opposite for all the three modes of vibration.
3D mode shapes have been computed for LVN for a
specified plate i.e. 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 and a=b ¼ 1
for all the boundary conditions and shown in Figure 6
for the first three modes of vibration.
6. Conclusions
The effect of 2D arbitrary variations in the non-homo-
geneity of the plate material on the vibration character-
istics of rectangular plates has been analysed using
generalized differential quadrature method. For illus-
tration, the numerical results for linear and parabolic
2856 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Table 7. Values of frequency parameter  for CCCC plate with PVN.

a=b ¼ 1

1 !
0.5 0.0 0.5
1 2
!

!

2 !
Mode 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5

0.5 0.5 I 34.2046 38.4369 41.5413 38.4369 42.0545 44.8870 41.5413 44.8870 47.5798
II 70.9232 78.6568 84.0886 78.6568 86.7507 91.8491 84.0886 91.8491 97.4705
III 71.4091 80.6780 87.4967 80.6780 87.0778 93.2207 87.4967 93.2207 98.3433

0.0 I 31.0477 35.3026 38.3882 35.0492 38.6754 41.4921 37.9611 41.3123 43.9907
II 62.9802 72.3092 78.0775 70.8921 78.7460 84.7231 75.9129 83.3373 89.0301
III 64.6607 72.8298 79.4047 72.9958 79.8965 85.2236 79.4924 85.7470 90.8451

0.5 I 28.5558 32.7570 35.7873 32.3457 35.9207 38.6882 35.0881 38.3917 41.0238
II 57.1404 66.7055 72.8088 65.3345 72.8169 78.5229 70.0205 77.1416 82.5994
III 59.4362 67.3455 73.4795 66.7014 73.8850 79.3766 72.8718 79.3278 84.5515

0.5 0.5 I 28.5558 32.3457 35.0881 32.7570 35.9207 38.3917 35.7873 38.6882 41.0238
II 57.1404 65.3345 70.0205 66.7055 72.8169 77.1416 72.8088 78.5229 82.5994
III 59.4362 66.7014 72.8718 67.3455 73.8850 79.3278 73.4795 79.3766 84.5515

0.0 I 26.6201 30.3988 33.1167 30.5710 33.7337 36.1905 33.4116 36.3163 38.6423
II 52.7909 61.4712 66.3182 61.8264 68.4892 72.9967 67.2873 73.6701 78.1277
III 55.2361 62.1101 68.0904 62.5836 68.6867 73.9590 68.5327 73.8861 78.7091

0.5 I 24.9969 28.7306 31.4081 28.7306 31.8624 34.2882 31.4081 34.2882 36.5876
II 49.2817 58.0113 62.9834 58.0113 64.5769 69.2198 62.9834 69.2198 74.0820
III 51.7814 58.5105 64.2644 58.5105 64.6638 69.7352 64.2644 69.7352 74.1019

a=b ¼ 2
0.5 0.5 I 93.4338 106.618 115.932 102.899 114.319 122.981 109.439 120.150 128.492
II 122.029 138.226 149.824 137.813 151.566 162.212 149.620 162.266 172.368
III 173.719 194.558 209.667 196.671 214.238 228.036 213.619 229.813 242.887

0.0 I 84.8553 97.8735 106.988 94.0760 105.239 113.683 100.317 110.771 118.894
II 110.376 126.525 137.961 125.225 138.850 149.337 136.253 148.761 158.704
III 156.468 178.022 193.282 178.253 196.153 210.061 194.040 210.506 223.678

0.5 I 78.1273 90.8447 99.7044 87.0700 97.8998 106.085 93.0330 103.165 111.034
II 101.340 117.173 128.332 115.339 128.656 138.884 125.689 137.907 147.602
III 142.986 164.607 179.741 163.669 181.471 195.244 178.450 194.815 207.857

0.5 0.5 I 75.6702 87.8138 96.1461 87.8287 97.7596 105.284 95.8089 104.982 112.156
II 101.378 115.288 125.196 114.876 126.642 135.733 125.180 135.953 144.551
III 142.206 160.517 173.477 162.550 177.611 189.397 177.324 191.121 202.256

0.0 I 70.7786 82.6763 90.8219 82.1149 91.8627 99.2350 89.5024 98.5256 105.566
II 94.4366 108.236 118.011 107.239 118.903 127.881 116.970 127.656 136.154
III 132.255 150.824 163.815 151.642 166.863 178.691 165.578 179.543 190.734

0.5 I 66.6771 78.2897 86.2336 77.3263 86.8533 94.0543 84.2261 93.0588 99.9424
II 88.6547 102.245 111.842 100.847 112.326 121.147 110.077 120.601 128.954
III 123.907 142.478 155.390 142.419 157.609 169.371 155.615 169.569 180.710
Lal and Saini 2857

Table 8. Values of frequency parameter  for CSCS plate with PVN.

a=b ¼ 1

1 !
0.5 0.0 0.5
1 2
!

!

2 !
Mode 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5

0.5 0.5 I 27.5980 30.7028 33.0616 31.3099 33.9238 36.0447 33.9727 36.3932 38.4009
II 53.5841 60.3526 65.4315 59.6835 65.5416 70.2302 64.1138 69.6126 74.0902
III 67.3261 74.2043 78.9044 76.3678 82.0056 86.2436 82.8115 87.9870 92.0237

0.0 I 24.9468 28.1359 30.5225 28.4485 31.1265 33.2766 30.9374 33.4171 35.4543
II 47.6200 54.0428 58.8016 53.3429 58.8112 63.1811 57.4222 62.5440 66.7115
III 59.8996 68.1906 73.5847 68.6956 75.4552 80.3495 74.8298 81.0140 85.6775

0.5 I 22.8398 26.0248 28.3943 26.1430 28.8155 30.9532 28.4763 30.9519 32.9788
II 43.6756 49.7705 54.2422 49.1102 54.2377 58.3312 52.9274 57.7263 61.6277
III 53.7965 62.7336 68.5877 62.1470 69.4698 74.7983 67.9193 74.6255 79.7012

0.5 0.5 I 23.0688 25.8716 27.9645 26.6613 28.9610 30.8207 29.2077 31.3165 33.0663
II 43.8989 50.0901 54.5375 50.4749 55.5009 59.5218 55.0410 59.6694 63.4697
III 55.2168 61.5835 65.8447 63.6599 68.7857 72.5766 69.6223 74.2849 77.8703

0.0 I 21.4295 24.2654 26.3664 24.8114 27.1466 29.0216 27.1969 29.3435 31.1118
II 40.4813 46.3405 50.5450 46.5109 51.2777 55.0878 50.6769 55.0848 58.6950
III 50.7576 57.9332 62.6048 58.8918 64.6878 68.8821 64.5650 69.8424 73.8198

0.5 I 20.0495 22.8772 24.9652 23.2430 25.5785 27.4477 25.4874 27.6385 29.4044
II 37.9524 43.5303 47.5226 43.5923 48.1275 51.7496 47.4680 51.6727 55.1102
III 46.9117 54.5269 59.4997 54.6589 60.8548 65.3459 60.0305 65.6857 69.9511

a=b ¼ 2
0.5 0.5 I 53.1386 59.0977 63.7464 59.0046 64.2022 68.4709 63.3358 68.2079 72.2857
II 91.8823 102.524 110.630 103.672 112.745 120.116 112.294 120.723 127.714
III 151.329 168.057 180.347 171.026 185.187 196.395 185.304 198.449 209.075

0.0 I 48.2466 54.0428 58.5302 53.7824 58.8112 62.9246 57.8361 62.5440 66.4707
II 82.8409 93.5851 101.644 93.9544 103.028 110.345 101.979 110.395 117.332
III 135.430 153.580 166.434 154.412 169.377 181.055 167.737 181.613 192.682

0.5 I 44.4333 50.0350 54.3525 49.6761 54.5191 58.4723 53.4923 58.0229 61.7951
II 75.7964 86.4098 94.3110 86.2960 95.2083 102.375 93.8066 102.068 108.862
III 122.807 141.504 154.553 141.017 156.198 168.013 153.491 167.565 178.766

0.5 0.5 I 44.0770 49.4283 53.5327 50.2540 54.7510 58.4405 54.6941 58.8535 62.3437
II 75.4570 84.8335 91.8271 86.3794 94.1645 100.475 94.2617 101.427 107.385
III 122.692 138.163 148.822 141.323 153.617 163.293 154.277 165.541 174.681

0.0 I 41.1365 46.3405 50.3196 46.8953 51.2777 54.8630 51.0250 55.0848 58.4811
II 70.1728 79.5323 86.4656 80.4823 88.2502 94.5161 87.8741 95.0369 100.961
III 113.535 129.685 140.623 131.404 144.141 154.079 143.593 155.300 164.709

0.5 I 38.6880 43.7383 47.5926 44.0985 48.3582 51.8370 47.9710 51.9217 55.2204
II 65.7593 75.0106 81.8387 75.5301 83.2066 89.3839 82.4985 89.5870 95.4333
III 105.851 122.255 133.320 122.926 135.838 145.886 134.421 146.321 155.849
2858 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Table 9. Values of frequency parameter  for CFCF plate with PVN.

a=b ¼ 1

1 !
0.5 0.0 0.5
1 2
!

!

2 !
Mode 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5

0.5 0.5 I 20.9325 22.9459 23.8529 24.1997 25.5729 26.3823 26.3356 27.5421 28.3057
II 25.3176 30.7109 34.7753 29.5129 33.9837 37.6528 32.2517 36.4630 39.9503
III 43.1179 49.5270 54.5779 48.6545 54.0787 58.6918 52.4910 57.6147 62.0095

0.0 I 17.1651 21.3485 22.9265 20.7762 23.8316 25.2944 22.9278 25.6901 27.1014
II 22.9217 25.6033 28.7566 26.0577 28.3917 31.1817 28.2618 30.5002 33.1193
III 37.5621 42.8118 46.8047 42.5348 46.8709 50.5005 45.9502 50.0189 53.4679

0.5 I 14.5260 19.0615 21.5040 17.8070 21.2859 23.5606 19.7352 22.9515 25.1481
II 21.9905 23.7557 25.6773 24.9244 26.3804 28.0252 27.0010 28.3623 29.8781
III 34.3838 39.2074 42.7731 39.0884 42.9787 46.2161 42.2565 45.8999 48.9742

0.5 I 17.0571 19.5493 20.4377 20.5111 22.0359 22.8247 20.5111 22.0359 22.8247
II 20.7816 24.9836 28.4905 24.5455 28.0603 31.1721 24.5455 28.0603 31.1721
III 34.9244 40.5633 44.7232 40.7060 45.0881 48.8053 40.7060 45.0880 48.8053

I 14.6523 18.438, 19.8181 18.1237 20.7900 22.0657 20.1655 22.5479 23.7767

II 19.7161 22.0925 24.8768 22.7271 24.7620 27.1960 24.8321 26.7749 29.0449
III 31.9616 36.8116 40.3381 37.0782 40.8578 44.0222 40.4642 43.9677 46.9547

I 12.9048 16.9614 18.9521 16.0668 19.0972 20.9640 17.9153 20.6943 22.5037

II 19.1161 20.7784 22.6893 21.9349 23.2919 24.9079 23.9194 25.1862 26.6649
III 29.9103 34.3998 37.6085 34.6887 38.1558 41.0424 37.8241 41.0432 43.7722

a=b ¼ 2
0.5 0.5 I 20.9024 23.3971 25.1379 24.0645 26.0638 27.6177 26.2143 28.0573 29.5250
II 35.5433 41.4638 46.3063 40.5849 45.5505 49.9311 43.9824 48.6793 52.8411
III 59.0196 65.1967 68.7654 67.4391 72.2182 75.4405 73.2151 77.5465 80.6080

0.0 I 18.2974 21.2316 23.2074 21.3540 23.6860 25.4585 23.3615 25.5185 27.1996
II 30.7621 35.1010 38.7972 35.0424 38.6599 41.9780 37.9652 41.3790 44.5163
III 50.0771 59.6101 64.6511 58.7708 66.1228 70.7423 64.3560 71.0586 75.4813

0.5 I 16.2391 19.2944 21.3873 19.1076 21.5414 23.4228 20.9590 23.2188 25.0061
II 28.5875 32.0863 35.0929 32.4843 35.3823 38.0703 35.1713 37.8978 40.4315
III 43.1617 53.6318 59.8399 51.3013 59.5394 65.2333 56.4270 64.0173 69.4674

0.5 0.5 I 17.3446 19.7267 21.3174 20.4075 22.2384 23.6445 22.4458 24.1124 25.4335
II 28.8022 33.8054 37.8171 33.7677 37.7518 41.3075 37.0417 40.7513 44.0920
III 47.7309 54.2049 57.5920 55.9384 60.6803 63.7235 61.3461 65.5799 68.4631

0.0 I 15.7081 18.3376 20.0735 18.6289 20.6636 22.2097 20.5328 22.3983 23.8588
II 26.3128 30.2266 33.4882 30.5442 33.6980 36.5912 33.3898 36.3368 39.0550
III 42.2441 50.6679 55.0141 50.4013 56.7105 60.6701 55.5807 61.2816 65.0607

0.5 I 14.3501 17.0624 18.8823 17.0949 19.2117 20.8395 18.8626 20.8145 22.3567
II 24.8944 28.1627 30.9245 28.7396 31.3812 33.8304 31.3585 33.8276 36.1266
III 37.8447 46.9488 52.0965 45.5142 52.5092 57.2193 50.3217 56.7169 61.2208
Lal and Saini 2859

Table 10. Values of frequency parameter  for SFSF plate with PVN.

a=b ¼ 1

1 !
0.5 0.0 0.5
1 2
!

!

2 !
Mode 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5

0.5 0.5 I 9.57624 10.6101 11.3298 10.5659 11.4586 12.1363 11.3014 12.1415 12.7947
II 16.2359 18.7864 20.7764 18.3045 20.4805 22.3111 19.7826 21.8344 23.5793
III 36.9746 41.5935 43.4654 41.2327 45.3603 47.3580 44.3333 48.2506 50.4822

0.0 I 8.36956 9.61975 10.4540 9.34045 10.3901 11.1709 10.0285 11.0101 11.7606
II 13.9632 15.9217 17.5057 15.7384 17.3991 18.8455 17.0129 18.5763 19.9493
III 41.8364 36.2758 39.4914 35.9369 39.5531 42.4971 38.7365 42.1193 44.9243

0.5 I 7.41125 8.73214 9.62663 8.33913 9.43869 10.2700 8.97981 10.0065 10.8030
II 12.9369 14.5526 15.8665 14.5459 15.9123 17.1104 15.7105 16.9953 18.1312
III 26.5694 33.1746 36.1426 31.5688 36.2064 38.9301 34.7597 38.5917 41.1791

0.5 0.5 I 7.94832 8.92948 9.58499 8.89085 9.70768 10.3209 9.57090 10.3312 10.9200
II 13.1429 15.2964 16.9498 15.1241 16.8831 18.3795 16.5078 18.1427 19.5555
III 29.5885 34.0443 36.2700 34.3312 37.7631 39.8063 37.5017 40.6317 42.6247

0.0 I 7.18987 8.29663 9.02315 8.10294 9.01349 9.69080 8.74185 9.58794 10.2376
II 11.9445 13.6894 15.0759 13.6555 15.0963 16.3513 14.8678 16.2126 17.3977
III 26.2781 30.9829 33.8159 31.1914 34.3362 36.8918 34.0820 36.9382 39.3550

0.5 I 6.55739 7.71479 8.48452 7.42940 8.37919 9.09372 8.02858 8.91142 9.59553
II 11.2682 12.7562 13.9514 12.8238 14.0585 15.1414 13.9376 15.0919 16.1150
III 23.2118 28.9441 31.5913 27.9492 32.0432 34.4476 30.9215 34.4596 36.7320

a=b ¼ 2
0.5 0.5 I 9.47932 10.5832 11.4920 10.4319 11.4066 12.2509 11.1378 12.0629 12.8717
II 27.9654 31.7203 34.8224 31.4417 34.6916 37.5291 33.9206 37.0022 39.7037
III 38.4850 42.7645 45.7292 43.1967 46.7741 49.4995 46.6184 49.9333 52.5373

0.0 I 8.43803 9.51552 10.3907 9.32134 10.2619 11.0723 9.96518 10.8563 11.6320
II 23.8464 27.0499 29.6751 26.9515 29.6647 32.0443 29.1361 31.6946 33.9510
III 33.3804 38.5509 41.9974 37.9576 42.2227 45.3958 41.1682 45.1102 48.1411

0.5 I 7.64868 8.68520 9.52181 8.47366 9.37204 10.1449 9.06832 9.91859 10.6577
II 21.7227 24.6094 26.9615 24.6046 27.0213 29.1451 26.6178 28.8916 30.9020
III 29.4431 34.8642 38.5480 33.7500 38.2212 41.6050 36.7241 40.8600 44.0865

0.5 0.5 I 7.89549 8.86707 9.65433 8.78572 9.62520 10.3510 9.43520 10.2265 10.9191
II 22.4756 25.7827 28.3975 26.0187 28.6907 31.0281 28.4614 30.9375 33.1335
III 30.9352 34.9186 37.5932 35.3564 38.6035 41.0420 38.5005 41.4864 43.8071

0.0 I 7.25655 8.20544 8.96885 8.08633 8.90223 9.60530 8.68583 9.45491 10.1259
II 20.2736 23.1658 25.4696 23.3895 25.7437 27.8088 25.5429 27.7355 29.6812
III 27.9803 32.4510 35.4022 32.2304 35.8518 38.5461 35.1864 38.5122 41.0750

0.5 I 6.73677 7.65683 8.39431 7.51576 8.30431 8.98284 8.07450 8.81783 9.46532
II 18.9031 21.5361 23.6398 21.7638 23.9133 25.8019 23.7421 25.7499 27.5319
III 25.5396 30.1955 33.3103 29.5681 33.3459 36.1881 32.3384 35.8115 38.5127
2860 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Table 11. Comparison of frequency parameter  for CCCC square plate for LVN and PVN.

1 2 1 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

!

!

Mode LVN PVN

0.5 0.5 I 28.3295 39.9856 40.2317 48.8453 27.5980 33.0616 33.9727 38.4009
II 54.2280 77.7955 76.3722 94.1100 53.5841 65.4315 64.1138 74.0902
III 68.4006 93.9009 97.3165 115.716 67.3261 78.9044 82.8115 92.0237

0.5 I 19.1895 28.8186 28.2558 35.2298 22.8398 28.3943 28.4763 32.9788

II 36.7896 54.6542 53.7845 66.6406 43.6756 54.2422 52.9274 61.6277
III 44.4222 69.1453 67.0006 84.6306 53.7965 68.5877 67.9193 79.7012

0.5 0.5 I 19.3279 28.2558 28.8186 35.1568 23.0688 27.9645 29.2077 33.0663
II 36.0162 53.7845 54.6542 67.0523 43.8989 54.5375 55.0410 63.4697
III 46.3181 67.0006 69.1453 83.5727 55.2168 65.8447 69.6223 77.8703

0.5 I 15.4995 23.3513 23.3017 28.8934 20.0495 24.9652 25.4874 29.4044

II 29.2782 44.0707 44.3502 54.7056 37.9524 47.5226 47.4680 55.1102
III 36.2069 56.0094 55.2900 69.2489 46.9117 59.4997 60.0305 69.9511

Table 12. Comparison of frequency parameter  for CSCS square plate for LVN and PVN.

1 2 1 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5




!

!

Mode LVN PVN

0.5 0.5 I 35.1721 49.9078 49.9078 60.8137 34.2046 41.5413 41.5413 47.5798
II 72.0285 100.688 100.688 123.822 70.9232 84.0886 84.0886 97.4705
III 72.6686 103.623 103.623 124.685 71.4091 87.4967 87.4967 98.3433

0.5 I 23.9250 35.8113 35.1353 43.7546 28.5558 35.7873 35.0881 41.0238

II 46.7693 73.1465 70.9321 88.8589 57.1404 72.8088 70.0205 82.5994
III 50.2579 73.2281 72.1730 89.7590 59.4362 73.4795 72.8718 84.5515

0.5 0.5 I 23.9250 35.1353 35.8113 43.7546 28.5558 35.0881 35.7873 41.0238
II 46.7693 70.9321 73.1465 88.8589 57.1404 70.0205 72.8088 82.5994
III 50.2579 72.1730 73.2281 89.7590 59.4362 72.8718 73.4795 84.5515

0.5 I 19.2649 28.9902 28.9902 35.9097 24.9969 31.4081 31.4081 36.5876

II 37.4021 58.6682 58.6682 73.2889 49.2817 62.9834 62.9834 74.0820
III 40.4479 59.5303 59.5303 73.3213 51.7814 64.2644 64.2644 74.1019

variations for non-homogeneity have been obtained for
the first three modes of vibration for the four boundary
conditions. The following observations have been
made:
a. With the increase in the non-homogeneity of the
plate, the non-dimensional frequency parameter
increases when density of the plate material is
kept constant.
b. In the absence of density variation the value of non-
dimensional frequency parameter is higher for para-
bolic variation as compared to linear variation in
non-homogeneity when the plate is more stiff
towards the edges X ¼ 0 and Y ¼ 0 as compared
Lal and Saini 2861

Table 13. Comparison of frequency parameter  for CFCF square plate for LVN and PVN.

1 2 1 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

!

!

Mode LVN PVN

0.5 0.5 I 21.5118 27.1489 30.3089 33.9664 20.9325 23.8529 26.3356 28.3057
II 25.7578 42.0854 38.5063 50.5965 25.3176 34.7753 32.2517 39.9503
III 43.3778 64.5621 61.9913 77.8477 43.1179 54.5779 52.4910 62.0095

0.5 I 12.1432 22.0541 20.1288 26.9163 14.5260 21.5040 19.7352 25.1481

II 19.7824 26.3470 27.7427 32.4309 21.9905 25.6773 27.0010 29.8781
III 29.6731 43.6002 43.4165 53.2921 34.3838 42.7731 42.2565 48.9742

0.5 0.5 I 13.7480 20.1288 22.0542 25.5434 17.0571 20.4377 20.5111 22.8247
II 17.7427 27.7424 26.3472 33.9964 20.7816 28.4905 24.5455 31.1721
III 28.6125 43.4163 43.6003 53.8820 34.9244 44.7232 40.7060 48.8053

0.5 I 9.94165 17.8158 16.8640 22.1175 12.9048 18.9521 17.9153 22.5037

II 15.6646 21.2949 22.3871 26.3833 19.1161 22.6893 23.9194 26.6649
III 23.5569 35.1609 35.5469 43.6011 29.9103 37.6085 37.8241 43.7722

Table 14. Comparison of frequency parameter  for SFSF square plate for LVN and PVN.

1 2 1 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2 ! 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

!

!

Mode LVN PVN

0.5 0.5 I 9.47091 12.8556 13.4316 15.8851 9.57624 11.3298 11.3014 12.7947
II 16.2000 24.4477 23.4391 29.5898 16.2359 20.7764 19.7826 23.5793
III 36.9157 48.1499 51.9172 60.3077 36.9746 43.4654 44.3333 50.4822

0.5 I 8.01862 10.7650 9.28720 11.7475 7.41125 9.62663 8.97981 10.8030

II 14.2709 18.1671 16.3196 19.8328 12.9369 15.8665 15.7105 18.1312
III 30.3196 41.1945 35.6140 44.8486 26.5694 36.1426 34.7597 41.1791

0.5 0.5 I 6.46955 9.28720 9.60201 11.5627 7.94832 9.58499 9.57090 10.9200
II 10.7686 16.3196 16.1757 20.1423 13.1429 16.9498 16.5078 19.5555
III 24.0201 35.6140 36.7885 60.1951 29.5885 36.2700 37.5017 42.6247

0.5 I 5.01759 7.79905 7.67259 9.61876 6.55739 8.48452 8.02858 9.59553

II 9.03942 13.0520 13.2635 16.1537 11.2682 13.9514 13.9376 16.1150
III 17.8486 29.6174 39.5510 36.7539 23.2118 31.5913 30.9215 36.7320

to X ¼ 1 and Y ¼ 1. It is just the reverse as the compared to linear variation in non-homogeneity

order of the stiffness changes with respect to the
edges.
c. The non-dimensional frequency parameter decreases
with the increase in the density parameters keeping
constant the Young’s modulus of the material.
d. When there is no change in the non-homogeneity
parameters the value of non-dimensional frequency
parameter is smaller for parabolic variation as
when the density of the plate is higher towards
the edges X ¼ 0 and Y ¼ 0 as compared to X ¼ 1
and Y ¼ 1. Further, the change in the order of dens-
ity of the plate with respect to the edges, the above
behaviour is just the reverse.
e. The values of non-dimensional frequency param-
eter increase with the increasing values of aspect
ratio a=b for all the modes and boundary conditions
2862 Journal of Vibration and Control 23(17)

Table 15. Percentage variation in the values of frequency parameter  with respect to homogeneous (1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0)
plate for varying values of non-homogeneity parameter 1 and 2 for 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0.

a=b ¼ 1:0 a=b ¼ 2:0

1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5

Boundary conditions Mode LVN

CCCC I 33.43% 21.78% 34.75% 21.63%

II 36.05% 21.46% 33.08% 21.89%
CSCS I 33.33% 21.83% 32.75% 21.90%
II 33.60% 21.85% 33.15% 21.87%
CFCF I 41.77% 20.43% 35.22% 21.61%
II 29.31% 22.76% 32.10% 22.11%
SFSF I 34.37% 21.81% 32.07% 22.08%
II 32.24% 22.13% 32.52% 22.02%

PVN
CCCC I 20.51% 14.17% 21.40% 14.00%
II 21.99% 13.58% 20.62% 14.52%
CSCS I 20.55% 14.30% 18.98% 13.59%
II 20.17% 14.01% 20.16% 14.20%
CFCF I 28.87% 14.07% 23.42% 15.21%
II 19.92% 17.00% 21.28% 15.58%
SFSF I 19.94% 13.40% 18.19% 13.56%
II 20.33% 15.00% 20.53% 14.93%

Table 16. Percentage variation in the values of frequency parameter  with respect to homogeneous (1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0)
plate for varying values of density parameter 1 and 2 for 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0.

a=b ¼ 1:0 a=b ¼ 2:0

1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:5

Boundary conditions Mode LVN

CCCC I 40.43% 18.42% 38.86% 18.52%

II 40.51% 18.41% 42.73% 18.29%
CSCS I 40.24% 18.41% 40.35% 18.41%
II 42.55% 18.27% 57.08% 18.31%
CFCF I 31.84% 19.26% 37.95% 18.61%
II 54.79% 17.23% 50.15% 17.77%
SFSF I 38.11% 18.59% 40.48% 18.40%
II 49.85% 17.79% 47.53% 17.95%

PVN

CCCC I 16.84% 11.47% 16.29% 11.66%

II 18.20% 12.00% 19.07% 11.76%
CSCS I 17.17% 11.64% 17.28% 11.66%
II 19.73% 12.08% 19.20% 12.03%
CFCF I 15.34% 13.85% 18.29% 12.80%
II 28.66% 11.81% 26.70% 12.71%
SFSF I 19.00% 12.98% 19.98% 12.72%
II 26.89% 12.89% 26.05% 13.12%
Lal and Saini
except for the first mode of vibration in case of
CFCF and SFSF boundary conditions irrespective
of the values of other plate parameters. However,
this behaviour for a=b 4 1 is not monotones for all
the plates for the third mode of vibration.
f. The percentage variation in the values of non-
dimensional frequency parameter with respect to
homogeneous plate (1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0) for
varying values of non-homogeneity parameters 1
and 2 taking the density parameters 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0
with two different values of aspect ratio a=b ¼ 1, 2
for the first two modes are given in Table 15.
g. The percentage variation in the values of non-
dimensional frequency parameter for varying
values of density parameters 1 and 2 taking
non-homogeneity parameters 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 0 with
two values of aspect ratio a=b ¼ 1, 2 for the first
two modes has been given in Table 16.
h. The percentage variations given under points (f)
and (g) are not monotones and clearly depend
upon the types of boundary condition.
The results obtained in the present paper are new and
will be proved as the benchmark for the future work in
this area. Further, the above analysis will be of great
use for design engineers dealing with the variety of non-
homogeneity in obtaining the desired frequency by con-
trolling one or more parameters considered here.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to the
learned reviewers for their constructive comments in improv-
ing the paper.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup-
port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article: One of the authors, Renu Saini, is thankful to
Ministry of Human Resources and Development (MHRD),
India for the financial support to carry out this research work.
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