INTRODUCTION

NAME :- VANSH GOEL

CLASS :- XII-‘C’ {Non-medical}
SUBJECT :- PHYSICS
ROLL NO :- 40
BOARD ROLL NO :-
ACADEMIC YEAR :- 2023-2024
MAHARAJA AGRASEN
PUBLIC
SCHOOL,SAMALKH

PHYSICS INVSTIGATORY
PROJECT FILE
SESSION:- 2023-2024

TEACHER’S NAME:
MR.SUMIT ROHILLA SIR
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Vansh goel of class
XII‘C’ has completed his physics
investigatory project titled
‘ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION’
under the guidance of Mr.Sumit rohilla sir
for the academic year 2023-2024. The
certified student has been dedicated
throughout his research and completed her
work before the given deadline without
missing any important details from the
project. It is also certified that this project is
the individual work of the student and can
be submitted for evaluation.

EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGN:-

INTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGN:-

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude To my teacher Mr.Sumit Rohilla
sir as well as our Principal Mrs.Alona
Singla mam who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic ‘ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION' which
also helped me in doing a lot of research and
I came to know about so many new things.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finishing
this project within the time limit.I am making
this project not only for marks but to also
increase my knowledge
ELECTOMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) : In 1831
Michael Faraday discovered the effect
called “Electromagnetic Induction” just
converse to the magnetic effect of electric
current.
When a coil made of copper wire is placed
inside a magnetic field, magnetic flux is
linked with the coil. Faraday found that
when the magnetic flux linked with the coil
is changed, an electric current starts
flowing in the coil, provided the coil is
closed one. The current and e.m.f. so
produced are called induced current and
induced e.m.f. The induced current and
the e.m.f. in the coil last only so long as
the magnetic flux linked with the coil
keeps on changing.
Thus electromagnetic induction is the
phenomenon of production of electric
current (or e.m.f.) in a coil when the
magnetic flux linked with the coil is
changed.
Faraday’s Experiment
The following experiment performed by
Faraday led to the discovery of the
electromagnetic induction:-

When the strength of magnetic field is varied :

Consider two coil P and S wound on an iron

rod. Iron rod is connected with galvanometer,
battery and tapping key. When tapping key is
pressed and when it is released galvanometer
shows deflection showing the presence of
induced current.

Explanation : When the tapping key is

pressed then magnetic flux linked with the
coil S changed because of increase in
magnetic field of coil P and induced
current is produced and when it is released
magnetic flux is again changed and
induced current is produced. But when the
tapping key is kept pressed then the
magnetic flux linked with coil do not
changed and induced current do not
produce so galvanometer shows no
deflection.
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction :

The results of Faraday’s experiment on

electromagnetic induction are known as “Faraday’s
Law of Electromagnetic Induction”. These are stated
as below :
 Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a
loop of wire or a coil or an electric circuit in
general) changes, induced e.m.f. is produced.
 The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change
in magnetic flux continuous.
 The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the circuit.
Lenz’s Law :

Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of

induced current produced in the circuit.
Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit
always flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or cause
that produce it..

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise

direction and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right.
Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed. The direction of
induced current should be such that it should oppose the direction
of flow of magnetic field lines. So induced current in the coil S is in
the direction opposite to the magnetic field in P. Hence, direction
of induced current in coil S is from right to left. So induced current
in coil S should flow in anticlockwise direction.
Expression for Motional e.m.f. :
Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the
region PQRS and a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic
field. The direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to
the plane of the coil and in inward direction.

Consider that at any time t, the part BA’ = CD’ = x(say) of

the coil inside the magnetic field. If l is the length of the
arm BC of the coil, then area of coil inside the magnetic
field at any time t.

A = BCX CD’ = lx

Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.

= BA = Blx
Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field
with velocity . As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux
linked with the coil changes. The time rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with the coil is given by If is
induced e.m.f. produced, then


= -Bl
The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to
the coil being pulled out of magnetic field.
Mutual Induction :
Consider two coil P and S are placed very close to each other. Coil
P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of
galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then magnetic
flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it opposes the flow
of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are very close to each
other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil S and induced current
is produced which opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines
of force in coil P.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is
produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux
linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual induction.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and be the
magnetic flux linked with coil S
I
= MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.
Let be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.
= – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M = /
The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a rate
of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil induces an
e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil.
Self Induction
Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key
K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it and
induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is opposite
to that of growth of current. On the other hand when key is released
the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is produced in opposite
direction. Thus during both growth and decay of current an
opposite induced e.m.f. is produced. This e.m.f. is called back
e.m.f.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f.
is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux linked with the coil is called self induction.
Coefficient of Self Induction :
Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil and
magnetic flux linked with the coil.
I
= MI
L is called coefficient of self induction.
Let be the induced e.m.f.

 (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)

M = /
Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change of
current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt.
Eddy Currents :
Eddy currents are the currents induced in a
conductor, when placed in a changing magnetic
field. They are also known as Focaults Currents.
Following experiment explain the origin of eddy
currents. Introduce a soft iron core inside a solenoid
and connect it to the source of alternating current.
Place a metallic disk over soft iron core.

Explanation : When the circuit is switched on the

current starts growing and hence magnetic flux
linked with disk also increases. Thus disk is
converted to small magnet. If soft iron’s upper face
acquires north polarity. Then metallic disk’s lower
surface acquires north polarity and due to repulsive
force metallic disk placed over soft iron core is
thrown up into the air.

Application of Eddy Currents :

Dead Beat Galvanometers :

The oscillation of a moving coil galvanometer
generally take a long time to die out. But by winding
its coil on a metallic frame made of copper or
aluminium the galvanometer can be made dead
beat. It is because, due to production of eddy
currents in a metallic frame. The coil of
galvanometer comes to rest very soon.
 Speedometer :
In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to
the main shaft of the vehicle. The magnet is
mounted in an aluminium cylinder with the
help of hair springs. Due to rotation of magnet
eddy currents are produced which led the
drum to oppose the motion of relating magnet
drum experience torque and gets deflected at
certain angle.

 Electric Brakes
A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of
train so that when train rotates drum also
rotates. In order to stop the train magnetic
field is applied to rotating drum. The eddy
currents produced oppose the motion of drum.
Since drum is connected to wheels of train, it
comes to halt.
 INDUCTIVE FURNACE
When a piece of metal,which is to be converted
into an alloy,is wounded by circular conducting
coil and high frequency A.C is passed through
the coil which in turns change the magnetic
flux associated with metal. This produces
strong eddy current that generate a large
amount of heat in te metal block and melt it
easily.
 Bibliography
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 www.google.com
 www.live.com
 www.rediffmail.com

THANK YOU
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