PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON
FARADAY'S LAWOF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

FOR AISSCE 2023-24 EXAMINATION

[ AS A PART OF THE PHYSICS COURSE (042)]

STUDENT NAME: DHEEPTHA KRISHNAMURTHY

REG.NO:................
CLASS: XII-S1
2023-24
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project _____________________________________________________________

is an original and genuine investigation work carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by
___________________________________________ of class XII as per the requirements for the CBSE
Board Examination for the academic year 2023-2024.

SUBJECT:

REGISTER NO:

DATE:

PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE TEACHER SIGNATURE

SCHOOL STAMP EXAMINER SIGNATURE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my teacher. Mr. Naresh, for his unwavering support and
inspiration throughout my academic journey.

The School management has provided an enriching educational environment that goes
beyond the classroom. The school’s commitment to holistic development, extracurricular
opportunities, and a sense of community have been invaluable in shaping my overall
growth.
 INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

A STUDY OF FARADAY'S LAW

OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
 Index
S.No. Title
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Faraday’s Laws
4. Faraday’s First Law

5. Faraday’s Second Law

6. Derivation
7. Experiment 1
8. Experiment 2
9. Experiment 3
10. Conclusion
11. Applications of Faraday’s Laws
12. Bibliography
Introduction:
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, also known as Faraday’s law, is the
basic law of electromagnetism which helps us predict how a magnetic field
would interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF).
This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.

Michael Faraday proposed the laws of electromagnetic induction in the year

1831. Faraday’s law or the law of electromagnetic induction is the observation
or results of the experiments conducted by Faraday. He performed three main
experiments to discover the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

Aim:

To Study Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction

Faraday’s Laws:

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (referred to as Faraday’s law) is a

basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with
an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). This phenomenon
is known as electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s law states that a current will be induced in a conductor which is

exposed to a changing magnetic field. Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction
states that the direction of this induced current will be such that the magnetic
field created by the induced current opposes the initial changing magnetic field
which produced it. The direction of this current flow can be determined using
Fleming’s right-hand rule.

Faraday’s law of induction explains the working principle of transformers,

motors, generators, and inductors. The law is named after Michael Faraday, who
performed an experiment with a magnet and a coil. During Faraday’s
experiment, he discovered how EMF is induced in a coil when the flux passing
through the coil changes.

Faraday’s First Law:

Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be
induced in the coil. This emf induced is called induced emf and if the conductor
circuit is closed, the current will also circulate through the circuit and this
current is called induced current.
Method to change the magnetic field:

1. By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil

2. By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field
3. By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
4. By rotating the coil relative to the magnet

Faraday’s Second Law:

It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of
change of flux that linkages with the coil. The flux linkage of the coil is the
product of the number of turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil.
Derivation of Faraday’s Second Law:

Consider, a magnet is approaching a coil. Here we consider two instances at

time T1 and time T2.

Flux linkage with the coil at time 1,

Flux linkage with the coil at time 2,

Change in flux linkage,

Let this change in flux linkage be,

So, the Change in flux linkage NΦ,

Now the rate of change of flux linkage,

Take derivative on right-hand side we will get,

The rate of change of flux linkage,

Experiment 1:

Objective:

Induce current in a wire with a magnet.

Materials Needed:

Bar magnet, Insulated copper wire, Galvanometer (sensitive current-measuring

device), Cardboard paper towel.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Wrap the copper wire tightly around the cardboard tube to create a
solenoid. Wrap as many times as you can and be sure to leave a few
inches at each end to connect to the galvanometer.
2. Connect each loose end of the wire to the positive and negative terminals
of the galvanometer.
3. Switch on the galvanometer.
 4. Insert the magnet inside the cardboard tube and move it around. Record
the observations.
5. Try moving the magnet faster or slower. Turn off the galvanometer and
disconnect one of the terminals.
6. Reduce the number of turns in the solenoid. Reconnect and switch on the
galvanometer.
7. Insert the magnet inside the cardboard tube and move it around again.
Record your observations.

Experiment 2:

Objective:

Induce current in a wire with a magnet.

Materials Needed:

Normal Coil C1, Coil C2 which is connected with a battery, Galvanometer

attached with C1.

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:

1. The bar magnet in the below figure is replaced by a second coil C2 which
is connected with a battery.
2. The constant current in coil C2 generates a constant magnetic field. The
galvanometer deflects as coil C2 is moved towards coil C1.
3. This indicates that in coil C1, an electric current is being induced.
4. The galvanometer deflects again when C2 has moved away but in the
opposite direction.
5. Record the observations in a table.

Tabulation:

Position of the magnet Deflection in Galvanometer

Magnet at rest
Magnet moves towards the coil
Magnet is held stationary at same
position (near the coil)
Magnet moves away from the coil
Magnet is held stationary at the same
position (away from the coil)
No deflection in Galvanometer
Deflection of galvanometer in one
direction
No deflection in the galvanometer
Deflection in galvanometer but in the
opposite direction
No deflection in the galvanometer

Result:

From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is relative motion
between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil changes
and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.
Michael Faraday formulated two laws on the basis of the above experiments.
These laws are called Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

The faster the magnet moves, the more current is generated in the loop. The
same is true of the coils: the more coils in the solenoid, the more current
generated.

Experiment 3:

Objective:

Induce current in a wire with a magnet.

Materials Needed:

Normal Coil C1, Coil C2 which is connected with a battery, Galvanometer

attached with C1.

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:

1. The previous two experiments involved relative motion between a

magnet and a coil, as well as between two coils.
2. Faraday demonstrated in another experiment that relative motion is not an
absolute requirement.
3. The figure depicts two coils, C1 and C2, that are held stationary.
4. Coil C1 is connected to the G is galvanometer and coil C2 is connected
with the battery along with a tapping key K.
5. The observations are noted.

Result:

When the tapping key K is pressed, the galvanometer exhibits a momentary

deflection. The galvanometer’s pointer immediately returns to zero. There is no
deflection in the galvanometer if the key is held down continuously. When the
key is released, a brief deflection is observed, but this time in the opposite
direction. When an iron rod is inserted into the coils along their axis, the
deflection increases dramatically.

Conclusion:

After conducting all the experiments, Faraday finally concluded that if relative
motion existed between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with
a coil changed and this change in flux produced a voltage across a coil.

Faraday law basically states, “when the magnetic flux or the magnetic field
changes with time, the electromotive force is produced”. Additionally, Michael
Faraday also formulated two laws on the basis of the above experiments.
Applications of Faraday’s Laws:

Following are the fields where Faraday’s law finds applications:

1. Electrical equipment like transformers works on the basis of Faraday’s

law.
2. Induction cooker works on the basis of mutual induction, which is based
on the principle of Faraday’s law.
3. By inducing an electromotive force into an electromagnetic flowmeter,
the velocity of the fluids is recorded.
4. Electric guitar and electric violin are musical instruments that find an
application of Faraday’s law.
5. Maxwell’s equation is based on the converse of Faraday’s laws which
states that a change in the magnetic field brings a change in the electric
field.
Bibliography:

https://www.electrical4u.com

https://www.education.com

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org

https://www.electricalvolt.com

https://wikipedia.com