Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Wastes:

Practical Ways in Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal

LOUERNIE F. DE SALES, PHD

JUNE 22, 2018
What is Waste?

• Waste – material that is not wanted; the unusable remains

or by-products of a process or activity
• Ordinary or regular wastes
• Hazardous wastes
What is Non-Hazardous Waste?

• Regular Waste
• Shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-
hazardous institutional, ports / harbour and industrial waste,
street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and
other non-hazardous/non-toxic waste.
• Exempted wastes in RA 6969– Household wastes such as garbage
except special wastes
• RA 9003
 What is Hazardous Waste?

• Waste or combination of wastes which because of its

quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious
characteristics may: pose a substantial present unreasonable
risk or injury or pose potential hazard to human health or
the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed;
• Substances that are without any safe commercial, industrial,
agricultural or economic usage
• Exhibits the following Characteristics (RA 6969, DAO 29):
• TOXIC - TCLP
• REACTIVE – VIOLENT RXN
• IGNITABLE – COMBUSTIBLE, FLAMMABLE
• CORROSIVE – 2 < pH value >12.5
 What is Recycling?

• Reuse – using a material in its original form

• Recycling – material that is not wanted; the unusable
remains or by-products of a process or activity
• Direct and Indirect Recycling
• Use of Energy
• Hazardous an non-hazardous wastes
 What is Treatment?

• Processing of waste to reduce it’s toxicity or

render the waste stable
• Physico-chemical
• Biological
• Mechanical
• Thermal
What is Disposal?

• Discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of

any waste into or in any land or disposal site.
• Disposal – the action of throwing away or getting rid of
something
• Disposal site- shall refer to a site where waste is finally
discharged and deposited.
Functional Elements of Waste Management
 Source Reduction / P2

Reuse
cli
Recycling

Treatment

Disposal

Waste Management Hierarchy

Contributing Factors to Waste Problems

• Population growth
• Rapid urbanization and
industrialization
• Consumption patterns
• Changing lifestyle
• Public indifference
These challenges can be attributed to high
population density that can bring about high
levels of concentration and consumption of
packaged foodstuffs and goods that contribute to
our waste problem
Municipal Solid Waste
Importance of Proper Waste Management
• Prevention of diseases caused
by microorganisms, rodents,
insects and other vectors
• Prevention of deterioration of
the quality of the environment
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT
Accumulated waste and blocked drains
encourage vectors to breed, resulting in the spread
of infectious diseases and are a major contributing
factor to flooding.
Uncontrolled dumpsites,
and in particular the mixing of hazardous and other
wastes, can cause disease in neighboring
settlements as well as among waste workers.
Environmental pollution
Dumpsites can pollute
both land surface and groundwater. These
sites are often along water sources, and may
directly pollute rivers, the sea,
the marine as well as the coastal
environment. Coastal dumpsite erosion is
one of the effects of marine litter.
Former dumpsites, particularly those that
have received hazardous waste, are a major
category of contaminated sites.
BUBONIC PLAGUE

Estimated 75 to 200
Million deaths in Europe
Solid Waste + Rats + Fleas
Solid Waste thrown in waterways
•
Estero de Tripa de Gallina Pumping Station

12 cubic
meters per
day
 Non-Hazardous Wastes:
Practical Ways in Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal

LOUERNIE F. DE SALES, PHD

JUNE 22, 2018
 RA 9003 Milestones

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL SOLID WASTE

DENR ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY (NSWMS):
ORDER (DAO) 2001-34: Sets the development path for the Philippine
SWM sector in the upcoming years and contains
Implementing Rules And detailed activities for NSWMC and other
Regulations Of RA 9003 concerned organizations to materialize the
NSWMF as well as mainstream emerging
concepts into SWM sectoral implementation in
the Philippines.

2000 2001 2004 2012 - 2016

REPUBLIC ACT 9003

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
provides for the necessary institutional
support mechanisms and instructs all local
government units (LGUs) to establish a
systematic, comprehensive, and ecological
solid waste management program within
their jurisdiction.
NATIONAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (NSWMF)
NSWMF outlines the preferred approach to
support the adoption of a systematic,
comprehensive and ecological solid waste
management program. It focuses on the
waste management hierarchy that
emphasizes waste avoidance and
minimization through reuse, recycling,
composting and resource recovery.
Solid Waste under RA 9003
• discarded household/commercial waste
• non-hazardous institutional and industrial
waste
• street sweepings
• construction debris
• agricultural waste
• other non-hazardous/non-toxic wastes
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Waste Generation

Amount of Garbage

Nationwide 36,000 tons/day

Metro Manila 8,600 tons/day Sources of municipal solid waste in the Philippines, 2008-2013.

Total Generated 13,000,000 tons/year

Amount of Garbage per person

Urban 0.70 kg/day

Rural 0.30 kg/day

% Municipal Waste Recycled 28% Composition of municipal solid waste in the Philippines, 2008-2013.
Institutional Structure

National Solid Waste DENR-EMB-NSWMC/S

Management Commission (Technical Support
(Policy Making) and Enforcement)

Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act

Local Government
Units Waste Generators/Citizens
(Implementation)
 17 Partners at the NSWMC

Government Sector:
• DENR (Chairman) Non- Government Sector:
• PIA • DA
• DTI • Representative from the
• DILG NGO sector
• TESDA
• MMDA • Representative from the
• League of Provinces
Recycling Industry
• DOST • League of Cities • Representative from the
• DPWH • League of Municipalities Manufacturing/Packaging
Industry
• DOH • Liga ng mga Barangay
*PARMS
 Role of the DENR

• Provide technical and other capability building assistance

and support to LGUs and other private sectors

• Recommend policies to eliminate barriers to waste

reduction programs

• Issue rules and regulations

• Exercise visitorial and enforcement powers to ensure

strict compliance
 Role of the LGU

• Primarily responsible for the implementation and

enforcement of the provisions of this Act within their
respective jurisdictions

• Barangay level shall conduct segregation and collection

of solid waste for biodegradable, compostable and
reusable wastes

• Municipality or city shall be responsible for the collection

of non-recyclable materials and special wastes
Creation of the following SWM Boards at
the Local Government Level
City/Municipal
SWM Board

Barangay SWM
Provincial SWM Board Committee
Compliance to RA 9003
 COMPLIANCE with RA 9003
• Sec 21 – Segregation at Source
• Sec 23 – Segregated Collection
• Sec 33 - Recovery/Recycling Systems
• Sec 37 – Closure/Conversion of Open Dumps to CDF
• Controlled Disposal Facilities
• Final Disposal Systems
 COMPLIANCE with RA 9003
Sec 21 – Segregation at Source

• The most indispensable element of any effective ESWM

Program
• Proven by the enactment of an Ordinance that mandates at
Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) must be segregated at source
and placed in at least 3 separate containers, (a)
Compostables, (b) Recyclables, and (c) Residuals
• Compliance is monitored through Barangay Level Monitoring
Systems
Classification of Waste under RA 9003
Compostable Recyclables
s

Special Wastes Non-recyclables/residuals

COMPOSTABLE WASTE
Examples are:

Fruit and vegetable peelings, seeds, leaves,

leftover foods, vegetable trims, soft shells,
fish/fowl/meat/animal entrails and the like
RECYCLABLE WASTE

Recyclable materials refer to any waste

material retrieved from the waste stream
and free from contamination that can still
be converted into suitable beneficial use.

Examples are:
Newspaper, ferrous and non-ferrous
scrap metals, corrugated cardboard,
aluminum, tin cans, glass, papers, etc.,
 SPECIAL WASTE
Special waste refer to household hazardous
wastes.
Examples are:
Paints, thinner, household batteries, lead-acid
batteries, spray canisters, bulky wastes, consumer
electronics (which refer to worn-out, broken and
other discarded items), white goods (which refer to
large worn-out or broken household appliances),
oil, tires, etc.,
Residual Wastes
Residual wastes are SW materials that are non-
compostable and non-recyclable.

Examples are:
Sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, worn-out
rugs, ceramics, candy wrappers/sachets, cartons
which contain a plastic lining usually used for
milk and juice containers, etc.,
 COMPLIANCE with RA 9003

• Sec 23 – Segregated Collection

o This is the Backbone of any effective ESWM Program

o Ground-Level Enforcement Method-“No Segregation-No
Collection”
o Separate days and/or hours; Separate trucks or chambers
o Socio-civic Trust Fund for the maintenance of garbage collection
trucks to ensure efficiency of collection and prevention of
backslide.
Proper Segregation

Pagbubukud-bukod sa pinanggalingan

garden/farm junkshop/nagreresiklo treatment plant

Establishment of MRFs
 Source of Materials

• Total Segregation Approach

• Sorting At Source
• Segregated Collection
• Village-level Collection
• Community / Barangay -level Collection
• Segregated Destination
• Management of Compostables or Biodegradables
• Management of Recyclables or Non-biodegradables
 Sorting at Source
• Provide easy segregation system
at source.
• Use of color-coded bins with
pictures is recommended.
• System should be understood by
child to ensure that adults also
understand.
Campuses and Buildings
 Segregated Collection: Village Level

• Daily segregated collection is best for

villages with a budget for bio-man.
• Every bio-man can cover 200 houses daily
@ P1.00.
• He can earn P5000 in 25 days of work.
 Segregated Collection: Community Level

 Some communities may bring their segregated wastes to bins located

at strategic places within the village.
 More economical when collectors are absent.
Segregated Destination: Urban Poor Community
Approach

 Even urban poor families can

improvise and develop their own
bin system.
 A small open space or street
corner is enough.
 Contents are collected weekly by
barangay.
 Village Eco-center 1

Village Eco-Center 3 Village Eco-center 2

Immediate Sale of Recyclables

• If buyers of factory returnables

are available, then non-bio
wastes do not have to be
brought to the barangay MRF.
• The proceeds are realized by the
village.
• Less transport costs are
incurred.
Barangay MRF
Backyard Compost Pits
TOWER TIRES
BOTTOMLESS COMPOSTERS
COMPOSTING IN CLAY POTS
Hanging Container Composting
 VERMICOMPOSTING

 To improve the quality of compost,

it may be fed to vermi-worms and
the manure is collected as vermi-
castings.
 This process produces the best
quality organic soil conditioner,
which is practiced in many parts of
the world.
Large-scale MRF Operation

1. Mulching Operation 2. Shredding of Dried

Compostables

3. Sieving of shredded
4. Compost Processing
compost
 Large-scale MRF Operation

5. Fermentation Phase
6. Maturation Period
 Large-scale MRF Operation

Marketing of Compost
• Compost should not pretend
to be a fertilizer product.
• Compost should be
marketed as “soil
conditioners”, mulch, garden
soil, humus, etc.
• FPA license not required for
community operation.
Reduction Measures – Biodegradable Wastes

Recommended for the Yard Area

Reduction Measures – Biodegradable Wastes

Recommended for the Pantry Area

 Basic Organic Agriculture
• Ecological waste management will
eventually lead to organic
agriculture.
• Compost may be used directly for
planting organic vegetables and
fruits.
• There is a large untapped local
demand for compost.

URBAN GARDENING
 Other Alternative Technologies

• Check DOST
Technology
• Bioreactor
• Vermicompost
• Rice Husk Ash
Cement
• Fiber Concrete
Roofing
• Bio Gas Digester
• Packaging
laminates,
Styropor and
Glass Recycling
Other Alternative Technologies for
Management of Recyclable/ non-
biodegradable Materials

• Recycling Practices
•Glass Packaging • ‘Ang Kilus” for Doy
•Paper Packaging Packs
• (TIPCO)
• Electronics (HMR, Grp.)
• Printing Images
•Tetra Pak Containers
(YGARC Trading Co.)
•Aluminum Cans (SMC) • Candles -ZKK
•Plastics (PET, HDPE, • Tin Can Recycling -ZKK
• LDPE, PVC) • Batteries (Evergreen)
•Used Tires
KILUS
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT VALUE CHAIN
TRANSFER AND PROCESSING AND ALTERNATIVE
WASTE GENERATION STORAGE COLLECTION SANITARY DISPOSAL
TRANSPORT RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES

HOUSEHOLDS
COMMERCIAL DOOR-TO-DOOR WASTE TO
ESTABLISHMENTS COLLECTION RECYCLABLES MATERIALS
STREET SWEEPING RECOVERY
SEGREGATION
WASTE TRANSFER
AT THE SOURCE COMPOSTING
STATIONARY STATION
REDUCE
(MRFS) (to economize WASTE TO ENERGY
REUSE
waste BIODEGRADABLE
MARKETS
INSTITUTIONS transportation) BIOMETHANATION
WASTE
HOTELS AND COLLECTION BY SANITARY
RESTAURANTS TRUCKS LANDFILL
BIOMASS
TECHNOLOGY

CO-PROCESSING

MECHANICAL –
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT (MBT)

OIL RECOVERY
FROM PLASTIC
WASTES AND USED
TIRES

Source: National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2012 – 2016

 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• Reduce waste before it is
produced
• View waste as a resource
• Low carbon technologies in the
waste sector
• Environmentally sound
technologies and
• Holistic waste management
policies and practices
• Create new green
industries focused on
transforming waste into wealth,
and
• Contributes to the development in
a sustainable manner
1 United Nations Global Waste Management Outlook 2015
WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL

RDF is the product of processing

municipal solid waste to separate the
combustible and non-combustible portion
into a form that can be effectively fired in
an existing or new boiler. RDF converts
energy from non-recyclable but
combustible waste material into a
material that can be used as substitute of
traditional fuel such as coal. RDF
technology was developed in the US in the
early ‘70s and is now considered as a
“proven technology”.
 Recyclables

Recycling

Construction and WASTE TO

Demolition Waste MATERIALS
RECOVERY
Composting

Organic Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
Biomethanation

Gasification

WASTE TO
ENERGY
RECOVERY
Inorganic Combustible Incineration
Waste

Pyrolysis
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
National Solid Waste Management Commission
Office of the Secretariat
EMB-DENR Telefax : +632 920 2252
E-mail : ecowaste@emb.gov.ph
Website : www.emb.gov.ph/nswmc
www.denr.gov.ph/nswmc
Hazardous Wastes: Practical Ways in Recycling,
Treatment, and Disposal

LOUERNIE F. DE SALES, PHD

JUNE 22, 2018
Responses of Businesses to pollution
PASSIVE REACTIVE
Ignore pollution Dilution and dispersion

1 2

CONSTRUCTIVE PROACTIVE
End-of-pipe treatment Cleaner Production

3 4
 Source: http//osp.mans.edu.eg/environmental/ch6f.htm

Functional Elements of Waste Management

Waste Management: Treatment

• Physical/Mechanical
• Magnetic Separator
• Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

• Biological
• Composting, Landfarming, Bioremediation
• Anaerobic digestion
• Hydrolysis
• Chemical
• Coagulation/Flocculation, Chelation
• Chemical Fixation
• Solidification/Stabilization, Encapsulation
• Thermal
• Incineration
• Pyrolysis
Waste Management: Disposal

•Landfilling
• Open/Controlled Dumpsite
• Sanitary Landfill
• Controlled Landfill
• Entombment
•Ocean Dumping
•Reinjection
• Geothermal wells
Sanitary Landfill
Components of a Cell
Landfill Operations
Controlled Landfill
DAO 29 Series of 1992
DAO 36 Series of 2004

DAO 22 Series of 2013

RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes

Major Players

Generator
Transporter

TSD Facilities
Governing Roles for Generators

Classified into Large, Medium and Small

depending on the volume and type of wastes
generated
Compliance Requirements – PCO, DAO 2014-02

Online Registration
Category of Waste Generators

 Asbestos Wastes
 <5,000; >5,000 but < 10,000; > 10,000 kg/year
 Used or Waste Oil
 <18,000; >18,000 but < 36,000; > 36,000 kg/year
 Grease Traps Wastes
 <250,000; >250,000 but < 500,000; > 500,000 kg/year
 Busted Lamps
 <50; >50 but < 100; > 100 pcs/year
 Generating 2 types of HW, considered as large
generator
 DENR-EMB can update the category once the data
becomes available
Governing Roles for Transporters

Online Registration
Certification from the DOTC

Proof of competency of drivers and

personnel
EGF (DAO 2000-05)

Valid Contract with registered TSD(s)

 Governing Roles for Transporters

Waste transport vehicles must

comply with labeling, inspection,
use, pressure devices, puncture
resistance and thermal protection
regulations
Waste holding facility (garage)
 Governing Roles for TSDs

Category A – in-situ treatment

Category B – Thermal Technologies

Burn technologies include plasma

arc, gasification, rotary or
fluidized bed incinerator, cement
kiln, etc.
 Governing Roles for TSDs

Category C – Landfills
Category D – Recycles or reprocess
hazardous wastes
Category E – Immobilization,
Encapsulation, Polymerization and
Similar Processes
E.1 to E.6
 Governing Roles for TSDs

Category E – Physico-chemical Treatment



 E.1 – solidify organic sludges, ashes and other organic HW

 E.2 - solidify inorganic sludges, ashes and other HW

 E.3 – Neutralization and Redox reactions

 E.4 – Chemically treat POPs

 E.5 – Chemically treat infectious and pathogenic wastes

 E.6 – Decontaminate containers previously used for

hazardous chemicals/wastes
 Governing Roles for TSDs

Category F – Store hazardous waste


awaiting disposal or export
F.1 – Materials Recovery Facility
F.2 – Building which stores containers,
vessels or tanks containing hazardous
wastes
F.3 – Built tanks that store liquid
hazardous wastes
 Governing Roles for TSDs

TSDs should have valid contract

with a registered transporter (s)
Siting for TSD Facilities

Post-Closure of TSD Facilities

 Hazardous Waste Storage and Labeling

 Storage Limit – 1 year

 Changes in Placards and Labeling
– GHS
 Class 1 to 9

 Minimum size for placard

10cmx10cm, readable 5m afar;
for transporting vehicle
30cmx30cm, readable 10m afar
HW Transport Record (Manifest System)

Online Hazardous Waste Manifest

System
Contingency Program and Personnel
Training
Strict in attaching pictures during loading
and unloading activities
Prohibited Acts and Penalties - Generator

Failure to submit completed copy of

the Manifest form – PhP 50,000
Performs the functions of a TSD

Facility without the appropriate TSD

Facility Permit – PhP 50,000
Prohibited Acts and Penalties - Transporter

Conveys or transports HW without

proper manifest form – PhP 50,000
Performs the functions of a TSD
Facility without the appropriate TSD
Facility Permit – PhP 50,000
Prohibited Acts and Penalties - TSD
Accepts HW without proper manifests–
PhP 50,000
Stores, recycles, reprocesses, treats or
dispose HW at the Facility without
appropriate TSD facility permit– PhP
50,000
 Schedule of Fees
The same fees as in DAO 36 with the


inclusion of
Issuance of Manifest Form – PhP
600.00 per hazardous waste per
manifest
Transport, Treatment and Disposal of Wastes
(Video Showing)
A101: Wastes with Cyanide
A101: Wastes Containing Cyanide

•Concentration > 70 mg/L

in liquid wastes

•Chemical Control Order

(CCO)
Cyanide Treatment (TSD Category E)
B: Acid Wastes
• B201: Sulfuric Acid
• B202: Hydrochloric Acid
• B203: Nitric Acid
• B204: Phosphoric Acid
• B205: Hydrofluoric Acid
• B206: Mixture of Sulfuric & Hydrochloric Acid
• B207: Other Inorganic Acid
• B208: Organic Acid
• B299: Other Acid Wastes
C: Alkali Wastes
• C301: Caustic Soda
• C302: Potash
• C303: Alkaline Cleaners
• C304: Ammonium Hydroxide
• C305: Lime Slurries
• C399: Other Alkali Wastes
C: Alkali Wastes
 D: Wastes w/ Inorganic Chemicals
• D401: Selenium and its compounds*(>1 mg/L)
• D402: Arsenic and its compounds* (>1 mg/L)
• D403: Barium and its compounds*(>70 mg/L)
• D404: Cadmium and its compounds* (> 0.3mg/L)
• D405: Chromium compounds* (>5 mg/L)
• D406: Lead compounds* (>1 mg/L)
• D407: Mercury and Mercury compounds* (>0.1 mg/L)
• D408: Fluoride and its compounds* (>100 mg/L)
• D499: Other wastes with inorganic chemicals
D499: Other Wastes with Inorganic Chemicals

• Antimony; antimony compounds

• Beryllium; beryllium compounds
• Copper compounds
• Hexavalent chromium compounds
• Metal carbonyls
• Tellurium, tellurium compounds
• Thallium; thallium compounds
• Zinc compounds
Chemical Treatment
• Neutralization – pH adjustment
• Addition of Chelating Agent
• Addition of Binder
• Filtration
Treatment: Chemical Precipitation

Lfde Sales, Safety Summit, July 4, 2014

Treatment: COD test cells
Treatment: COD test cells

 Remove Hg metal by
immersing metal wire
or plates to the
 Hg is removed via
solution. amalgamation process
Treatment: COD Test Cells

 Decant and stabilize Cr

 Remove Ag from the solution
via chemical fixation and
via precipitation stabilization
D407 Wastes: The Bulb Eater
Treatment: Solidification/Stabilization
Mineral Encapsulation

Source:
Polymeric Encapsulation
E: Reactive Chemical Wastes

• E501: Oxidizing Agents

• E502: Reducing Agents
• E503: Explosive and Unstable Chemicals
• E599: Highly Reactive Chemicals
F: Inks/ Dyes/ Pigments/ Paint/ Resins/ Latex/
Adhesives/ Organic Sludge

• F601: Solvent Based

• F602: Inorganic Pigments
• F603: Ink Formulation
• F604: Resinous Materials
• F699: Other Mixed
 G: Waste Organic Solvents

• G703: Halogenated Organic

Solvents
• G704: Non-halogenated
Organic Solvents
G: Waste Organic Solvents
G: Waste Organic Solvents
 H: Organic Wastes

• DAO 2013-22; Putrescible/Organic wastes change to

Organic Wastes
• H801: Animal/abbatoir Wastes is excluded
H802: Grease Wastes
(Industrial, commercial and institutional facilities)
 I: Oil

• I101: Used Industrial Oil (including sludge)

• I102: Vegetable Oil (including sludge)
• I103: Tallow
• I104: Oil-contaminated Materials
I: Oil
Chemical Precipitation
Chemical Precipitation
J201: Contaminated Containers
• Receptacles that previously contained
toxic chemical substances
 L: Organic Chemicals

• L401: Wastes with specific Halogenated Toxic Organic

Chemicals
• L402: Wastes with specific Non-Halogenated Toxic
Organic Chemicals
• L403: Ozone Depleting substances (ODS)
• L404: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) wastes
 L404: PCBs Dechlorination Process

POPs Non-Combustion Facility

DENR-UNIDO, Limay, Bataan
 M: Miscellaneous Wastes
• M501: Pathological or Infectious Wastes
• M502: Asbestos Wastes
• All forms – friable and non-friable
• M503: Pharmaceuticals and Drugs
• M504: Pesticides
• M505: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Wastes
• M506: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
• M507: Special Wastes
• Household hazardous wastes that are consolidated in the MRF; white goods,
electronic equipment from residential and commercial establishments
M501: Pathological or Infectious Wastes
M501 Wastes Treatment (TSD Category B.2)
M501 Wastes Treatment (TSD Category E-5)
M506: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(WEEE)
WTE Supports Circular Economy Framework
Incineration: Hottest Issue

 Category B – Thermal Technologies

Burn technologies include
plasma arc, gasification, rotary
or fluidized bed incinerator,
cement kiln, etc.
Gasification, Pyrolysis, Incineration
Pyrolyzer
Pyrolyzer
 Pyrolyzer - Blackhole
Treatment After the treatment

Dry layer

Decomposition
layer

The input material is reduced to fine ash,

Ash the volume of which is 1/300 of the original
volume.

Exposure to low-
temperature plasma

Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ
Drying layer Drying layer

Decomposition Decomposition
Layer Layer Fine ash Fine ash
Ash Ash

Drying Carbonization After the treatment, the volume of ash

is approx. 1/300 of that of the input Removal of ash is
waste, which gets further reduced over unnecessary
the time and repeated processings.
Blackhole in La Trinidad
Blackhole in La Trinidad
Blackhole in La Trinidad
Incineration
 Incineration
Source: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/images/IWMF_shcematic_eng.jpg
 Incineration
Source: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/images/IWMF_shcematic_eng.jpg
 Incineration
Source: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/images/IWMF_shcematic_eng.jpg
 Incineration
Source: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/images/IWMF_shcematic_eng.jpg
 Incineration
Source: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/images/IWMF_shcematic_eng.jpg
Concerns about Incineration
Monitoring of VOCs and Dioxins
Other Technologies: FRTR (FRTR.gov)
 End of Presentation

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