Prediction of Acoustic Admittance of Frequency Space

location of the nozzle admittance. In contrast, nozzle A shows strong changes in area and a fast acceleration
of the fluid within the short convergent nozzle part which results in a substantial contribution to the overall
reflection by the walls and mean flow gradients. Therefore, constructive superposition of waves and therefore
the variation of admittance appears in a wider frequency range than in the case of nozzle B. Fig. 6 and Fig.
7 illustrate how the admittance changes over a wide frequency range in the case of nozzle A but rapidly in
case of nozzle B.

14 14
500 Hz 900 Hz 1300 Hz 1700 Hz 500 Hz 900 Hz 1300 Hz 1700 Hz
12 700 Hz 1100 Hz 1500 Hz 1900 Hz 12 700 Hz 1100 Hz 1500 Hz 1900 Hz
10 10
8 8
Re(Y00) [-]

Im(Y00) [-]
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
x [m] x [m]

4 4 2250 Hz 2750 Hz 3250 Hz

2500 Hz 3000 Hz 3500 Hz

3 3
2 2
Re(Y10) [-]

Im(Y10) [-]

1 1
0 0
-1 -1
2250 Hz 2750 Hz 3250 Hz
-2 2500 Hz 3000 Hz 3500 Hz -2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
x [m] x [m]

Figure 6: Nozzle A admittance over x for Y00 (top) and Y10 (bottom). The red line highlights the frequency
of the highest admittance value. The reference position for the nozzle admittance is also shown.

240 Hz 320 Hz 400 Hz 480 Hz 240 Hz 320 Hz 400 Hz 480 Hz

6 280 Hz 360 Hz 440 Hz 520 Hz 6 280 Hz 360 Hz 440 Hz 520 Hz

4 4
Re(Y00) [-]

Im(Y00) [-]

2 2

0 0

-2 -2

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
x [m] x [m]

Figure 7:4 Nozzle B admittance over x for Y00 . The red line highlights
4 2250 Hz the 2750
2500 Hz
frequency
Hz
3000 Hz
of Hz
3250 the highest admittance
3500 Hz
value. The reference position for the nozzle admittance is also shown.
3 3
2 2
Re(Y10) [-]

Im(Y10) [-]

1 1
0 0 13

-1 -1
2250 Hz 2750 Hz 3250 Hz
-2 2500 Hz 3000 Hz 3500 Hz -2
M. Schulze, J. Gikadi and T. Sattelmayer

7 Conclusions
A three dimensional frequency based and stabilized finite element method was conducted to calculate the
nozzle admittance for the longitudinal and first transverse modes for two representative nozzle designs featur-
ing different lengths of the convergent nozzle part. The results are in excellent agreement with comparison
data from experimental, analytical and time-based CAA considerations. It is shown that a rather coarse
numerical resolution is sufficient to achieve high quality results with very low computational cost.

Theoretical investigations show that the nozzle admittance defined for an acoustic mode exclusively is homo-
geneously distributed in cross-section. Moreover, the admittance defined by the total acoustic quantities p̂
and ûi is obtained as linear combination of the mode admittances with a weighting factor of the ratio of the
mode pressure amplitude p̂mn to the actual pressure amplitude p̂. A mode decomposition method is applied
to extract the acoustic modes and is proofed to work properly by energy considerations.

It is shown that the nozzle admittance is the projection of the axial distributed admittance on the inlet
of the nozzle. The maximum values of the nozzle admittance are reached when the axially distributed ad-
mittance shows highest values at the nozzle inlet.

It is further explained that the peak values of imaginary part of the nozzle admittance occur at distinct
frequencies, which are related to the length of the convergent nozzle part lconv . Nozzle A, featuring a short
length lconv , shows a wide frequency range in which the admittance varies, whereas the nozzle B with a
significantly longer length lconv concentrates the variation of admittance to a rather small frequency range.

8 Acknowledgements
Financial support has been provided by the German Research Council (DFG) in the framework of the
Sonderforschungsbereich Transregio 40. The authors are grateful to the European Community for their
financial support in the 7th framework program KIAI (Grant-agreement No.: 234009). Also the authors
would like to thank M. Schmid and R. Kathan for fruitful discussions about the results.

References
[1] Schulze, M., Schmid, M., Morgenweck, D., Köglmeier, S. and Sattelmayer, T. 2012. A Conceptional Ap-
proach for the Prediction of Thermoacoustic Stability in Rocket Engines. 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE
Joint Propulsion Conference 2013 (abstract accepted).
[2] Bell, W.A. and Zinn, B.T. 1973. The Prediction of Three-Dimensional Liquid-Propellant Nozzle Admit-
tances. NASA CR 121129.
[3] Morgenweck, D., Pieringer, J. and Sattelmayer, T. 2010. Numerical determination of nozzle admittances
in rocket engines. New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics VII, Notes on Numerical
Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, Vol. 112/2010, pages 579-586.
[4] Gikadi, J., Schulze, M., Schwing, J., Föller, S. and Sattelmayer, T. 2012. Linearized Navier-Stokes and
Euler Equations for the Determination of the Acoustic Scattering Behaviour of an Area Expansion. 18th
AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, No. AIAA-2012-2292, Colorado Springs, USA.
[5] Morgenweck, D., Sattelmayer, T., Fassl, F., Kaess, R. 2011. Influence of Scaling Rules on Loss of Acoustic
Energy. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 48, No. 3, pages 498-506.
[6] Kathan, R. and Sattelmayer, T. 2011. Experimental Investigation of the Test Case HF-2. Proceedings of
the 2nd REST Modelling Workshop, October 5/6 2010, Ottobrunn.
[7] Kathan, R., Kaess, R., Pieringer, J. and Sattelmayer, T. 2011. Nozzle Admittance for Higher Modes.
Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress, Hamburg, Germany.
[8] Kierkegaard, A., Boji, S., and Efraimsson, G. 2010. A frequency domain linearized Navier-Stokes equa-
tions approach to acoustic propagation in flow ducts with sharp edges. Journal of the Acoustical Society
of America, Vol. 127, 2010, pp. 710 - 719.
[9] Kierkegaard, A., Boij, S., and Efraimsson, G. 2012. Simulations of the scattering of sound waves at a
sudden area expansion. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 331, No. 5, 2012, pp. 1068 - 1083.

14
 Prediction of Acoustic Admittance of Frequency Space

[10] Schulze, M., Morgenweck, D., Sattelmayer, T. 2012. Dämpfung akustischer Wellen durch Absorber in
Raketentriebwerken. Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress, Berlin, Germany.
[11] Kaess, R., Koeglmeier, S., Schmid, M., Sattelmayer, T. 2010. Linearized Euler Calculation of Acoustics
of a Rocket Combustion Chamber; HF2 Testcase. 2nd REST Modeling Workshop, Ottobrunn, Germany.
[12] Donea, J. and Huerta, A. 2003. Finite element methods for flow problems. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, West
Sussex, England.
[13] Rao, P. and Morris, P. J. 2006. Use of finite element methods in frequency domain aeroacoustics. AIAA
Journal, Vol. 44, No. 7, 2006, pp. 1643 - 1652.
[14] Candel, S. 1975. Acoustic Conservation Principles and an Application to Plane and Modal Propagation
in Nozzles and Diffusors. Journal of Sound and Vibration 41, Nr. 2, S. 207 - 232.
[15] Zinn, B. T. 1972. Review of Nozzle Damping in Solid Rocket Instabilities. AIAA/SAE 8th Joint Propul-
sion Specialist Conference, Nr. 72-1050.
[16] Zinn, B. T., Bell, W. A., Daniel, B. R., Smith JR., A. J. 1972. Experimental Determination of Three-
Dimensional Liquid Rocket Nozzle Admittances. AIAA 11, Nr. 11.
[17] Harrje, D.T., Reardon F.H., 1972. Liquid Propellant Rocket Combustion Instability. NASA SP-194,
published by NASA, Washington, D.C..
[18] Kathan, R. 2013. Verlustmechanismen in Raketentriebwerken. Dissertation, Technische Universität
München.
[19] Morfey, C. 1970. Acoustic Energy in Non-Uniform Flows. Journal of Sound and Vibration 14(2), S. 159
- 170.

15