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1949 - Robert P. Blake and Richard N. Frye - History of the Nation of the Archers (the Mongols) by Grigor of Akancͺ Hitherto Ascribed to Matakͺia the Monk the Armenian
1949 - Robert P. Blake and Richard N. Frye - History of the Nation of the Archers (the Mongols) by Grigor of Akancͺ Hitherto Ascribed to Matakͺia the Monk the Armenian
History of the Nation of the Archers (The Mongols) by Grigor of Akancͺ Hitherto Ascribed
to Matakͺia The Monk: The Armenian Text Edited with an English Translation and Notes
Author(s): Robert P. Blake and Richard N. Frye
Source: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3/4 (Dec., 1949), pp. 269-399
Published by: Harvard-Yenching Institute
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2718096 .
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BY
ROBERTP. BLAKE AND RICHARDN. FRYE
INTRODUCTION
The History of the Mongols, who in the text are termed " the
race of the archers," is one of the shortest, but also one of the
most interesting, of the many historical works which the Armenian
clergy have left to posterity. It contains the record of a pious
observer, even though much of what he relates is hearsay and is
not derived from personal impressions, of the coming of the
Mongols to the " lower countries "; as such it forms a valuable
pendant to the more immediate personal experiences which were
set down by Kirakos of Gandzak. Yet as a historian, the writer
had one advantage over his more gifted contemporary; he was
not immediately exposed to the impact of tile invaders, and, brief
though his statements are, as he himself says, they are none the
less quite valuable, and have figured prominently in the studies
of Mongolian history by modern scholars.
I. THE EDITION
The present publication cannot pretend to be a critical edition
of the text in the full modern sense of the term. When the editors
started their work, they had at their disposal only one of the
editions-that of St. Petersburg, of which they had obtained a
269
Vowels:
, ye for f, i: ujIq4S 10, 84; 17, 26:
fuk,qLu 10, 108/9. KARST, 43
, ay for k, e: Lmt(4,3, 20;
J"iL1# 11, 18, 24, 26, V. KARST, 66
MIL,aw for o, o: In (J) generally ".; in (V) generally o,
O. KARST, 13
: IfP,i[ot V; 4LLJpFLLLw J 3, 18
QoFufqu,,LV;2 I-P Lr J 4, 54 et pass.
k, ea = k, ye: rqkui&4 J; rtLI" V 3, 72.
`JL`ZITIJY 9, 18.
4k?w` J 14, 56. KARST, 79
k,e ye: pU f V 4, 52
&tkiaJ 8, 40
4k4kl' J; 4Ii4fiS V 10, 110
liL, ew becomesAIL,iw: pF1LrnY, - PFlLt( 4, 12; cf. HUBSCHMANN,
121.
pFkiit-u14, 161.
&kndPfor kfI,Lqzn+J 177,12.
IuIL[Lb J; UJUJicLbV 6, 49.
Consonants:
, x > Z, y: 'b 3, 11 et pass.
1hJ[wZuJ$6, 24.
Sqklukf 8, 29 et pass. KARST, 137
i/, p" > uj4, p, h: I#4 V; uu44 J 5, 15; 10, 27.
4, k >,-, g: bInLnrnJnUnf 2, 33.
"
F,t' Z, d: ZLrpl3, 56
, dt m t: 4ILIJmpLyjgW V 5, 20:
FUIXtt V 8, 27:
l4 irnnip >12,106.
1LJf(1w V 10, 56/7.
4 > 4: r, h, r omitted: 3w4umwn 31,47 KARST, 126
Verbal forms:
Iqi4 - L4+ 12, 123; 14, 70.
Iqili _ km 15, 42, 55. KARST, 378
'nEip - LjfyEi 4, 67.
Iqt%r V kt1'e J 8, 40.
4n- uL1 (pres.) 14, 230.
I 4?8-IA, (pres.) 16, 31. KARST, 361
THE TRANSLATION
for the wise counsel, and for numerous references which he gave
us as the work progressed. We also wish to thank the Hairenik
Press, Boston, Massachusetts, for the great care which they exer-
cised in the difficult task of the composition of the Armenian
text.28
R.P.B.
HarvardUniversity, R. N. F.
Cambridge,
Massachusetts
NOTES TO INTRODUCTION
1
For this we have to thank Mlle. L. FRiMONT of the staff of the Bibliotheque
Nationale.
2lJ uqrmUgIUU&mL UJs/ 4')m5uLfnLJ t# i/m UUUi mqirzfi1i ?blimnqLU5. '1
L"ju pjc?-Ii 1j .1). (St. Petersburg, 1870). HCTopis MOHFOJIOB'b HHOKa Ma-
raKihl HepeBoja- K. HaTKaHigHa C. HeTep6ypr-b1871.
S jjump' *1mj WmmIvLOuttpnL1Thuu,l:(I)mm,fiLfJflLy fmJpuqj tl,uwp_
qjmSt '/)mmifufi4L?uuIL-wt 'A ILm opEJm4Lu5. PumSiuupmuif uppng
Luu4ntgLpiLLIXJ. (Jerusalem, 1870.)
The MS is no. 32 of the Patriarchal Library at Jerusalem; see below, p. 00.
Ed. PATKANIAN, Introduction; translation p. I.
In the year 720 of the Armenian era
were written these chronographic writ-
1 E/.J1Iiy UL mu Jp u
ings by the command of the holy and
glorious Father Step'annos (sic) of this
AL ,UILzjLIL? k,qur 4to UmIi'uTh
retreat (nycTbIHs) of Akanc', but with
the consent as well of the gatekeeper
un-Lpjl tumAn
uu?uxf Ai, uL Mwj? AL (KJIo'sapb), of the holy retreat, Var-
dan, and of all our brethren, priests
ZiUiJ/* AL 4pOOJLULnpLLI dIiILwIf the hand of the
and monks, by
p/i
SULLUALUULUU1 pwJ/: It p'j w miserable scribe Grigor, the servant of
the Word. Now we pray you who
Liit iFpL1wmw4AwLun! 'fi ,,itw, nptJ chance upon this writing, ye whosoever
into Armenia.
23
1. C., pp. 23-25.
24P
mjg 4 lL n
rm ,f1i4: " But in brief and not all."
25 E. g., 1, 5; 2, 30; 3, 8-9, 12, 16, 77; 4, 10-11; 5, 70; 6, 43, 53; 7, 17, etc.
26 E. g., 1, 18, 38; 2, 27; 3, 41; 6, 27; 8, 35, 40 etc.
27 The most important of these is the note on Vardan, 17, 6, also 7, 11, 13, etc.
28 After the introduction was in proof, we received through the kindness of Dr. A. 0.
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post quod add. l'wquw-
wnquqy,
14* V 2.
j/U P
L-,IuIg V.
16. Ulppwwul V.
3- qWuy V. Guu9 J.
5. om. -L V.
17* wZT V.
GRIGOR OF AKANC'
HITHERTO ASCRIBED TO
CHAPTER I
History of the nation of the archers; whence or from what stock they
sprang, and how they dominated many countries and provinces.1
(J 9) After the departure of the God-created man Adam from para-
dise, it was the command of the Lord God that he by the sweat of toil
eat his bread for the rest of his days, because of the deceit of his wife
and the betrayal of the foul serpent; for he forgot the sublime com-
mand of God, and after that time the race was lacking in pleasure and 5
carnal occuDation. But calumniating Satan, in his evil spite, was con-
tinually teaching mankind to do base things, such as Cain's fratricide,
and the law-breaking giants to grow proud in sin, and to eat carrion.
Seeing this the Creator waxed wroth at the sinful deeds of mankind.
He exterminated everyone bv a deluge, saving the seed of our humanity 10
(J 10) the blessed, righteous Noah. (V 2) So after ten generations from
Noah the righteous, there was born the father of Faith, the son of
Ttaray, the great Abraham, who was called " the exalted father," for
from him there sprang many nations and tribes, because of the bless-
ing of <the great> God, Who told him (Abraham), " He would 15
increase his progeny as the stars in the heavens and as the sands on
N. B.: References are to the lines of the chapter.
Tit. " The history concerning the race of the archers " J and V, after which V adds of
Ma'Yak'ia the monk.
5. om and 1 V.
13. Abraam V.
15. the great add V.
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Id'mupg:
9 L I)hh
z P.
mm 1J u /iLpA1y IJ
mjup9Jk mIpuh mjtr, ALAim tA '1'4
n'
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mlpALAmjq,A m/i
m[if4uL m~Jrt fAi 4nL .
10 fJumLImi AL mq m
4IAimgi .4un9iY/i JoItIUL//iL.h
49- ""z't V. lf 6. V.
,pUiuLUiUlLJnL IL IJJI4IL V. 9. flL-sJlq4pIuJl V.
* uw V.
5O0 10. MZqjn
V: LUIV<AYUrn J.
52~ ,/SlLunJSJ V. 12. JIlLUrn v.
3. I V.
JW1IIFLIIJfrU. UpLrbLI.J 14. V.
4. zqMThujiV: j pbiu4 J. 15. V 4.
4. I&wnLJ1 V. 17- pg&ui1rJ V: sprn,rnju 3.
called by the barbarous names of Xuz and Duz. These are separate
nations. The chief of all of them is called Busx, and of these nations 45
which we believe are those called Tatars.5
one is called T'uyark%,
CHAPTER II
<"'l"Z Lt?'?"r't g[
ZY""1e -I"
fuTL"'u ' (Jf) f rn,,p,
Aflrig"n1ft L'ft 'rnnmZlmftnft ifI l T"Z,, n t JIft ijiipt" rIt!-
25 idkquiyfti:
bi- 7-ji
dklf/ Y fL 4PIpIiiUIj I t
IL/i /fl" I JL/uIfII1i
u,u'qZ
pgufn,uJIIf
~uqiuqipft~.
c Lb,mnL-u,?r 'ft ipipSrU Ifl,w
'J,Mu,i Tpnj
ipifJnj"ji ipinu i4p pmpIn /Thw1 fLp fnIL 'ft fup
LjZ i mf, L"? n" uiuilij 1lj qufuimntfttMlpuu rnJgi:
R5XtUlSK~~~~q
t; n6 %*u t It,U>ntt $t
UItgpantm1;t Ggu4t
PtupmrstusLntalit 'Vturuhn ;tuut
qMrux
they themselves call yasax. The first is <this>: that ye love one
another; second, do not commit adultery; do not steal; do not bear
false witness; do not betray anyone. Respect the aged and poor. If 20
a transgressor of such be found among them, the lawbreakers are to
be put to death.6
When the angel had imparted this, he named their chief rayan,
whom they called C"ankazrayan or C'ankaz Xan.7 The angel bade
them rule over many countries (J 13) and districts, and to multiply 25
without limit and in countless numbers, which also came to pass.
That which the Lord had said was fulfilled. Thus was accomplished
what God had threatened, speaking through the prophet. " Nabu-
godonosor is a cup of gold in my hand, and to whomsoever I wish I
shall give to drink of it." 8 Thus this wild <and bestial> folk not only 30
once brought the cup, but also the dregs of bitterness upon us, because
of our many and varied sins, which continually roused the anger of the
Creator our God at our deeds. Wherefore the Lord roused them in his
anger as a lesson to us, because we had not kept his commandments.
CHAPTER III
The first war of the T'atars with the Persians, then with the Albanians
and Georgians, and their long resistance. The subjection of the
Armenians and Georgians.
When this wild <and bestial> folk learned that it was the will of God
to rule us upon the earth, thereupon (V 5) they gathered their troops
and attacked the Persians. They took one of their small towns, but the
18. this add V.
21. is found V.
24. om. or C'ankaz Xan V.
26. om. also V.
29. om. of gold V.
30. add and bestial V.
1. add and bestial V.
nip AiLm4AmLti
4mj/iF WIggt bJlimnipi,. A&LjJL ALu
ftwgdAWLst JWji"~L4Aw,i~ '/i r/Agmj f9)mgn/iy AL- jf,milJIiyk2t 2"-
Persians gathered their strength and retook their own and some of
theirs.9 5
Then again the Tat'ars sent out a message (lit., voice) throughout
their tribes (J 14) wherever the nation of the archers were encamped,
and once again they attacked the Persians. They (the Tatfars)
secured the victory, took some cities and all of their possessions.
Thereupon after all this they again took an order from their Fan, 10
who was called C'ankaz Fan, and they attacked the countries of the
Albanians and Georgians."0
The King of the Georgians, hearing this news of the coming of the
Tafars, went out against them with 60,000 cavalry to the great plain
which is called Kotman, which is situated over against the castle of 15
Terunakan.11 When the battle was joined, at this instant, by the
scheming of Satan who was always against the truth, the chief of the
Manasa stable, Hamidawla by name, because of some rancor, ham-
strung the horse of the Attabak Jwvan&.2 For at that time Lasen the
king of the Georgians had died, and had left one son, Dawitt by name, 20
and a daughter named Uruzuktan (Rusudan) .13 Dawit' had fallen into
the hands of the sultan of Rum. He remained in prison and his sister
Uruzuk an held the kingdom under the guardianship of Iwvane, who
was surnamed Afabak.'4
When the rumor of the invasion of the Tattars came, as told above, 25
Twvane took the cavalry of the kingdom of the Georgians and came to
Gag, to the great and wise prince Varham, son (V 6) of Plu Zaktare.15
Taking his own army with him the latter advanced against the Tat'ars.
(J 15) The mighty and great prince Varham took the right wing and
Iwvane the left. When they attacked each other this crime, which 30
6. throughout their tribes V: to their tribe J.
16. om. when V.
18. Ilamidola V.
2O. one J: his V.
30. Iwane V.
p A4/4 fi W/fi
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2fmj PL-pr1: AL I
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/Jffiz Uf'L1/JLLIi-V UUILfi p IlLiu ifp pL-rip . ii-
,iflMrn,Jft f-rupn Ip4p/Tr pup muSl1 kru . p'p &L uu4I5fu 't
4pdifu2g Iuuazlrul/4 pA putLu jqZuA&,iu2
' Sums4umy FulqfliLd
90 SriIUfLufup t; uu mJuiu, u L"liph5"I :
like sniakes and eat like wolves. Death does not appear among them,
for they survive for three hundred years. They do not eat bread at
all. Such were the first people who came to the upper countries.
Once again they received an order from the Khan, and three captains
invaded Albania and Georgia and conquered many towns and castles. 60
Their nameswere,the first C'awrman,the secondBenal, and the third
Mular.19They besieged the castles with countless horsemen. They
first took Samktornear Gandzak, which had previously been con-
quered. They took Sagam, K'arherdz,and Terewen. They took the
great royal fortressof Gardman,Erktewank',and the citadelof Nisibis. 65
They took by siege the strongholdof Tawus, which was the seat of
the Sultan.20They took Terunakanand the new fortress, also the
<rockcaves>of the great vardapet, (J 17) all of his richesto the full,
and they led away into captivity our glorious vardapet himself,
Vanakan,with all of his followers. 70
Then all of the country showed compassionand gave (V 8) much
treasureand gold and ransomedoturvardapet and his disciples.2"
Thereafterwhen the wise princes of Armeniaand Georgiarealized
that God was giving power and victory to them (the Tatars), to
take our countries,then they becamereconciledand becameobedient 75
to the Tatfars, and agreed to give the tribute known as mal and
tPagar and to come out to them with their cavalry whereverthey
(the Tatars) led them.22The TatVars,agreeingto this, ceased their
killing and destroyingthe country and themselves returnedto their
place, the land of Muyan. But they left a captain, Fara Buya (Qara 80
Buqa) by name, to demolish all of the strongholdswhich had been
conquered.23They destroyedeven to the foundationsthe impregnable
forts built by the Arabsat a great cost. This all came to pass.
61. Corman V.
64. Ugam V.
68. rock caves V: the rock J.
LIILMt ts+ & itg Luwt &4l&gmui. lbnjX l ' A JUiji "I.-
l'p4pf4, r-P
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du
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25 4JiLebL: !u4 Qin@l"pJh LusFvu4lu, L-Lt-wegn
jkgzinp f"It"a't"L iuup 4piU '
L W LLl
irj4ninnpn wjuwuip4fl. inuliLnif PJ Zkfr dlihl ini, LL-,-
5. V. w
zz p 18. ijwlr? /iunp t V.
8. jortnJr V. 21. uw4 4) 4U, 5 V.
1O-11. om. l il I,"I"LJ?J V. 26- L ,W/UW/U?JU JULfIIZ?4 V.
12* V 9. 27. om. &L I4IlLL V.
CHAPTER IV
A-t that time a comet appeared for several days and then vanished.
(J 18) At the same time the sun was eclipsed from the sixth hour
of the day to the ninth hour.
Then the three captains, whom we have mentioned as having con-
quered the countries of Georgia and Albania, returned to the land of 5
Muyan, where the grass is always green in summer and winter from
the fertility of the soil and the sweetness of the air. They remained
there some time and decided again to attack the Christians, considering
the slaughter and the capture of the Christians of Georgia and Albania
as naught. They also took the famous crag of Smeya. (V 9) They 10
killed myriads upon myriads in it, so the slain were countless. They
took the children captive from all countries in countless multitudes.
Still they were not satisfied, but again decided to attack the countries
and compDletelyto kill all the population.
But the providence of the omnipotent God did not overlook those 15
who had faith in Him, and He thwarted their unworthy and unjust
design. Of the three chieftains whom we have mentioned, two of
them He killed.
We shall tell briefly what they had planned. In the evening they
convened a xurutfay (quriltai) which is called an assembly, and they 20
resolved a second time to come back upon the conquered countries and
to kill off all.24 All three did not counsel this, but only two. For
C'awrman gave good counsel, by the command of the providence
(J 19) of God; " There has been enough plundering and killing in the
9. om. and the capture V.
24. om. and killing V.
?1Ap4nLn IinAr
tn1LULLqJLLIL,
jpf,,f"y,r" I LnAu~46I
wksrlrtbp g 4Z-"
Ert117WLlhuXJ dkr
i&ff
iLhwtjt "p,pV*"p S
I},Iu7
fZwnrL k
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f ffLut LIyiz,i.
nmzJ n(1 EL4fJ2LrtJL
tJr Lj/m
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45
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pt2nj 4pmdwifuImI LW 1f l1 AL 11111
dilZ If Aq L AL i L-L fJIIIqIIp IL-L
country; let cultivation remain," said he. " They can cultivate it and 25
one half can be given to us to live off, of vineyard and field, and one
half they keep for themselves."
While they were thus taking counsel, the day passed into evening
and the xurut"ay was dissolved, and they went to sleep. When it
dawned two of the captains were found dead-those who had coun- 30
seled evil. The other, who had desired an ordered and peaceful
country, whose name was C'awrman, remained alive.
Then C'awrman departed with witnesses of the event and came to
their great leader CYankazran. He told him of all his deliberations
and of those of <his fellow chieftains>, of their loss, (V 10) and how 35
he had remained alive in the selfsame night.
Then the rayan, on hearing this, was amazed and said to C'awrman,
"That which the two chieftains counseled was not pleasing to God;
because of this they met sudden death. You, however, because of your
good advice, did not die. It is the will of God that we take the earth 40
and maintain order, and impose the (y) asax, that they abide by our
command and give us tzyu, mal, t'ayar, and yp"c"ur.25 Those,
however, who do not submit to our command or give us tribute, slay
them and destroy their place, so that the others who hear and see
should fear and not act thus." 45
Saying this the rayan then ordered C'awrmanto go and observe the
agreement (J 20) which he had proposed, and which had preserved
him from death. He gave C'awrman his kindly wife Aylt'ana Xat'un
and dubbed him C'awrmayan.26 Then C'awrmayan, taking the kindly
and gracious wife of Cankaz Xan, Aylt'ana XatVun,came and took up 50
35. his fellow chieftains add V.
45. before should add and V.
Su*?usS
t I) 6
i Pt'IWLJnLV
L ~~~~~~sumaLSJnur 4UjfqiLJAh
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4m
68* VWJ9UEL2 V. V: %
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69. j-tofvuJJ V Ainzpuq V.
600 ante rJ4S-Z add. IlL V. 7 om. IJi&IAu,p. 1D& nmLpa V
65- v ii. qwi V. 73- 9opdwruAiZr V.
06. vV. 74- mtjppp tis V.
67- TepPs ut vid. V. 5 -11-02' V.
CHAPTER V
At-pi"
l7 9 4iSwtl
fy7yhm y w2rhp&yfi
&44h&YA topA"w"Xf7
10 pi.- qu ,mmnLu4t "w Lu (ifwpmfipnt ) upg"r Ii
&L tpXtflJpU p 74U7yh1yI '1' jS"'p'rt'1'(i, f
4n-1sJ
p^7rJeZ
Iml sF4@ge
&
Ii7p4mf sL
wjAL
4n11ALng,
tuAZF,"2f&@
mUmLfkldf
2f jm4
,ZTr 417
i4qt4lj r
mjthg4yX I7JIUISII/IIIpIjIUIU1AmnlLf"JAUI Ar1IjJ,Ln
ifA?run"
fA?,S-",2 P' ry4
UI4"1ox wr~mqmwmu~ f A L 4mp OWLm1u" gwq"I.
towns and castles, plundering and taking captives. They killed with-
out mercy men and women, priests and monks, making slaves, taking
the deacons as their slaves, and plundering the churches of the Chris-
tians without fear. Stripping the precious relics of the holy <martyrs>
and the crosses and holy books of their ornaments, they cast them 10
away as of no value.
What shall I write now, concerning the pain and misfortune of
this time, of the separation of fathers and mothers from their sons;
of the severance of affection among loved ones and close relations;
how they took their inherited property; how the lovely palaces were 15
consumed by fire (V 12), and children were immolated in the arms
of their mothers; how lovely and gently raised youths and maidens
were led away captives naked and barefoot! Woe to me a transient
creature! I think that all this (J 22) came to pass because of our sins,
that the Lord and our Creator, He who is benign and long-suffering, 20
visited upon His flock, whom He had ransomed with His precious
blood.
At this time in the distress and bitterness of the period there shone
like a luminary (lit., eye of the sun) the holy spirit of our teacher
Vanakan in the eastern land who was called " the second Sunrise," full 25
of the light and the incomparable knowledge of the omniscient Holy
Spirit, who with much toil and labor freely distributed the spiritual
food, i. e., the Word of the Holy Spirit. Like to the heavenly teacher
Christ in meekness, humility, patience, and long-suffering, loving
saints and sanctuaries, the cross and the church, holy places and their 30
servants, priests and monks. To the great he struck terror; to the poor
9. add martyrs V.
18. barefoot and naked V.
23. in the distress and] when it was in the V.
35 f1nLILJJ LI lt
fJxgJ rlqquP 4i-iqiii izKl'Ps1'
mtiufA
b
ajqflL?P
WUe ~iJ III/rlLfJ Am WTh AL ipnmti n l 4'-" L-L
JwpfgP nfl, AL- 4III 4mrLUmmn, 1s i 4mLuIuSI ?zZmp[m s/o
tnJyu,u A
&-tiiLAiP mZ4Apmti flLp Mg^ AL lif1Lpwu_
40 I4nu, i"f &iL 61n7uA
s gng&xtL /gZ4 ptf i
/ump42i MpLA1fir5 17,LItn,Ll7Pfyfl 4MlAuPmp jfmPrt uIu1Aml7--
1AtuF1z 4fn1TejLn upgnj: -J &Lf
UJA PlIqIlI npi7 'rf" lmr wb?rsfi
tIpbpmtf1n/ryl rImApIiituIf AL spu niI
ilml-alym1 <ii-
A",1 #0IfLILLIP j'cIpI1IIIU1Am/yt fLpAm-,t?q 4mmmplqnifz" qmAmnCuf
45 4pmit"MrZ 1?<.<<2pf mtn/ &AL
Jpb mnL">>. qp AL q4Amlu lrn-
511 mIMakb4Aq5LLnJ fLp1nJ p/uimnn" l"mmL"u-I EiCt Ap4mj,ir
CHAPTER VI
The war and destruction of the city of Karin and of Horom (Rum) by
Bac"u Nuin.29
In the year 688 (1239) of the Armenian era the chief of the Tat'ars,
Ba'cu Nuin, gathering the troops, attacked the town of Karin with
countless multitudes, laying siege to it for two months. They captured
it and cruelly slaughtered and plundered the rich and beautiful town.
Likewise they depopulated the monasteries of the country and the 5
marvelous churches, taking captives and plundering. Then the Armen-
ian and Georgian princes took away many books, heortologia, mar-
tyrologia, the Apostolic works, lectionaries, Acts, and the Gospels
written in gold, richly adorned beyond comparison for the edification
U"IqUI 0214P/~
?II15 Su4lMp~ir IFLwfu kL
,L&r"F-
P,u4 JFJpEJ i it i1fii ki jq'fpip' 41Ll" "LU,'- ut,n
LuL
5551
d2uts i,j5 ti L Jvflp'U1sf #
4L,LIILw sfiu rJnp1r
IL--UUn~
u1wmIl-
kkJFWffi/2ur1/i UJ1LLwx5lrA 4LLIlfLp 4UuJtjUipojp
25 48uIipPo,?, IlL
kP' "i"tPl' aJ' 'rf "
LULnLkP urn UJ"I1WUAI" 'P Lu1"
pwqstfP2s 4obrEpilky (s'I) qM yopg SL ?LIJL- nps/s
IL-/ 4wl Jrlkr dpifk
siI p
'P yi )UIL-l. itIl-rwjwqjI/z--
ILuwt
IL-t UrlJl1W"1l/yf i7jOpuL1'ft Jwnj
fuwi,gir 4ArWJiif 'I4P11q PilifjLtrk
30 if jufiLu2
P"'
tu 1Jn1wLw,f
UI V" 4~$Zu4iq1I
upum4115#LLL
Jng Lfmpmr?i,Ipgu' IL- iiizinL"i pgI~>ui~ LUdullxs- p-
PI afL"'-kP qwpcfl5 7q?Suifw
I ,kZ I
pIfZi 1LifU Hy
4 lw
and adornment of the sons of the new Sion. Whence they took and 10
brought them to the eastern country and filled the monasteries with
all the adornments of the churches. After one year had passed there
was yet another mustering of the people of the archers (J 24) with the
Armenian and Georgian princes, and they attacked the country of
Rum with a countless multitude. 15
The commander of the forces was Ba'cu Nuin: he had been
successful in battle wherever he met his foe. He gained many victories.
But the cause of the victories were the Armenian and Georgian (V 14)
princes who were first in the vanguard, and launched themselves with
a mighty blow against the enemy. Then after them came the Tat-ars 20
with bow and arrow.
Then when they entered the land of Rum, Sultan Xiat-adin
(Ghiyath al-Din) came against them with one hundred and sixty
thousand troops. The son of the great Salue had been with the Sultan
a long time. When they drew up for battle, they were stationed over 25
against the Tat-ar army, with the son of Salue opposing them on the
left wing. The victorious Armenian and Georgian princes were oppos-
ing the Sultan's army on the right wing of his army. When the battle
waxed fierce the courageous and renowned son of Salue put to flight
the Tat-ars and killed many of them.30 30
Then the Georgian prince, the lord of Gag, son of the great Varham,
grandson of Plu Zak-are,Aybuya by name, bravely fought against the
forces of the Sultan, with the other nobles of the forces of the Armen-
ians and Georgians who were with him. They put to flight the right
wing of the army of the Sultan, cutting off the heads of many amirs 35
and magnates, causing very much (J 25) grief to the Sultan. As the
day turned to evening they ceased the battle and encamped opposite
one another on the level plain which lies between the town of Karin
and that of Erznkayin (Erzinjan).
32. Blu V.
39. Eznkayin V.
65 bun inm[j
q1LII md1A,mj, LpulnLfAhlIfp.
'LIJL5J uiplL"4IlqL/fL~i
ALy uwv pp4'i~I
mmfl /umqm,gt I ufig*ni
l
70 fAmf,LILL4mup4Imn5fw?i rtplimtuJImrLb, ifn
But when the next day dawned the army of the Tat-ars joined with 40
the Armenians and Georgians to go forth against the Sultan in battle.
They launched themselves in a great force of cavalry against the camp
of the Sultan. (V 15) When they came to the camping ground <of the
Sultan> they did not find anything, only the tents filled with much
provender. They beheld the tent of the Sultan with many treasures, 45
adorned within and without. <Wild> animals, a leopard, a lion, and
a panther were tethered to the door of the Sultan's tent. For in the
same night the Sultan had fled with all of his army fearing the amirs
who wanted to submit to the Tat-ars. The Tafars, seeing that the
Sultan had fled, set a small force as a guard over the tents, saying that 50
it was some sort of a trap, and with the greater part of their forces
set out after the Sultan, but were unable to catch anyone, for they
had reached the fortified places in their land.
When the Tat-ars learned that the Sultan of Rum had really fled,
the army of the Tarars returned and they took all of the provisions 55
and baggage of the Sultan of Rum, with the large and beautifully
colored tents which they had left (J 26) in fear of the Tattars, and
themselves had fled. Then in the morning with great joy they set out
against the country of Rum. They took Erznkayn first of all and left
a governor. They took Caesarea and wrought much bloodshed in it, 60
because the town did not surrender, but resisted the Tafars in battle.
For there was much cavalry stationed in it; and it was all filled with
goods. They did not surrender the town peacefully, so the wily Tattar
army, making an onslaught, took it by trickery and killed off all of
the great ones, (V 16) while the lesser people they cruelly carried into 65
43/44. V adds of the Sultan.
46. add wild V.
49. om. The Tat'ars, seeing that V.
59. Eznkayn V.
4,ULeJUS ju/iizAiui
pIigDg?fjZ#J CS
IgJJ4L tf1eLIims : \J
rU mILb/?l Jo0?A AL 7ILI"ZMpgi 4w;M11i&pAXfUIiMlwdI- ATL
qojI &IL IfuJnPmJALe: UL muu
5 JWpcM4Iiryl'' I-pmj U&-
tLUII n IJ, AL i rnif mfrLAq . ,iuujg n} 4nmnp yir nu,
75 "jL 'rLk't"rLULIUji qi lIifiiI &
AL-Ljdwrf4bI 4IJJLJUt
J
-
rt 4q4n /k FfI j lirnym jini bnLnF&nLfll dig 1
AL muqir. AL fJnqAm
k b4uL AL Ef5"flJnLqU Ap4p/p 2rnn"n-
s Z n ft /II tv
in pntpv?j lu;t Rtubl4tumntntfijPtiG ptuplutqtuL.n tupf uij/ 4tujny
4,l?Jd-tnj'fdWRu&wEu&pm
10 qiiinjmpmujAinli 4
U?f1t 01Ajiui"jj /iI7ULlfyrJ
U,fujmm
yUIL UrnJ1? ',uIJ,ht n"l lflrZIU"' f AUIJI1g
JU"JI/JlL 2UI714pq
AzU,LUj1J
71. V.
jw'iIA"j'Z jIrip4*i V.
72- V.
-LwZP,Jp4I 8- 4xu,,mmw kwbxu V.
73. w4Ii4,u V. 9. 4&U&ArtL/IU V.
73-74. U liepwmn V. 11. add. t k4klw&A post 'uAll, V.
79. tipoe V. 11. 2wg4ip1ultS V.
79. JWpIiLIq/i V. -
12 Awrwa.11,J V.
LLLmnL,rnJ V.
captivity with all their possessions. Again they took Konn and
Axc_arn with all the large villages and monasteries. Then they ad-
vanced on Sewasta and took it by siege.31 But they did not kill them,
rather took their treasures as booty and registered the populace
and imposed tribute on them as was their practice, mal and ttayar. 70
They left a governor and chieftains in the land of Rum. They them-
selves went with much treasure and captives, which they had taken
from the land of Rum, to the eastern country, to their habitats and to
their royal tent.
CHAPTER VII
iy m4k &LLtL tm
15 UumeIkym-k?ikz-pL-,rg
tIiAumn"4nLIIuIfJ
nLpuwfuwywIl I/WA 4EummiiJ". ILbLU ui-
L/-LuuIr 4n pnmff L- fI pAukJyIJnJ 17bF1(
us"/i fUnOUi5lL
mUIupX&UIq ~i4jng Ud(p"Um un f"' Spm. Ir uLpiuP&
pm111t
20 lru urp"'Jk I L-L mJ",LL-m Jkc&&ku'ftm) &L OmJkqmJU nuJ,
AL SII/JLIp PuJnJl
"Il LffumuIf np. 17P JXJ p hngw 11hA
"4pji, nrp q1" "fplfiP AL dfIi-iii4l-, mU7jl 4jfi [
EluEWIp 4Lmlm?jLy2J itLpIiu1tj,. AL ifJUUpU iLf6 Ii?fl?mpmuTop
upumnLliu,L ?pu,mUpmUIIi1n7 42Jny,, JI1LqupI~I l4?J JUifUmp4i
25 ,
fpbLup w1Ly/uwlk eplumnniuu,uw" 4 fJuhr"uILnpflp 4mjn; , 4AjJ-
ifnj. 4ptuff1j1Iiiri'! " 1'L Lk/pr AL-
uLn,irU7lUU iLiqUm.: 2p
,11Lr"L11
p` Ai,u fJm1zujr"L"pl Vpqmpnir I-iqpwjg?i
ZrIifJnLrf
/7Lp gi uiI" jiu,fiu17
7
ulmmLi7l zyIummlLIiUL-LD Wfb pbuL
IA7gz"ArklJnjff ngu * nLb-lt @
Jn g7f"u",[JL? -L "L"
30 Lj Ci pw u,uu, lf wrmLkw& Irprp7u L i pwj"pi
su it,/ .tp7lnSl
Ds~~~~~~9
Sayin Fan, which in their language means the good and fine ran.33
On seeing (V 17) the Armenian general, Sayin Pan rejoiced much
because of the Christian faith, but even more because of the firm,
manly, and wise words which the Armenian general, Smbat spoke 15
before him. (J 28) He made him a vassal and gave him a great
iarlax, a golden tablet, and a real Tat-ar queen with a crown, which
for them was a great honor.34 To whomsoever they honor and esteem
they give a wife from their women of station. Thus they were giving
great honor to the Armenian general. They sent him to his country, to 20
the Christ-crowned King of Armenia, Hetum. They ordered him to go
himself and see him. The pious King Hetum, seeing his brother Baron
Smbat thus favored with such an honor, and esteemed by the Khan,
rejoiced greatly. He rejoiced even more because of the documents
regarding the freeing from taxes of our land and our monasteries, and 25
of all Christians.
CHAPTER VIII
The return from prison, and the reign of the Georgian king's son,
Dawit', by efforts of Varham, at the commanidof the great Khan.
The brave and renowned forces of the Georgians, however, did not
have a leader and king for a long time. The daughter of Lasayin
(Lasen), Uruzuk-an, had departed in death from the country, and the
Georgians remained without a leader, just as a flock which has no
shepherd. Then, by the providence of God, they bethought themselves 5
of the son (J 29) of their king, Dawit' who was in prison in Rum.
Seizing some men of the chiefs of the forces of Rum, the Georgian
princes led them to Bac-u, who was the commander of the Tatars.
18. om. great V.
inLLi~J~ npu1Ly
f ufli/njlflf/ii t SmfJm/,Evup A4ffJ 'li funum,s
AL wuuusy/*J /J 4usj jIipIkwf L AL fr 4npt'f 4bluwf JssUj
t,L
' LLLIII1LLIlj
\ n ~jc- S LL /ZLIIL L L " , ki su
d.vu u ftIi f
fmurnnL Jnfrjusu 1IJmvu4msf 9usitius,u 4gJun,Lufim-
'/1 n44r,
WYUUnu,w4vuAsIl pwD&n tpLeguffn~f uurt/ 4surSJp/
jsujuw4i 'ljpu5: bL
~jnpoLsuJb 4suu/Th f pm
q5sueg S+rl/fvps,
,'
35 (u m .
pJukI1g:
L " 0
L?wIw snfJlJ LmLPJA
ZrJ 7ini.flZ4 IlL JILjJwgs'u'J fusu/JnL{J (np trp 4flfie) 2w-
They had them. questioned under torture in regard to the king's son,
Dawit', (V 18) and they inflicted questioning and hard blows on them 10
as was the custom of the Tat-ars. They brought them to confess. They
admitted that he was in chains in a dungeon in Caesarea. Then, very
much rejoicing, the Georgian princes sent the wise prince, Varham, the
lord of Gag. By the command of Ba'cu Nuin and all of the other
Tatfar chieftains, they sent along with Varham another Tatfar chief 15
with one hundred cavalrymen. They accompanied him with great
authority to Caesarea. When they arrived, by the will of God they
found the king's son, Dawit', in a large and deep dungeon. The will
of God, however, had kept him alive in the deep prison. When the
detachment of Tat-ars and the great prince, Varham, saw him they 20
were astonished at his having remained alive, and they glorified God.35
Dawit', son of the Georgian king, was tall of stature and strong,
handsome of feature and with a black beard, filled with all of the
wisdom and grace of God.
Then they took him out of the dungeon and dressed him in a robe 25
of honor. They took to horse and rode to the land of the Georgians.
When they reached the city of Tiflis (J 30) the princes of the
Georgians greatly rejoiced. They took (lit., taking) an order from
Bac"u Nuin and from Aylt-ana Xatun <who was the wife> of C'awr-
mayan who had recently died, so his wife was in charge of the Khanate. 30
She gave an order for cavalry to follow the great Prince Varham. She
sent him to the great Khan <who was in the east>. Going with the
aid of God, and seeing the Khan, they related what had happened
13/14. om. sent ... Gag V.
15. Vahram V et passim.
26. the land of the Georgians] their country V.
27. before city add great V.
27. all of the princes V.
29. add who was the wife V.
32. add who was in the east V.
fnI7LfJO 1y1
sIrl- fw/f
WfLkl7 9 l jih-p2if
4 Zelln"L-
g/ThIj9'WL*I JuI/?InnL 4opli /bLpnj SUlAbbiu:bL 'I &1/"'[444'-
v1uI jiljeI- nLPUFiI
uI?hiiL iI,Up4WLPi1LL PI-
40 jFLiiILfl p uIJUX4 J (fAI) Ip4WL f/Ttp /J1 i *-I b II
0Li~iw~,,?4 Ir
if rfU Iq-J4"jf~j 'I,bpu liL 1"Lqnw"fip
0l"rIl,4 i
/"Jzjzru,'
(PqLI0fI
r4 b rbxZpw L>gM Elv
P/sY
2.
1.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I1 4pu l&ULV.
V:
.
jU.j1fJuivuij J1LJ1]JUA&UJ J.14UWJL.
4-5 4kt;66 V. 17. np'tn+,~ V.
9- 4;LvLL V- =18. uWJLuWIIIIW5 V: ii u
iqn ,Z, J.
(V 19) concerning the Prince, and received a rescript from the great
Khan. They brought and placed Dawit' on his father's throne in 35
Tiflis. The Georgian princes, greatly rejoicing, named him Varhamul
King, that is to say, Varham made thee king! For a time the country
of the Georgians and Albanians was quiet because of the accession of
the new king.
CHAPTER IX
4"'i' Ai
in*rinZft lip ULt4 4SI"q' dfiriZnL np U1IUpIpIqgZbr
rmj 1 ""'xk"'LL""
mjdfiru/4hf JI-E"p1k f L SiIiim
dThiPI prn,g mrp14/s n} 4nmnnpIig,*S unLuAirj punui if Ii
55Lirpi UZX*W
mnrpO^?r
AcJ"k qf 's jmjO
ZpO U~-IL"fi np
AgrAnpZlf aZ1Pi? &IuuArO
Wull"f' 'Ipg
i@ fh"'T qn,
Ul""Zv
kL DE sprtliiitnJ1Xt
/JL1rtpuLnpSv :mm
>uspt",J,
/utouI ,Fqu fpGh w Zr"
"t
4mLmy/rI
2 fouj4k,"Irl"
ph
@DJXpiltuinn?/uygn:tf
.t tpfm
Then they (the Tat"ars) believed the false words and invaded our
country, taking as plunder all of the possessions and flocks of the 45
people. But they did not kill the population, being without any order
from the great Khan. (J 33) They seized the Kiing and all of the
princes of the nation, while they even took also to the court of the
TatVarchieftain the great Georgian prince, Awag by name, son of
At"abakIwvane, on a litter, because at that time he had fallen ill and 50
was not able to sit on a horse. Although the other princes and the
King spoke very much, they (the Tat"ars) did not believe their words,
and they did not cease to make captives and to plunder the country.
When they brought Awag on a litter to the court of the chieftain of
the Tattars, then believing his speech, they stopped the killing in the 55
country and gave peace to the terrified and distressed Christians.38
In those days there passed away to Christ our great and famous
vardapet Vanakan leaving us in great grief, and not only us, his
disciples, but the entire country. May his memory be blessed, and his
prayers be upon all the land and all Christians!
CHAPTER X
(J 34) Locusts. The census in the east. Het"um, king of the Ar-
menians, went to Manku ran and was loaded with honor. The seven
sons of the seven khans. The arrogance of Xul. Ter Step"annos,abbot
of Geret"imonastery, is martyred. The illness of Xul by reason of his
wickedness. Xul is succeeded by Miyan his son.
At that time, however, there came a horde of locusts and they ate
48. princes of the nation: text corrupt in JV.
30 zzM 4inipfo~
LmLrJrI?igljn '/k 9~'z':"fb- b1L-LUgJpI
up all of the eastern country, so that the whole earth, east and west,
in terrible fear, took refuge (V 22) in God with great lamentations.
Then the country was freed from the terrible scourge by the compas-
sion of God. They extolled God the Almighty, their savior in such an 5
affliction. This came to pass in the year 700 (1251) of the Armenian
era.39
After this affliction a TatVarchieftain, Aryun by name, came by the
command of Manku ran and took a census of the eastern country for
the taxes. From this time on they were wont to tax according to the 10
number of heads of the people, as many as were inscribed on the books,
but still more they plundered the country of the east.40 In one small
village they counted from thirty to fifty men (J 35) all from fifteen
to sixty years of age. They took sixty aspers from each person who
was counted. When they captured one who had fled or hid, they 15
cruelly tied his hands to his feet behind and beat him with green rods
until his body was all cut and caked with blood. Then they pitilessly
let loose their ferocious dogs, which they had trained to eat human
flesh, and they let them devour the miserable and impoverished
Christians. 20
Then the Christ-crowned and pious King Hetum, when he heard of
all this fury, which was being wreaked in the upper districts of the
east, out of love for the Christians, but even more because of his own
land, went with much treasure to Manku ran and took care that his
country should not be exposed to such outrages. When he came to 25
the Khan, by the will of God (V 23) he was honored by the Khan, who
8. ArdunJ in note.
11. as many as] since V.
books] volume J in note.
tLM~A JLS
fAr uumiAw~-L 4ij4iufii1Liij/- 4iiijii AL- Ipuif k-.
IrMjAi prwZI Inrpw 4fnlpu pmt 4uMi fW n,im liL rupm(cnJ? il
55 PuI 1t/7ImLIip
if/ t/ NIL-LL/ 'kA-lk?i& rtuIm '/i
r/ 11e if/i
rid"
lrmu &r
rTnpS",p 4ummmpAmt Uu/mho u11Inii .L &UjIrd,f A-.-
bestowed upon the King of the Armenians high rank (lit., honor) and
fiefs. Everything he asked for according to his desire was granted
him. He (the Khan) sent him back to his country in great joy.41
After this, when the year 706 (1251) of the Armenian era had come, 30
there arrived from the east, where the great Khan was, seven sons of
the khan's, each with a duman of cavalry, and a duman is thirty
thousand.42 They were named as follows: The first and greatest of
them was Hulawu (J 36), who was a brother of Manku Fan. The
second, Xul, called himself the brother of God and was not ashamed. 35
The third was Balaxe, the fourth Tut'ar, the fifth T'agudar, the
sixth Jratayan, and the seventh Bawrayan.43 They were in disagree-
ment among themselves but were very fearless and eaters of men.
Onitheir journey they all came and traveled about in wagons, while
they leveled the mountains and hills of the eastern country to facilitate 40
the movement of their wagons and carts.
Then that chieftain, who called himself the brother of God, came
into the interior of the country and mercilessly fell upon the miserable
Christians. They burned all the wooden crosses wherever they found
them erected on the roads and mountains. But nothing whatever satis- 45
fied them. Wherever they found monasteries in the land they plun-
dered and oppressed, eating and drinking. They trussed up the
venerable priests and flogged them mercilessly.
A chieftain of the horsemen of Xul came to a cloister which was
called Gereti, and the head of the cloister was a greybeard and very 50
old, outstanding (V 24), holy and accomplished in all of his ways,
performing good deeds, Steptannos by name. When he beheld the
34. Hoylawu V and J.
36. Tutarn V.
37. Borayann V.
52. deed J.
60 "-Pb'Ef'
duAnvI /bfi}, AtL Ir&g
1j41114? 8ii/iipfiP,
pSuafk AL- UI,r
iIjqflL, futbu u*luIPfLA t Sr / t;L ?11111111
Jnm tui-
&ns?4 nhuszvt L/uS
Imiel -1Xt l&umnnftyL-t 4fulf, I xFj tuJL4hsl-k
A'i mm pAuu 'fi if ui~i4i
>iunp
AL
~WL,rlIL
t q vug 4l,
IL tA' &L Jutj1gJ
p1"uJ wit -n A nLmini li rjwliDi .
65 1f/&y /i pJnlE 4mj4tAi ,tmivumpli
jyl 'A 4u&X . Ar nfti
chieftain of the Tat-ars, who was coming towards him to the cloister,
he took a jar of wine and went towards the Tatar and brought salt as
is the custom of the TatVars. Then (J 37) afterwards he led them to 55
the cloister and had him sit down with the other horsemen who were
following their chief. He slaughtered a sheep and opened other wine
and gave them all their fill in eating and drinking so that they could
hardly remain on their horses. In the evening drunk, they returned to
their camp (lit., houses) , which was near the cloister, that is, the camp 60
of the Tattars. When they arrived at their quarters they slept through
the night. In the morning, on waking, they beheld their chieftain very
sick. When they asked him, " What is the cause of thy sickness? " the
chieftain said, " The priest poisoned me last evening." The priest was
innocent, but it was because of their evil and insatiable <eating> and 65
drinking it so happened. They at once set out and brought in bonds
the splendid ancient, father Steptannos. After much questioning they
did not believe him. They set four stakes in the ground and they
mercilessly bound him who was guiltless in this matter some distance
above the ground. Then they lit a fire under him and burned and 70
roasted his entire body till the marvelous ancient Step"annosgave up
the ghost. They clearly saw a portent and a pillar of light over the
blessed (V 25) father Steptannos, who thus, innocent and in vain,
underwent his passion, and was crowned along with the sacred martyrs.
Then that foul and pitiless chieftain, apart from the sickness which 75
he had, was smitten by a demon so that in his madness (J 38) he ate
his own unclean body, and perished in much suffering and bitter
affliction. So likewise the entire camp fell ill of the evil disease and
many of them died of it. Although it happened thus, they did not fear
God but ever persisted in doing deeds of rue and bitter tears. Their 80
65. evil V: sword J (sic).
65. eating and: add V.
78. afflictions J.
q/uun, m rtu?u
muy j 'fi ,uu d j
@Iid4 t rn/u ymL/IF2 b qmmirLuJU
'
104. I"jp'b) 'bj V. Iiu,?, V.
brLntttG J ^L fik;nt/dtJG
4)tapltuLmmuL kulA+AuJM7: WMGihGu_
rntnp zMI; & ftuirwtuf6 lftupmkJnutu,: UL unijp tuntuf&ln)Z
flwup,nrL,jAJhnu*:
tilim mjun"P4 mpmppi 4ni; nJqn/l sfrn 4A? I 1n
&E II ;"J"J41-'"L"Jl"
&L .L w?JAIffT fzffi
ei JLf-JIpI T ?Iu.-.
,yb?i 'fu /Aprmj ) VUmLm S qgmqm4uui.k AL jnpckmf 4w1 u/Ti q mA-
q/Th, mnz cku,,fuj~i iiIbiLt
ifl?qjJi iriLU~f Ir l ~j)q
5 mmm& I gt piiqrLzlf Jr"mpnf " L iiIimnLiiIi41Ii
TuAll[i >L
mi 4ld-i mul4rnL AL wp-u#* AL j"qJ-zcuif wrL/?,Jm,/zThrnJ
4rimtpIif, AL
iEL-pAubi zpzmqnL1tu NJ AL--UIumpm mm 4 ,
4vuittrAidte tALIzmlim!
4&&tt u*
mifITUiJX quhiimlL4vui
nu4-n/ Ldpf
AF/rLOliS AL I-jgJr bJZ ?mUp (QuiqLmmmm j bLri
10 UPLIA'J? I fiLtJ
AL pl/ TbpuuQfi
4 L1LrJTh ijfuu_
yJmu- AL un ,guiS?uu. AL rqwLm,f AmAnu 12I,L1uLuLn>A 4gmifuj7-.
3 --n-Zk V. 4"
15. 1 sic V.
3. V. 16. V 27. /i11
V.
4. Z4-'L---~ju V. 17*wn4Ljl-7n V:- /Li~ J.
5. Jw-P.TOp V. 18- k-Jw %,-Jl$w7 V.
8. 141ML7'V- 4w/uuu 19* V.
g9 ... j r V. 20. 'Er j?, V.
9. /UJ-jWHI-71 V. rxJurn
20-21* 4I7kib V.
10. 4 V. 21- uThrj/ V1 wuj-V
u4./ J.
13 FuA1 V. P1V7qb V. L"gSLV.
15- 41-k-Lb0-A V. 22- dut V.
CHAPTER XI
The capture of Baghdad and the captivity of the Caliph. The sur-
render of the district and of the city of martyrs. The right hand of
the holy apostle Bartholomew.44
After this they convened a great assembly of old and young horse-
men, including the Georgian and Armenian cavalry, and with countless
multitudes they moved on the city of Baghdad. When they arrived
on the spot they took at once the great and famous city of Baghdad,
filled with many people and rare treasures, and countless gold and 5
silver. When they took it they slaughtered mercilessly and made
many prisoners. They loaded all of the cavalry with valuable raiment
and the Caliphate's gold. They seized the Caliph, the lord of Baghdad,
with all of his treasures and brought him, corpulent and pot-bellied,
before Hulawu. When Hulawu saw him he asked, " Are you the lord 10
of Baghdad? " He answered, " Yes, I am." Then he ordered him
thrown into prison for three days without bread or water. (J 40) After
three days he ordered him brought before him (Hulawu) , and Hulawu
asked the Caliph, " What kind of person are you? " He answered
angrily, (V 27) as though to frighten Hulawu, and said, " Is this your 15
humanity that I have been living in hunger for three days?" Pre-
viously the Caliph had told the citizens: " Be not afraid; even should
the Tat-ars come, I shall bear the standard of Mahmet (Muhammad)
through the gates so the Tat-ar horsemen shall all flee, and we shall be
saved." Hulawu heard this and was very angry. Then he ordered a 20
plate of red gold brought and put before him. When they brought it,
19. shall all flee] shall be thrown J (sic).
20. Holawunn V.
mA,,
ifj"" up fm u",rnp nUIALIILw,uIP tmJL
H " AL ifg-
uiii AL 1t/pInIL. F/ZIJL UJrh>LLI nu4ji j15r LqmjII4?ftlp tyJ
30 ?,fEkjTt nbu
", tkb hWhwtu "ILe rn" PWTF"uP t"JI--F&" 1
n
agDiLi ?pL~JIL. n- WLIUjlLIIL
AL nz jmjumt
iumIi"t L 4?
p -L
J
"iUtL Uffbm1-
\ 1 A4Pi I"' JnLX Ijq/,,g lL/ii, I -u
ii' ?LIjlnLfJli- -,""qm if mpUt*m,,ynuqj, AL uPlznr cAn-
",u-IFufV.
IlUJpj r4&V. 38r fJr add.
anpt? m eS r.Z
Ju
u&,, b
l m-
4P2,
Puh4 ke"L
,fAe L"-ffi P hrd"h4&
fULIIhlhlZZvSmjnZ,
jhku, rtpmifi-
fZvtZvtiiiAiii1vhl LlIhlflLh
m
J11lfjfh Pw,j
jILIlIiLhlAL dilLnfiA
Vg 'P,Lf,lrhlhyLI J Aj41~pmfunum 4Opk 1AA?,,
it11i
29 "4I,j,P 4U7 Jj 4O' V"f"28
2 4u
45 fflf17147"ny
#
"1
/L- 4F"jjy JzoFP? ngF 4'Jkl E21T sz"lj"iD
25. m. V.
,y
" -L
WP 37."ird"u jop upJip, iqibw1 V.4
27 id;?iii XFtl
V.Dut L tet & w,grEnj?u. J: WIlf1WsI1L? V.
50 &
pink 71vui
'Upe"j z"rur"Z,phL"j2tArplZrE^"L-,d",uP - hL- min r t
the Caliph asked, " What is this? " Hulawu said, " This is gold; eat so
thy hunger and thirst shall pass and thou shalt be assuaged." The
Caliph retorted, " Man is not saved by gold, but by bread, meat, and
wine." Hulawu said to the Caliph, " Since thou knowest that man is 25
not saved by dry gold, but by bread, meat, and wine, why didst thou
not send so much gold to me? Then I would not have come to plunder
thy city and seize thee. But thou, without care for thyself, satest
eating and drinking." Then Hulawu ordered him given to the feet
of his troops, and thus to slay the Caliph of the Arabs. They (the 30
TatVars) returned with much treasure and plunder to the eastern
country.
After a year they attacked Muptarynin (Mayyafariqin) but were not
able to take it, as the holy Maruta had built the city of martyrs (J 41)
very strongly. He had collected all of the holy relics and put them in 35
it, and he had strongly walled it, and called it the " city of martyrs,"
which no one had been able to take (V 28) save by capitulation till
the time of the Tat-ars. Then the patient Tat-ar army laid siege till
they (the inhabitants) began to eat one another from hunger. They
said that the head of a donkey cost thirty dirhems. Thus they straitly 40
besieged it for three years. They took the city of martyrs, where the
Armenian forces which were with the Tat-ars found many relics of the
saints and brought them to their country.45
Then the great Armenian prince, rPayeadin by name, of the family
of the Bagratuni, seized a Syrian priest and forced him to confess he 45
found the right hand of the holy apostle Bartholomew. Bearing it with
22. is 2 om. V.
27. before to plunder add and J.
33. Mufarzin V.
35. collecting V.
41. corrupt forms in V and J.
41. after They add also V.
44. T'a-yeat'in V.
4./d Lpfniftfu
9tu"du#u. n-ufuqm: btc
'u4 ALjJli 9'mwi/ "p't-bgi$ "P A4/ilJ AL
miLb?lij)qmv
,Pjrf A, pq"? P-Mq,iLif ijmid/TFL, nu4L"jfA fprzpr/
7nt4 6m/~jm~iq~/Tu iAtf/id qtutmJl 4mjp mif ITmjli itfLIZJLLLI/Lp
"pnu ,zAur,ntAL mjimumfu tui,Lfpk/T AL 4Jbii/4/ nmwp4 u-
5 pALA1/g.:
1'u4IfA&rtjmiAi -ALwm"IriLmn/itf SIuymuI "p"niJ Lir"ihIt
rp &AL {p urn Aqpu"Jp ffr'4 -
fu'4bi/t "pulu Ju-
nLmgmL:ufr uwuLuriLuL:tIu JuLqmF4&uv,qLru fJ'Ufi4"tL' ri 7
pFLJpwi /iLp ti p"lLJ mpk-LA-1 AL mjuu, uuLIuJ lu
10 gIit"gXii. Lp A4Lu
/iuJdAr ju AL/l fiL !iLu ItumL
(Vij &AL
?iAp nlLf-lI4. &bL'I4p/ 4AVrAm1UiFJl AUJ}/$ 4mUU. UUU-
CHAPTER XII.
xl;Et"hsq"i
"ft-,g 2/uwgl;&/2ptZrt
ftah~lrP$ lulL UJX4nt X'fM
ImlJ"i14"- 'IP~ I
lLL4rGtt
20 4
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h4wp4y Wi'
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Llul4>J !Dprl XnuB qmuwuufkwuB ii
guiBi4ni 'I<mXi, uitusw 'ivul-
JmjvIimy ftipni ulpqnQIiuJBft,, BJlUftirgh rpummLnpmEnul 1J-
25 jiwj * &L"p n" 4uimjiut S[ Wnm ujmjr jmUmftT 4unqg{ dbp
4pp2 4hSj6,r"LJ"
rq 2Dybr
t & iIf?
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30 I Iizft~~ pAta b 'ftrpL"q&Lt"y2'tv AFdr,"?'ft LIIW
W"I"-f~
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p
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us"nhy 40-L-L"112f
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L'ftppi unl 'ftBr dfmut&
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35 rit~ mpqiiQtu
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35 quli u" pmLqAii1I7yuA': lpptzJ ?tfmu liff" mppL
p rt&: h7uj p-l
P&iSufImpu" lil mumfntTh pur1 .cun
\,f~v Iitr PuILIfJWJ&& npTbmqf
AL Sn'-fJu'pv&Ii UJ&
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V.
lj)J 4WLJU Il Iiu/ jThJ'ft
vnquw 4S/&
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&i Wf
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50 4umupli irnuu, 'ip AL mppr f/u4:b - m/j2m 4mnigpl-
5/ThIfrJO qflOAfuliifmLLAmt&~-a 'rfi utmZm 4jumnLpm y
Sm/Jmpfs 1u4 I7p417LEtimp ifen firijJi tbfiLfuLij?LfLS niI Jli
UL dfPQunJVi (LpmYnL, jmL ugqn r Az4n-L "
AL uiLfL/
mumw2r 4&ANamt AL pLiIfjllf
4wimp iTrui"u AL nu4pb fn L mqrLlt
55 Lf/, ngfp+m 4m9k7pmyk AL #ml7aAm& AL m/thyb mA,mhi E2ujT JA0
mxJvuL#uSv
iqmmn4 Lj
SLu4nLtJt
AL Ihjil AqALt 'f /upmmwn4
,
fJuT uThmutwp4npq SwiJiupA: UlJ"uuy'uk 4,rpo5g 4iuummm-
115 hAq LALP rqLLlrn-LfJAuiJWf7Jn AL A2lg? ?JmluL JILmAL AL
jpifuA pLLz1imylLirfLpfJlLAufj
109. zifUJLJj9
- V ijwi (?) J. scripsimus.
110- V 33. 120-. WuJt o0Pki V.
110. jfW V. 124- 4wu^tymV.
l uo.
110i npscripsimus: m?JnL i 125- pWLfTkq, V. lfwjLwi 2 J.
J: iJf4mntrnP V. post 4wu- jwoLwbJ- V. 4-wyil, V.
4bfi add. &L V. 126- tLnlL V. JLqwp4z V.
111. ,Jau ut vid. V- 112- j-Jffb V- 130- uf@A, V.
117.- uWenLffuuV. 131- Jnpwj V .
118 InLPU'L V. Uuqulu V. 133* V 34.
sons of the great Armenian and Georgian princes and appointed them
his guards. He called them kiesiktVoyk- which are the palace guards
with sword and bow.53
He began to rebuild the devastated places, (V 33) and from each
inhabited village he selected householders, one from the small, and two 105
or three from the large villages, and he called them iam, and sent them
to all of the destroyed places to undertake rebuilding.54 They paid no
taxes at all, but gave only bread and broth for Tat"ar travelers. He
established by such ordinances the throne of his (J 47) Khanate, and
he himself sate, eating and drinking with great cheer. 110
During these days there came a man from Manku ran, a Muyal
(Mongol) by race. This man was very appalling to those who saw him.
He was tall of stature, broad-shouldered, and with a neck like a buffalo.
His hands were enormous like a bear's, and every day he devoured one
sheep. He had with him a letter from Manku ran and a priceless 115
robe. The following was written in the letter: " This famous strong
man is come to my brother Hulawu Fan. If there be a man strong
enough to throw him, dress him in this robe, but if my strong man
overcomes thine, then clothe him in this robe and send him to me with
the great ambassadors." Then Hulawu Fan summoned all of the chief- 120
tains of his army and asked, " Do you know a man-TatFar, Armenian,
or Georgian-who might throw him? " They searched but did not
find a Tat'ar, for whoever saw this man everyone feared his terrible
size and aspect. Then the Armenian and Georgian princes said, " We
know a man through whom perchance a solution might be found." 125
The Khan ordered him brought quickly. They said he was not here
.but at home. The Khan at once ordered (V 34) the messengers
105. householders] V and J corrupt.
105. before one add and V.
111. Mu-yal] V corrupt.
135 J IQ'Lqtu5zmL Z, 4
4fIUnLgrI LI" I""JlI
I.
'wfj"L 'J ">
I"'L
uJJli?L liL7- mjr UWlj JX qnp wuq,fr6i 4mjng ALe 'Iphf k-
/iiuAij22, jmZqrt, '* fPwpAp Ul7Lrniiiiiiy /gnILZ glbtzf,p12r,Tfh
uz"p,frg
6wjXioLwd fAL 1nIifr. ', AL muii2u,fAi 4wftuA{i
~'bAl1Al,mpmifA5wL, UmqrE,IA,. Ljf LI"LLIIfl 7s'i"'P/T w"JL "~
go A fi
iwtiiqiiB, It IIJUs 'if uwaw4iiiiSli AL I1L(ffin
tXuw
q4"'-
Z".nL4fiSOfJ Arp t '- wuims jm2/Th$, /2ii fuAinp uwqo-
145 #b1 &fw,i 'n"sU ALL
/bFpi gIiLA,w1 'I 9'wq mmwn
wmivm4zwu
Hil jii
Upi-f'~i,Zjp op4QrAmw bpsIuAlLfv AL UhfiLfp if ijirEMi.-
un-imrp ifu iupnu,.L qii 111PLPu11 ilL/"W lL Ifn-MM UPPnj
~uAiAi, Lm111111 LIIILArUI 7Ija4h~i Ij4JuIy LulL 4filLLILLilL 'tLuAA,
1'ii4 JilpeJ Lu lt rmlin ILLA"lJJlL ')uAJ rjUwh i AL Z
150 fNfi Lij4jli 41L4 ?ipm, JijEJ n-Lj4LufzILL*L. cAL
dwj"Alq, /AArf Oji hjI4L Il1L4L `fyJ4LL 'kb dflwnfAi.- AL LIf I-.
f
quickly to fetch him, not by horse but by carriage. This man, whom
the Armenian and Georgian princes mentioned, was of the family of
the great Artsruni, grandson of Amir K-ard, Sadun by name. He was 130
tall, well built, and very strong from childhood, experienced and well
versed in this matter, (J 48) but no one had ever entered on a contest
in the presence of the Khan.
When the messengers came and told the commands of the Khan,
Sadun was disturbed, <first> because none had ever grappled with a 135
man in the presence of the Khan, and also because of what he had
heard of the fearsomeness and strength of his opponent. Then he
commended himself to the monks to pray for him. He betook himself
to the monastery of Gag, to the holy intercessor Sargis, who had been
blessed by the blessed and holy vardapet Mesrop. Taking there a vow, 140
he made an offering to the holy symbol (the cross). Then, joining the
messengers, he went to Hulawu Fan.55
But when Hulawu Fan saw Sadun, his strength and tall stature,
he was much pleased. He ordered the strong men to remain together
for nine days, and every day they were to eat a sheep and a skin of 145
wine. When those nine days had ended, he ordered all of his chieftains
to assemble before him. He summoned the two strong men and bade
them to clinch with each other. When they grappled with each other it
was the third hour of the day. For three hours, till the sixth hour
of the day, they remained grappling with each other. One was not 150
able to overcome the other. Then Sadun, strengthened by the name of
God, with a sudden effort (V 35) threw down the strong man of
Manku ran before Hulawu ran. Sadun was greatly honored before
the Khan. No one like him was found in all (J 49) the land with such
131. before tall add and V.
135. Sadun J: this one bitterly V (sic).
135. first V.
143. rula-yu V (sic).
145. every day J: every law V (sic).
before every om. and V.
150. one another V.
AWILLWftJ,
ALfJI1q4!1L, iI'ft@J&AL
&-LPW ft JfttJ~J
~nL rtu
Jtl
gifts, great honor, and strength in the time of the Tat-ars. Hulawu Fan 155
ordered a iarlax written allowing him nine exemptions from crimes.56
CHAPTER XIII
40 z/wp"fyr AL uJr IQ
kApALfLp:
P"4 9uIZ
4F7LLUILflL w2 AmA,, Adwy
9JIiporFiL IlU wit SCw-
dwj2, I jWwuk (nt
Ad rwitAw5mrL" wjU"j .AL
ui- 4Arw1'[ L-.-
(1111 fimi fr
Afphiwi (nL-Puff A4LrPO Auiwit- lLmL?iiv jd
5 Ft>tX
4ujpri |f1ip nj,nj Spfsimnus
UFUIZX or LUmnL>u,b 4u11LmLnpAUg
'&M9
i4nitf
Ly,P,2 q"l"lrfm o&@
PnI
qIj7Jf' hE u7LLLL1g jAmf
IPL41LUA wit/F glfi i finjg mpm/
1"'4l
Ipm ip UII1fIIJdMi~ juul"l #nnA?lU
Pm ' "igf iumjn
4" c ft PLI
s Jns4jiDlt gFIZt
prij iL1uqiA-
Lp 41 4,nttjpfllwL n jiifp,nq nLqqmi(rLILFfA
CHAPTER XIV
colleague of the holy patriarchs, heeding the voice which said, " 0 good
and faithful servant, come, enter the joy of thy master in life eternal! " 20
The word of the sage was here fulfilled who said, " As the good
and righteous decrease, so do the torrents of evil-doings increase."
So it was with us.
Then the infidel and ferocious (J 53) Sultan of Egypt came with
a great force to Damascus, and from there sent ambassadors to the 25
King of the Armenians in regard to some trifle which he wanted from
the King. The Armenian King did not give it; rather he answered
insulting words calling him a <dog> and a slave for this reason: When
the Tat-ars took Baghdad there were two slaves of the Sultan of
Egypt in Baghdad. One was called P'ntuxtar and the other Syur. 30
When they realized that the Tat-ars had taken Baghdad, they took
two horses and fled, with the intention of going to Egypt.
The Tat-ars, observing their flight, pursued them at full gallop. Now
P'ntuxtar was bearded and had a poor horse, but Syur was a stripling
and had a fine horse. When they realized it was the intention of the 35
Tat-ars to seize them both, Syur dismounted from his Arab steed, gave
it to P'ntuxtar, and himself mounted the poor horse. He said to
P'ntuxtar, " Mount thou the good horse and flee. I am a stripling, and
if the Tatfars catch me they will not kill me, but will take me away
as a captive. When you find any way, ransom me." 40
Then the Tat-ars arrived and (V 39) caught Syur and took him
prisoner, but they were unable to catch P'ntuxtar, for he had a
thoroughbred. He escaped and went to Egypt. On his way to Egypt
the Sultan of Egypt died and they appointed P'ntuxtar Sultan of
Egypt.60 Having heard this, the King of the Armenians called him 45
a <dog> and a slave. He did not make peace, but remained hostile to
him (J 54) and insubordinate, knowing that his father the Baron was
28. dog V om. J.
30. P'ntuxtar J: Fntuxtar V.
46. dog om. J.
ElrOt goJ
WIE"IL" tL-i Alpl Tt".19
m
*bg
L-q? tv"wui-ApiLijmy~ I/Jf4? JimUIL
lo'u,,"n, ALk f1wphl4 jk /'pl hjcjpf4
lLj lq1ImnLf1I ?zopwu- "e1 4LL jIp4P1hyil -iAi qj.-
?60 rL wi111iI m
jz"y I TLi-/Y4. I' 4m`"Jlipf" T-
LIILpU 4jzAmu, i. 1AL I/517(i I
74hJ liL J PFAUI
L
WfWfj1/J
1'X4
lA /JuIE~n(lX A11Jn4?174:"
YAP&
/fqzpli tjrmmng EEIIIt IdnLpgfe J
kLpp/
fLIpmDj fip"nj. JimJvioLuiif tni/m gy 1-op fLf AL 111 D
tAjL1
65~ ~ Af-rng
"F7P-"y L--p,F,
f4i"p"It enz-ArA
pnu/Th. IL- Alt'p T?jiIuy uuI4mL difopop urn Su'fJupX np
4"jPGzv
f Ul
fzyt""i'k " ptxYt Dm e
liL4I4uflnJf. ALt U/iII JWJkIII ?IJLflfu
"?X
n} iffnjIi7/p4u,lrnLmIplJJ/1LX fI(11I flL(r115. AL
Pnjr "t LImnhU
LUL
qteg "/t7it
F'IP
topwyAo-uwy Zg
'I-mL IL- oq1IbL IZoI1LJ4I
70 IL- /Th~glI IigIi IqpijnL u,Ln,Lpjl J11IlLL1I , wl i HI Lb""' PI'"l'f
70 Lp fyi liL4 wh4nLIfl fop0jlIJI Iplfw/ "P.np
" Am s L I t
L1WLLLILWJl npqJTAI21 FiF i '/I .inzu mliiopk2 I'f"t'~J",q? AL- P
80 A/ kL- rThzIw4rqwIt
&t nzLjm?i JAf/jJw?id 't ju/iirj u-
wuIwmaL"u. IL lium if/u ijJmpAu1"uuI4wL WAfY 'f dffiqrL Aqpmpug
U"zrPpt
fli-lum jhgLisut 0?qtg hL tL}w/xw A"X-Fag<ll
JLF1-
Un7,LLwUA?'0
?wLps*l . 1U1u ,gmwqmJ, uw"JpIiff "P - mnfl
85 FJlLtLnlP ztI7jiP J 4kg"' i nk
&JI15.
iWjnLLI IlL p'p trf4-!
U,u"'4? #u'jm 9t1tIirW mjpA5/T,y? IL- zlvld JlnwnmI''-
pw,"Jg u?mpn
pX!
ir P'pnnu/6 UullIntSLfl JnJcb mpmdi5 wL AcL
95 jnjffi Pfl P 4uIfIL u quThnqwyfti. ALuLuu wOnq IJ J p
'frdiiipu IL WILILIFiLdII
,f1n?u JLyLIy
1 LIz
q jAmnjJnLeg fgulr 'A
"X /fui
XlwA"Ai WLJI
4WL flLpW"fu"fLfwp WLs"LpU k . AL
105 Ilia WL 4sLjplo WJM
WIJILItyh kLp "JTx 4,wLIJ"1y
IJr IjWJL WUW5AWvu l9flL/U>#L5J UnL(mru,pS UhLW4gAW5 rlfWV
I'u4 PLLIpUILLZL
gne ff "P: flLJlLJnpg
En A tAfJliLIf
f
t &lSgu
IinThS un
4WlfUlpwr
,Nvl zzl-l
itpijU l4?flIs Wiqlii UIIL CblflLIJLLlIj J/gV
wItALLIJI +fWI-
110 J
netsouzlunt/liJg
L nLu
~ ffi ~ f
AL ugnwdr - ~
rLL4/HL ~j J1(1
~ 0IfULd
"X".pJt@Xl wr
tjp L
the town of Sis, which was the seat of the Armenian kings.63 They
cast wood into the fine and great church which was in the center of
Sis and they burned it. They demolished the tombs of the kings.
They killed many Christians and took many captives from the land 80
and villages. After several days the Turkish army, with much treasure
and plunder, went to their own country, leaving the land of Armenia
half ruined. Then those who had taken Baron Lewon learned he was
really the King's son and they brought him in joy to the Sultan. The
Sultan was happy on seeing him, but was much displeased that Baron 85
T'oros had been killed. He became very angry with the killers, but
the killers said, " We did not know that (V 41) he was the King's
son, for he killed and wounded many of us, and in an attempt to
seize him he was killed."
After this the Sultan spoke to Lewon and said, " Your father called 90
me a slave and would not make peace. Am I the slave now, or you? "
(J 56) He said this and many other words of reproach to the King's
son, and then thereafter he greatly honored him and showed hiin
affection, uttering words of comfort, not to fear anything, but to
remain cheerful for some days and then he would send him back to 95
his father the King of the Armenians. With these words the Sultan
P ntuxtar sent Baron Lewon to Egypt.
The pious King Hetum, however, took no heed of all the past
misfortunes for a time, because of the treacherous and rebellious
princes. He gained their good will by goodness of heart, for he had 100
other small sons and daughters, and was consoled by them with false
consolation so as to gain the good will of the princes, to learn through
kindness their deceitful thoughts. Whosoever of the princes wrote a
letter regarding the loss of the sons, he bound it in black and sent
86. very om. J.
Wi
ibrt bfL,F Il4nj &L "Q tf J4LUIq1L2J &L
ll"/ 'A JU111 SszlLlf
vJflLLflhl, L- jpitfilq. AL- i fJmLIUrLLILq if/ LLIlpg
LLIg
Ij&iQA1qLLIIPArjJ1 A LLIui ip 'A 4AizA AL- "p 'fi Join.
1II ujl I guLp OF42JA1L"J /1 .qgm ALg np
lJupr,fiu. funL-
4uu~A~'. AL fI7ijgrL
WUi~/J Iiipp IJWjIL,LIL1Il,F Mdh?flA AJ UJ
124, 125. V. V.
141- iLwd'lrpusf
126. wj1JtnwLp5,1 V. xa1&I,?7 144. s V.
it to the King. The King wrote an answer, bound it in red and sent it 105
thus like a book. This is what his tongue and hands solely inscribed
and did, but God alone knew how filled his own heart was with fire,
for he did not see his stately and blooming sons before him, neither
in the evening, nor in the morning, nor at dinner (V 492) time when
they ate and drank. He kept thinking of the hapless misfortunes of 110
his sons, of T'oros, with the handsome form and elegant figure, who
had been cut down by the swords of the cruel and bloodthirsty (J 57)
infidels, and also of Lewon, suffering fear and distress in slavery
amongst the foreigners.
The pious Armenian King was brooding over all this, burning with 115
a fearful inner fire. His bowels were wrung with woe through love of
the sons whom he did not see, and he writhed on the ground in incon-
solable grief, but it was in secret and in hiding, lest the envious and
murderous princes find out and rejoice at the grief of the King. This
event came to pass in the summer time, in the last months, at the 1920
festival of the Holy Mother of God.
King Hettum, imposing restraint upon his burning heart, endured
until the festival of the Holy Apostles, hiding his sadness from the
fearless princes. Then he gave command to summon the princes both
from far and near under the pretext of blessing the water in the city of 1925
Msis.64 All of the princes who were in his kingdom assembled in the
city of Msis. When the King was aware that all the princes had
arrived, he bade them come before him and be seated. When all had
come and taken their seats, the King asked his servants, " If others
wait, summon them." They replied, " Holy King! All are here who 130
106. tongue om. V.
120. event om. V.
122. before endured add and V.
stand before thee." The King kept on summoning the absent princes
and barons. (V 43) The servants of the King were unable to under-
stand what the King meant. Then the princes said to the King,
" Those whom you (J 58) have commanded and summoned, all are
here, and there is no one missing." 135
Then the King, vexed in heart, glanced hither and thither, and half
aloud and with tears in his eyes asked, " If all are here, then where
are Lewon and T'oros? " The princes began to beat their heads in
inconsolable and heavy grief, uttering sighs of woe and grief. They
remembered the handsome sons of the King, the one in servitude 140
amongst the foreigners, and the other put to the sword by the hands
of the infidels. Not only did the princes weep such bitter and
despondent tears, but also the priests and vardapets of the church.
They broke into a chant with the lament of Jeremiah the prophet
who said, " Who will make of my head a container of waters, and my 145
eyes into springs of tears, so that seated I bewail the misfortunes of
my congregation?" Thus the vardapets, priests, and princes wept.
There was no one amongst them who would console them, but they
remained oppressed by heavy grief and broken hearts.
Then the lofty-minded and high-souled King Hettum calmed his 150
broken and suffering heart, and then uttered words of consolation
for the hearts of the princes and priests and vardapets, saying thus,
"Know, all my princes, vardapets and priests, that the battle of
Vardan and his companions was for the Christians. Just as such a
number of horsemen strove on behalf of the Christians, and (J 59) 155
became worthy of (V 44) heavenly crowns, so also did my sons. T'oros
strove valiantly for the Christians and contended for the Christians.
138. their heads om. V.
142. before not only add and V.
142. after bitter om. and V.
mgk1a1X fuuini , o
lJ'ipmfignuugX tn rE inuu
Rn"
180qbjiIhifih,
k igpeuiJnLlJfiiAI npg 'fi 'gpfwmnu fiun'-nI
7lu jtkLnS lqitg ntiitflri if
guEg t 7, &ritinniJ"fli 7,
IS
If "PJ2 iLiU9ZI 1" L" tk1 k"Wi7 oLuILEnJnLgfIiJ
P.n- AL
inU iLp
wPhUl7IfpF 7,
(Iflp7uij) ,gflumnJW"2Fk UUpvU"iiu?. ,{giu
He has joined the band of the followers of the holy Vardan, and has
becoine worthy of the same crown. Bewail him not, but rather deem
him blessed, for Christ loved him and made him worthy of His holy 160
crown. He mixed his blood with the blood of the martyrs who have
inherited with him the Kingdom of Heaven which is in Jesus Christ.
But Lewon, the eldest son, is in Egypt in captivity among the foreign-
ers. It is better for me that Lewon is a prisoner and T'oros has shed his
blood for the Christians, than that I should hold sway over all the 165
land in your blood and misfortune, because you would not have known,
had something like this not happened, what our land of Armenia would
have encountered." The King, speaking these and other words of
consolation, made the princes cease from weeping and grief.
Then the high-minded and good-willed princes of the King, and 170
likewise the priests, vardapets, and bishops who had assembled before
the King at the feast of the Holy Resurrection, were comforted by the
King in their grief over the royal sons. In similar wise they spoke many
words of consolation and calmed the heart of the King. They cele-
brated the feast of the Resurrection among themselves in merry- 175
making, comforting the King. Yet the King was unable to restrain his
heart from sobs (J 60) and sighs because of Lewon his son, (V 45)
who. was a captive in Egvpt. He was unable to discover by what
means he could free him. Then the King again summoned the princes
before him and asked them what means he might employ to free 180
Lewon his son.
The princes, being at a loss, upbraided the King and said, " We
possessed a certain inhabited locality, because of which locality you
have lost your sons and have attributed to us their misfortune.65
Would it not have been better that this one village of ours had ceased 185
to be ours, than that we should become the talk and laughing stock of
163. the eldest son] my son V.
165. for V om. J.
185/186. had ceased to be ours] om. V.
225
p~u4AUsw L/LL1L1g
1
nrt""I'
iPEfZLlifI AL- Ap4p
fln
ALr4 . 'A Ap i 1"u1j
usLppfL dL-Ap AIP. Z"'1A L"u'Lk tgA
fJl np pU"Iri "p
u,juz "p en II n"faS 'L""'fepblumuE4llkA if ALnLIL AL JAMiS r-
all the country?" Then the King bade the princes cease their vain
talk and hear from him what the Armenian princes, who were at the
court of (Apaya) Fan, had transmitted to him in secret, namely, that
during this time the Arab amirs had become advisers and associates 190
of the Khan. In secret they were friendly to the Egyptians and evilly
disposed to the king of the Armenians and to all Christians. The Arab
amirs had become favorites and <advisers> 66 of the Khan, and had
written to the Sultan of Egypt in secret: " Seek by goodwill to obtain
one village from the Armenian King, and this will be sufficient and 195
more than enough to ruin him arid his country. We will tell and advise
the Khan that the Armenian King is damaging the whole world, and
he will send horsemen to slay them all."
(J 61) But the pious King of the Armenians had learned of this
beforehand by means of secret letters from the Armenian princes 200
who were in the east, and were friendly to, and very fond of, this our
kingdom. Now the Armenian princes had written to the pious King
(V 46) Hetum words of consolation for his sons and our land, and at
the end, " Oh, Holy King! The word which we have heard means it
were better for you that your one son died for Christendom, and the 205
other went into capitivity, than that thy kingdom perished and thy
country altogether were destroyed and thy Christians slaughtered. For
these Arab <dogs>, who abide here at this court, have been put to
shame, because the Arab <dogs> kept saying this to the Khan, that
the Armenian King and the Egyptian Sultan are one in word and 210
deed. But we, the Armenian princes, swearing an oath before the
190. associates] text corrupt; editor of J corrects to bdeasxk', "governors."
193. advisers] J corrupt.
196. before We add and V.
208/209. dogs add V.
Khan, said that the Arab pack are liars; do not believe them. Now
the Arab pack have heard of this misfortune of Hetum and are put to
shame, and the heart of the Khan has improved towards you. Had it
been that thou wert tricked, and had it become known that thou hadst 215
given one empty building, not to mention an uninhabited village, as
the Sultan wished, then your kingdom would have been all destroyed,
and we should have been covered with shame." When the princes
had heard all this from the King, they were all stricken with wonder
and confessed their fault to the King, for they had not known all the 220
reasons for this matter.
CHAPTER XV
Ln,J
Iin
'11njiulyui
T
f11141ji1 1qnL-tIiuy ptliIrnLif 1t7Aku
&irn~mJf1* nL
A 4mpuiF5 f/Jm'A411 "' F I4 AL-4
Luii1,bml 111r1op"i tlL I turn jui
,uinp"jir bTImUnLnnj
OTmI Iqjzp IjUI1"L-P ?Pn'frnj l JL4pfpu:
20 P4 p2ur -"u-FLLu p2r rjn 4 I4J UnL/mnXJ lJ'upluJ 9f
/IqLrnJ lL"egr,qrn , L. kIUn jalDimrn"g IL gui4li'u j
'1 4bXuAry Iii ji2rf2ruwirj 4nmnnUpIiw (L tIipIr&fnY) "P nt
li mf S
JPrtJffsEt4-S tsflt
25 pipulL qUqnLp,j2r* J"jcb nLpmtfI"'t"O"I IL pii I
1gif"Jii tg
lL 6JtlifWj2r m g i ALfn. IL ungu1 lLp2 JLnpl-
Si1't' F
S111Lz tJ IJ/L.t 11114 'A1ujLuj upupb 1,ln/n tjjcI -
r~~~~"P
As -J , Zt
hbl"Anny ng",pb J/1i,6
30 Ap4 fi
,u,4 'fi umj 4uulis flnLrf p Ay mjpu1A l tuujny
Up7gnj bpp7npq-rn-JJIiu~
50 Tm-,ur2 dkuidmxf
ympu4f 'LJng-ffi L-4sutk
igi qri
uugn Airjmop4 zyup,uuni thLr
guIpIiujm,1
"ptL"jl -
Aiu
bUUkUJi.7ij
50 ft1ILflP% hAIi/-JfL. AL& quiifI IIjZ fJIIL1LILipLfnThLLIu fpn!j
JFiJCk ~iAi~,i A
p ll2p~u 'A 1- A jqoJu wqij
5 j"jfi IA,rLkp zJIr. A1Armp l/m4?i ilOuJu &L jmyof1u lfimilLjU.-
55 Jifb2r y wi
uurLL- pL-m qk2rpir 4pgoSfUep L1Xt hWI"luupuuLtu
siIAuJiliL AL jAmn LIIL4IIIL UULLILp9 Ifrnn9UUL '/t l p/iumnu un-Lpg
65 W
?7LIP LLIIPL,ALLI7I1tAL1If Ifu4 ingu. If fi rA4A
fILpAmuIff jinJo ufpp1frifi AL Iff4LLK
fivkt WA1
ALD & tf' AqAM&n4
FA pJfLjd fliS , O,nf t, IiitiiSfAflp4ZILLInp
UAL fJWIfuwLULIIfl}
on the throne of St. Gregory the Illuminator; may Christ the Lord 40
protect him, holy and pure, incorrupted, straight in faith, with
orthodox confession, until deep old age, so that he may administer to
the new congregation which believes in the Holy Trinity.69
When Baron Lewon came, freed from captivity, the pious and
blessed King Hettum at once went to meet him, and he gave all of his 45
kingdom and his estates into the hands of Baron Lewon, his son, and
himself retired to solitude. He loved monasteries and desert retreats.
After some days a kind of sore suddenly broke out on his body and
very much irked him, but he continually persisted in fasting and
prayers until he let himself be made a monk, and took the name 50
" Makar." After a short time the holy and Christ-crowned and pious
King passed away to Christ. They buried him with great honors in
the holy and (V 49) renowned monastery called Drazark.70 May the
Lord God glorify his spirit along with our holy kings, and with the
same crown of which they were worthy! May He glorify him along 55
with them! May He make him worthy of the heavenly mansions
where the holy saints abide.
After the death of the pious King of the Armenians <Hettum> there
also died the Georgian King, Dawit', for I believe their deaths occurred
in the same month.1 (J65) They were, in their lifetimes, much 60
beloved and praiseworthy in aspect and handsome in body. So also
may they be before the Heavenly King Christ our Lord!
49. fasting V: in services J.
51. holy and on. V.
54. our V: the J.
56. make him J: his spirit V.
58. Het'um add V.
CHAPTER XVI
iamJn", AL '
fIiLALI( f
IOpiI1rp, zJ lpLru fuufffm1 Ifut1 i-
45 qrmmAnj. Ap4-pO1 PfvLpAu"219 '/F jpp1
fdtuutmLnpA11
lLu1m 4mipfAvfy1 ift/vLpin1g mgm'qxuu/ 'sir upgr n1mmApmurZipf
Qfpfql1fI p p
lif"iflk"AL UlppmIfn,Ll11 fl'pfjrE "P Jjuj
u/puq .gfuumu~4 wiLbluAm 'iftizm11 '4zIm/rpi 4iupfu,Lp 4mipm,u
churches and to the clergy." Likewise the other Tatar forces com-
plained, saying, " The forces of T'agudar keep falling upon our tents
and stealing our horses." Even the Khan complained before the Ar-
menian and Georgian <princes>, as well as his own Tattar chieftains, 30
and said, " Tagudar has become overweening and powerful. He does
not listen to us, and does not obey our law. He wants to plunder our
land lawlessly with his troops."
Then Abaya ran ordered Siramun, who, as we have mentioned
before, was called the " golden pillar," to take one hundred thousand 35
Tatfar troops. (V 51) He gave the Khan's own seal into the hands
of Siramun.72 (J 67) Likewise he ordered the Armenian and Georgian
forces to go themselves in full strength against T'agudar, and merci-
lessly to slay his forces (lit., him), take all of his things, and to bring
T'agudar himself alive before him. Hearing this the Armenian and 40
Georgian troops were very happy at the freeing of their land from
the evil deeds of T'agudar. They bravely mustered themselves for war,
likewise Siramun, the son of Cawrmayan, who was very well disposed
towards the Christians. Taking the Khan's standard and one hundred
thousand troops, he suddenly fell on Tagudar and mercilessly slaugh- 45
tered his troops. They took all of his treasure, and himself with seven
hundred men whom they brought to the Khan. The Khan, seeing
him, mocked him and gave him a woman, a blunted knife, and ten
men as a guard. He sent him in the midst of the salt sea which lies
in the districts of Her and Zarawand. Here there was fulfilled the 50
saying of the prophet which said, " A man was in honor and under-
stood it not." 7
30. princes V: forces J.
40, 42, 45. T'akudar V.
51. saying om. V.
n A 'k 01.
atuenjpT ZlktnG qRmu tr hLp wjnLP&wifp UpIr,uq,} tw A:1ea-
dtutgf 1,kbtntq tun. 11fiduG tnpu jf2rjutGmuyi: Mjntn'thtiZ
fid}Umrm.lflUthlkf"'PsSuAuA:
1 7X;ne:
f7 U-p-qUz-"IUZgutrl&n
(1LlILfLlI &/i4
nqf
'i mA
hrqj1i
07pln
f~lupnj, muhw u
yhI JLilmmuLnpIgi 'Ap I/5'1Ip4P-uI
5 bi IY4~IJIqw4fipX
ALP.
i "Ituzuqg, Iiu-
bL Jtui1nf
mpp d6Ii
4niiynnuiiu,s gmu4ziu"?Jm, ji/ uprpLrqIhmmuq'A Ii? &bL'A 4njrJ-
if
4nul &bL'A 4iqLz4IuL"ngsgIIIqW$I SLLpunnlIu4I1?IYI &bL flif&6
buy,fin4"inuvf7,ur,"m2rnjqy ISkp 6r4np:b "rFu. r 4pmLfrnJ-
bu,- ?nin+- 'A f I?-L f' #LLizzLL p b4p>,/g'
flflPf 't;
10 "FLFz Uni"f4.&bL IIJLZJL 4nu4ILLPr L muqoJ'gP, &AL OP42JIYLYA/fPi7
/JLul,zLn(,. liLliumf &L 4uuimrniphkr fu4 4mudog Iq4PLuLnp IJWu-
I/5rnLLII/ lqpfu,mnnfub oP42rhI2fi &L o?tfy fLr1irnJ jlfLIw
uppn li
AZ[JJrnI'pnpnpL" 4 L'AnJ/ wit
ufLqirnj Urn- fAinji
CHAPTER XVII
25 Pbli. b-,
4wdbwywlf4tJng#WtvLl7>Fi7y L-
J?fOf
ougJItmji!iJ
epPnmn
iglf
7 S t JS
Pz h
W
AL uun nJ tl'mq4nIqj?ri.
um nSt
b uj4,r" 4,Z."
JILLjlip
u 'k DrDu1j"
-fE 2f
A1 u?i
/ '
StU
ijU4&
L &L rL"L LuLLIIrhLtLuLuJ PWJL2u ' 4Iiuq,M
t' Ij, nI j
30 JblfUPf b2fgbt"2gk2 "pX wrL2rkb2r uju
I wUjL L-i )6UtUphw kb?
I/tmPITpqthsImt AL 'fl tpw4mA,mJby 4mj" &L I mJmy n,fm2y
Ii4if Umm 4ui '/ p
?pJ IntL/ i,L if ftlupmui Wlrtth# It"'-
Jng,: UJ/L fiPirnife mpmpvuj/pI tvnmnLnJ n} mpmpul mviimnu iju-
2 qnp
1!I,Jp AL ALgtULwUIi
u, J
ipf[f fwi UUIJlUhJJLflI/?iJfIL-
Sm-ILLb, Y"IfliUjilil'L ltpuiwj fulL 'b1A1i1 jw"pILkLpg IL w tr
JfiPir 4Wf,u,Ly/T. L
qZujt wif A
-t )4wiXfbiu1 bm",Lir '/ JIin4
4 ,p"" L-- 4 p,if wjhyb21'f 1km"i' i4 LP.z"i ' u1I -mIL
btL wJIJlIj4 LI
jopfii1If bL
j'"P"qZ EtLF"L t D '1A IqFrwJ lFEZ-
211"I kwy" bp"y /d",rzUr",L"p2;r 4,"j" thL"Ir 0112"'LIji"If P
O/
211/'1r JurtuILn,pPlf lP/rumnuf". npnJ AL
wOfJf,Lp J 21
uppng, (JumnLusi
prpumnnu Ju"i/Jnqz zjrI4Iuy5 qr1(JirLnpnL.
50 fJfl1dif tILr"IJ A1J% fJfLrT
pf jLuI4
tL
'1'iLpw I'JJ
WIJ1IJ Wtl IiL1Ihr" /TLjr1l"y I L irjhIw?m rn ipm mm-
Uk kIbIiqyInj (LpmnLf Pp/iuminu LuLnnLrp4wjir cJg-
ifuiw:
X7n
m umwpur/T. iinj unip wqOfJfLp ZIngw m" w f
'IFPfU-
56. V 54.
56 wqo/?Jg V.
58- 1 Vd,4 V.
ERRATA
P. 296, line 1 read 'P'htL,P"h".
P. 300, note 52 read rLljIJwFrJIj V.
through whose holy prayers, may Christ God give peace to all the
country, and to him glory unto eternity! 76 Amen. 55
The history of the deeds of the Tattars over forty-four years has
been completed, but it is brief and not all.
the brave is Arshak II, 350-368 A. D., a contemporary of St. Nerses; cf. LANGLOIS
2.76 and 94-95. On St. Gregory the Illuminator, who converted the Armenians to
Christianity, see N. ADONTZ, " Gregoire l'illuminateur et Anak le Parthe," Revue des
Etudes Armeniennes 8 (1928) .233-245, also N. MARR, " KpemeHie apMfIH'b, rpy3HH-b,
a6xa3OBb H aIiaHOB-b CBITblM'b rpHuopieM'," ZVOIRAO 16 (1905).63-211. For his
biography cf. LANGLOIS 2.28, 30, 95.
We are unable to identify the Boramick', but the Lekzik' are the Lakz or Lazgi of
Daghestan; cf. V. MINORSKY, .Huduid al-'Alam (London, 1937), p. 455, and also J.
MARKWART, Siudarmenien und die Tigirisquellen, p. 230.
' The etymology of the word Tat'ar/T'at'ar is unknown. On St. Nerses, see note 76.
The "stock of Gog" may refer to the Gog of Gog and Magog. On T'orgom, a
descendant of Japheth, with whom the Armenians are sometimes equated, cf. Vardan
(text) 14, note 2, and in detail in J. KARST, " Geschichte der armenischen Philologie,"
Schriften der Elsass-Lothringischen Wiss. Gesellschaft zu Strassburg, Series C, 2 (Heidel-
berg, 1930).169-184. On the use of this term for the country of Armenia see Recueil
des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Arme'niens 1.231, 526, anid 805. In our text
it refers to the nomads of the South Russian steppes. The river At'l is the Volga. Mt.
Emawon is the Imaos of the ancients, presumably the Himalaya Mts.
Xuz and Duz may refer to the Biblical Huz and Buz (Gen. 22: 21), but the
forms are uncertain. Duz, of course, is Armenian for " barbarian "; compare MP and
NP du? "evil, bad." MARQUART, Erannahr, pp. 141, 157, identifies the T'uyark' or
T'uxarik', with the " Tokharians." For further information on the different forms of
the word in various languages cf. W. B. HENNING, " Argi and the Tokharians," BSOS
9 (1938) .545-547. The Bus.x are identified as the Volga Bulgars by MARQUART in Die
Chronologie der alttiirkischen Inschriften (Leipzig, 1898), pp. 89-90. Cf. also his
Uber das Volkstum der Komanen (Leipzig, 1914), p. 35.
6 The word yasax, which is the Turkish form of the Mongolian 'asay, was the im-
perial law of the Mongols. Bar Hebraeus, pp. 354-355, gives a version of its pro-
visions; cf. P. PELLIOT'in TP 25 (1928).190, B. YA. VLADIMIRTSOv, Le regime sociad
des Mongols (Paris, 1948), p. 12, and G. VERNADSKY, "The Scope and Contents of
Chingis Khan's Yasa," HJAS 3 (1938) .337-360, for further references. There seems to
be no other source which mentions an eagle or angel as the giver of the yasa. A similar
legend, however, is found in the Mongolian text of Sa-yang Secen, where a five-colored
lark appears to Cinggis Qan; cf. I. J. SCHMIDT, Geschichte der Ostmongolen (St.
Petersburg, 1829), p. 71.
7C'ankoz: the Mongolian form of his name is Cinggis, cf. CLEAVES, p. 418.
8 Jer. 51
:7, where Babylon is found for the name Nebuchadnezzar, Gr. Na3ovXoaov6roap.
succeeded by his sister Rusudan; cf. BROSSET, Histoire de la Georgie 1.496. According
to HOWORTH, Part III, p. 24, David, nephew of Rusudan and a competitor, was held
a prisoner by the Sultan of Rum at the instigation of Rusudan. For further references
cf. SPULER, p. 45.
14 For further information on the At'abak Ivane cf. BROSSET 1. 493, 500. The form
Ivane is to be preferred to Iwvan-i. On the title At'abak, Turkish ata + baik " father
of the prince," given to uncles of the ruling Seljiik prince, and first used by the
Seljiik Turks, cf. BJI. fopAJIeBcKnf, FocyJapcTBo CefJbAXYKHuAoB MaJiofl A3wu
(Leningrad, 1941), p. 57. For the Armenian forms of the word cf. Recueil . . , Docs.
Armeniens 1.835.
1" Accordingto K. Hl. HaTKaHOB-I, HCTopif MOHrOJIOBb 2.112, Ivane and Zak'are
were brothers, Armenian by origin, cf. Recueil . . . , Docs. Armeniens 2.156, note b,
and 291, note a.
16 Vahram (metathesis of the consonants is common; compare the Iranian forms
NP Bahrdm MP < Varahrdn < Av. Vara6ra-yna) was lord of Gag, a fortress in Uti
canton; cf. Vardan, (text) 119, line 23, and 138, and SPULER,p. 30. He played an
important role in the events of his day and is frequently mentioned by Kirakos and
Vardan. His father, Plu Zak'are, was a Kurd by origin who took service with the
Bagratids; cf. Kirakos, (text) 79. K'arherdz was a fortress near Gardman in Uti
canton; cf. Kirakos, (text) 79, line 21. On Gandzak cf. HiYBSCHMANN, Ortsnamen, pp.
416-417. The battle occurred in 1220; cf. SPULER, p. 30, note 2.
17 The " upper country " is the northeastern part of Armenia between lakes Van
and Urmiah. On the geography of this area cf. J. MARKWART, " Skizzen zur his-
torischen Topographie und Geschichte von Kaukasien," Handes Amsorya (1927), parts
11-12, pp. 840-847, also in a Separatdruck (Vienna, 1928), especially note 100. Cf.
also BROSSET, Additions et e5claircissementsa l'Histoire de la Georgie (St.-Petersbourg,
1851), p. 442, note 7.
18 This is a description of the Mongolian bo-yta-y" haute coiffure des femmes nobles
mariees "; cf. PELLIOT, " Les mots a h initiale, aujourd'hui amuie, dans le mongol des
XIIe et XIVe siecles," JA 206 (1925).222; also RUBRUCK, (text) 183, (trans.) 74, and
note. PELLIOT prepared a monograph on this entitled " Le mongol kiigiil-kakiil . . .;
le turc mongol bogtaq-boqta . . .; le chinois Kou-[sic]-kou haute coiffure des femmes
mariees nobles." Cf. PELLIOT (Publie par la Societe Asiatique) (1946), p. 79.
RUBRUCK, (text) 190, (trans.) 87, tells how the Mongol women painted their faces.
Henri SERRUYS in his translation of the Pei-lu feng-su 4t IJf& in MS 10 (1945).
144-145, renders the passage relative to the application of make-up by the Mongol
women as follows: " Les femmes emploient aussi du vermillion * et du fard
3 pour se maquiller. Mais si elles emploient du vermillion, elles sont trop rouges;
si elles emploient du fard, elles sont trop blanches; elles ne savent pas tenir la juste
mesure comme chez nous en Chine."
19 This invasion of the Mongols occurred in 1232; cf. SPULER, p. 36, note 4, for
references. The only chieftain who is mentioned by all the sources is Cormaqan. For the
Mongolian names Cf. CLEAVES, pp. 415, 419, 424. Kirakos served as translator for the
Mongol chieftainMular;cf. K. Hl. HaTKaHOB-b, HCTopiI MOHrOJIOBw 2, p. IV.
20 Samk'or is located northwest of Gandzak in Uti canton (ST.-MARTIN 1.90.) Sagan
may be the same as Sagam; see BROSSET 1.493. Gardman is a town in Uti canton;
HUBSCHMANN, Ortsnamen, p. 417. On Ergevank' cf. Kirakos, (text) 79, line 21 and
Vardan, (text) 145, note 4, also St.-Martin, 2.456. On the alternate forms of Tawu's
see Vardan, (text) 145, note 1, and Kirakos, (text) 72, line 9. All of the places are in
northeastern Armenia.
21 The story of John Vanakan, the Cenobite, is told by Kirakos, (text) 129, trans.
Turkish; see W. BANGand R. RACHMETI, " Die Legende von Oguz Qaryan,"SPAW 15
(1932).702, lines 356. Cf. CLEAVES, p. 442. The story of Cormaqan's trip to Cinggis
Qan is false, because the latter had been dead long before this time.
25 For mal and t'ayar see note 22 above; for 'ypW'5ur cf. CLEAVES, p. 436. tzyu:
tuzgu-Turkish Gastge-schenk is found in KA'syar!; cf. C. BROCKELMANN, op. cit.,
p. 221. For the various forms of the word in Islamic histories see Ragid al-Din, ed.
QUATREMERE,p. 144, note 24. The exact nature of the tax is uncertain, and the relation
with Turkish tuz " salt " is not clear.
26 Aylt'ana Xat'un: For the Mongolian form of her name cf. CLEAVES,p. 410. The
word xat'un/khatun is from the Turkish "queen," modern Turkish kadtn " woman,"
and is probably derived from Iranian; cf. W. BANG, "Turkologische Briefe aus dem
Berliner Ungarischen Institut," Ungarische Jahrbucher 5 (1925) .248-249. The word
appears in Khotanese-Saka hattuna and Sogdian ywt'yn " queen." It may be the
feminine form of ywt'w "king." MP Xvatai, NP cJ'; cf. F. W. K. MULLER, " Uiigur-
ische Glossen," in Festschrift fiur Friedrich Hirth (Berlin, 1920), pp. 313-314. For
a comprehensive discussion of the Middle Persian form Xvatai cf. C. BARTHOLOMAE,
"Zur Kentniss der mitteliranischen Mundarten 3," SHAW (1920). This is to be
supplemented by W. Lentz, " Die nordiranischen Elemente in der neupersischen Schrift-
sprache bei Firdosi," Zeitschrift filr Indologie und Iranistik 4 (1926).293.
2 Nuin: Mongolian noyan "prince ". Cf. CLEAVES, pp. 404, 407, 409, 430, 431, 432,
433, and 435, for the Mongolian forms of the names of the princes.
28 Vardan and Kirakos are probably the well-known historians. On the former cf.
the translation of Vardan's history by DULAURIER in JA 1860, p. 273; on the latter
JA 1858, p. 34. The other two persons are unknown. For references to the submission
of the Armenian and Georgian princes to the Mongols cf. SPULER, p. 37.
29 On Karin, nowadays Erzerum, cf. HUBSCHMANN, Ortsnamen, pp. 287-290. An
alternate Arabic name Q&liqaldis explained as a borrowing from the Armenian by V.
MINORSKY, "Some Early Documents in Persian," JRAS 1942, p. 188, note 2. HERZFELD,
Zoroaster and his World 2.767, note 23, suggests that this renders karin k'alak' (i. e.,
k'ayak'). The conquest of this area occurred in 1242.
On the name Ba6'u: Mongolian-Baifu cf. CLEAVES,p. 411. This chieftain replaced
Cormaqan.
30 Baiju's war against the Seljiiks and the battle of K6sedary took place in 1244;
cf. SPULER, p. 43, note 10. Bar Hebraeus, p. 407, tells a similar story about the defeat
of the Sultan. On Ghiyath al-Din Kai Khusrau cf. Encyclopaedia of Islam, art.
Seldjuks. On Salue and his son cf. St.-Martin 2.258, note 41, and Vardan, trans. by
DULAURIER in JA 1858, p. 13. For further information on Aq Buqa (Turkish " White
Bull ") see Kirakos, (text) 128, 142, line 11 from bottom, and Vardan, (text) 145,
line 2. Cf. CLEAVES,p. 403.
31 Erznkayn: present-day Erzinjan; cf. HUTBSCHMANN, Ortsnamen,p. 286. Konn is
modern Konya; cf. Vardan, (text) 136, note 1. The Mongols, however, did not go
so far as Konya; cf. SPUJLER, p. 44. Axc'arn may be modern Aksaray, for the Mongols
did occupy it according to the Milsameret il-Ahbar (History of the Seljilks, in
Persian), ed. 0. TURAN (Istanbul, 1944), p. 43. It is the Archelais of antiquity.
Sevasta is modem Sivas; cf. Kirakos, (text) 53, line 10, and Vardan, (text) 42, line 4.
32 Xalan: (kalan-Turkish "tax, land tax ") seems to have been a war service levy
in Iran. This term is also well attested in Uighur; cf. W. RADLOFF, Uighurische
Sprachdenkmdnler,Hrsg. S. MALOV (Leningrad, 1928), pp. 28-32, no. 22. It is found
frequently in the history of Ras-id al-Din, ed. K. JAHN (London, 1940), index: qaldn.
The Armenian form in x- is derived from the form in q- rather than k. On the Mongol
system of taxation in the Near East cf. B. BapTo.ubIUI, "HepcH,LcKa5IHa ZIIHCb Ha
CTtHt aHi1iCKofl MeeqeTH MaHyqe," AHiflcKasi Cepis 5 (St. Petersburg,1911), esp.
pp. 30-31.
3 On Smbat's trip to Giuyfig Qan cf. HOWORTH,Part III, p. 57, also SPUTLER, p. 44.
Sayin was usually applied to Batu, son of J6oi and grandson of Cinggis, but here it
refers to Giuyuig;cf. CLEAVES, p. 425.
iarlax: yarliq (Turkish) jarliy (Mongolian) was an imperial decree given by the
Mongol Qans; cf. PELLIOT in a review of the Jahrbuch der asiatischen Kunst (1925), in
TP, 25 (1928).191, and VLADnIMRTSOV,p. 137. On the golden tablet (the paiza) cf. H.
YULE, The Book of Ser Marco Polo (London, 1903) 1.355, and the notes and addenda
by H. CoRDIER(London, 1920) p. 67.
3 The accounts of David's imprisonment and subsequent release are confused; cf.
SPULER, p. 45, for references, and Howorth, Part III, pp. 24 and 53, for the narrative.
Armenian, but the exact date is uncertain. Vardan, (text) 148, places it in 1254;
cf. SPULER, pp. 47-48, and HOWORTH, Part III, pp. 65-66. On the form of Aryun's
name cf. CLEAVES, p. 406. The Armenian form Manku is copied from the Turkish
Miinggii, rather than the Mongolian Mongke. On the various forms of the name cf.
W. KOTWICZ, "En marge des lettres des il-khans de Perse retrouvees par Abel-
Remusat," Collectanea Orientalia 4 (Lwow, 1933).18.
" The trip of King Het'um to the court of Mongke in 1254 is recorded by many
historians. For a detailed account cf. Kirakos, (text) pp. 211-216, trans. DULAURIER,
pp. 102-112. For a bibliography cf. HaTKaHOB-, HCTopis MOHrO.hlBob 2.124-126.
uillegiu'smarch to the west began in 1253.
42 duman: A tiimen, of course, is ten thousand; cf. VLADIMIRTSOV, Pp. 134, 175. On
the etymology and possible " Tokharian " origin of the word, cf. B. LAUJFER, " Three
Tokharian Bagatelles," TP 16 (1915) .272-281, and 0. HANSEN, " Tocharisch-iranische
Beziehungen," ZDMG 94 (1940).156-157, with bibliography. Cf. CLEAVES, p. 436.
4 The names of these princes vary in all of the sources; cf. CLEAVES, pp. 413, 415,
KOTwIcz, "Formules initiales des documents mongols aux xiiie et xive ss." Rocznik
Orjentalistyczny 10(1934) .131-157. t'emay6'ik': Mongolian-tamaci were a class of
knights or cavaliers among the Mongols; cf. CLEAVES, p. 439.
ed. QUATREMiRE, p. 390, speaks of only two princes who lost their lives, Tutar and
Bul,ya. Miyan was governor of Armenia after the death of his father; cf. SPULER, p.
352. Her and Zarawand are the two provinces to the west of the lake of Urmiah;
cf. MARQUART, Eransahr, pp. 109-110.
5 On the names Nuxak'awun and Aradamur cf. CLEAVES, p. 000. Berke was the
brother of Batu, who is here called Sayin Khan.
6 Rasid al-Din, ed. QUATREMEiRE, p. 92, gives the name of this queen as
jy99
Dqfiz. and p. 94 j " Toquiz, i. e., Turkish " nine." Kirakos, has Toyuz. She was a
Kerait princess. On her name cf. CLEAVES, p. 428.
She was a Christian and favored her co-religionists; cf. SPULER, pp. 208-209, for
further references, also H. G. RAVERTY (trans.) The Tabakit -i- Ni4siri (London, 1881)
2.1193-1194, note.
We use the word " sounder " to designate the sexton who beat on a wooden board
to summon the Christians to prayer. This is the Arabic ndqi2s, used by the Eastern
Christians instead of a bell. Bar Hebraeus, p. 505, tells of a Mongol chieftain who
also had a church and a beater of the board to march with his camp.
2 Alatay, Modern Turkish Aladag, or Darin, was located northeast of Lake Van;
cf. SPULER, p. 332, Vardan, (text) 151, line 29, and Kirakos, (text) 223, line 9. On
this name cf. CLEAVES, p. 404. The Arsakids ruled Armenia for the first four
centuries of the Christian era.
" Bahatur: "hero, champion," Mongolian
ba-yatur, is found in Orkhon Turkish
batur, Russian 6oraTblpb, and modern Persian bahaddur. [Armenian baxtawor " for-
tunato, avventurato." Compare Av. baxtar; C. BARTHOLOMAE, Altiranisches Worter-
buch (Strassburg, 1904), p. 923.] On the etymology of this word cf. J. KIRSTE,
" Orabazes," SWAW 182 (1916) .7, W. BANG, " Turkologische Briefe aus dem Berliner
Ungarischen Institut," Ungarische Jahrbiicher, 5 (1925).251, and VLADIMIRTSOV, p. 93.
k'esikt'oyk': kesig (Mongolian) kdzik (Turkish) " the guard of the sovereign." Cf.
CLEAVES, p. 437.
Arab: The Armenian is tacik, Persian tdjik, which was the name applied to the
Persians by the Turks. Cf. H. H. SCHAEDER, " Tiirkische Namen der Iranier,"
Festschrift Friedrich Giese, Die Welt des Islams, Sonderband (Berlin, 1941), pp. 1-14.
The origin of the name tajik is still not certain.
? lam: On Turkish yam, Mongolian lam, "postal relay," cf. PELLIOT "Sur yam
ou jam ' relais postal'" TP 27 (1930) .192-195, and VLADINIIRTSOV, p. 156, note. On
the possible Iranian etymology of this word cf. E. HERZFELD, Zoroaster and his World
(Princeton, 1947) 1.231. A special study of the Chinese sources on the yam is being
made by Professor CLEAVES. A German study, vol. 4 of " Das Mongolische Weltreich,"
OLBRICHT, " Das Mongolische Postwesen," is in preparation.
6 On Sadun, son of Amir, cf. BROSSET 1.555 note. For the narrative see HOWORTH,
Part 111, p. 187. On St. Sergius see J. B. AuCHER, Vie des Saints (Venise, 1811) 2.3-
65 in Armenian. The monastery of Gag is mentioned by St.-Martin 2.425, but the
precise location is not certain. No information on Mesrop has been found.
We interpret the word gunah as "crime, sin," compare NP gunih. The usual
Armenian word for crime is vnas; compare MP vinas. The exemptions from punishment
for nine crimes was a practice of the Mongol Qans; cf. E. HAENISCH, Die Geheime
Geschichte der Mongolen (Leipzig, 1941), p. 96, and SPULER, pp. 379-380.
6 Hiilegiu did not go to Jerusalem but returned east; cf. HOWORTH, Part III, pp.
150-151, and SPULER, p. 56. On the defeat of K'itbuya/Ket Buqa at the battle of
'Ain Jalfut in 1260, cf. SPUtLER, p. 57. The Christian knights aided the Egyptians before
the battle; cf. HOWORTH, Part III, p. 167. The form p'rang is probably < Greek
lpdiy,yot. For further information on his name cf. CLEAVES, p. 422.
58 The story of the comet is also told by Rasid al-Din, ed. QUATREMiERE, pp. 417-
421. For further references cf. HOWORTH, Part III, p. 208. Hiilegii's wife died shortly
after him in 1265; cf. SPULmt,pp. 66-67.
6 For details on the accession of Abaqa and further references cf. SpuimR, p. 67.
60 The story of the flight from Baghdad is not found elsewhere. The life of the
Mameluke Sultan Baibars is well known from Arabic sources; cf. the article Baibars
I in the Encyclopaedia of Islam. The nickname Bundulkdir " arbalester " was applied
to the Mameluke Sultan by RaA!d al-Din and other historians who wrote in the
domain of the Il-Khans, enemies of the Mamelukes. Syur is certainly the Mameluke
general Sunqur al-Askar " the hunting falcon " who was captured by the Mongols
when they took Aleppo. For further details cf. HOWORTH,Part IlI, p. 148 and
D'OHssoN 3.423-424. Bar Hebraeus p. 446, says he had red hair.
Baibars killed Sultan Qutuz himself and seized the throne; cf. HOWORT-, Part IIl,
pp. 173-174, and SPULER, p. 72.
61 Mari is the pass between Cilicia and Syria, the Pylae Amanides of the ancients;
cf. Recueil . . . , Docs. Arme'niens l.xxvi-xxvii and 827 for further references. Xarxe
may be the Arabic al-Karak !J l, Syriac ,;: "fortified town, fortress." There
are a number of localities which may be the Karak of our text. There is a Karak
south of Ba'albaq, another in the Hauran, and a third east of the Dead Sea. Cf.
GAUDEFROY-DEMOMBYNES, La Syrie a 1'epoque des Mamedouks (Paris, 1923), pp. 74,
125, and R. HARTMANN, "Politische Geographie des Mamluikenreichs," ZDMG 70
(1916).38. The Crac des Chevaliers in north Syria was not captured by the
Mamelukes until 1271.
The nd'ib of al-Karak is mentioned in the Mongolian document which is reproduce(]
on page X of 0. HOUDAs,Histoire du Sultan Djelal ed-din Mankobirti (Paris, 1895).
The Arabic subscript reads hadhd kitab al-amir Saif al-Din nd'ib al-Karak. " This is
the letter of the amir Saif al-Din lieutenant of al-Karak."
On the other hand, it may represent the town of Qara 1-.), south of Homs. Cf.
QUATREMIRE, Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks, de l'Egypte de Makrizi, (Paris, 1840),
tome premier, deuxi'eme partie, pp. 34-35. HOWORTH, Part III, p. 173, mentions a
Mongol prefect of Karak.
62 Albistan and Kokos (Greek KOUKOUOUS, present-day Goksiin) are in eastern
Anatolia on two small tributaries of the Jeyhan River. On the forms of the names
cf. HONIGMANN, Die Ostgrenze des Byzantinischen Reisches, (Bruxelles, 1935), index.
For more details on the defeat of the Armenian army cf. HOWORTH,Part III, p. 225;
SPUTER, p. 72; Vardan, (text) 163; trans. DULAURIER, p. 311. Bar Hebraeus, pp.
445-446, tells a story similar to that of Grigor.
63 The cloister of Akanc' was also known as Akner. Cf. the long article by N.
AKINEAN, " Akanc' kam Akneri Vank'a," Handes Amsorya 62 (1948) .217-250. We quote
from the German r-sume, pp. 307-308: " Seit 1180 bliihten im armenischen Kilikien,
in der Umgebung der Hochburg Barzrberd, eine Anzahl von Kl6stern. Eines von
diesen Kl6stern lag in Akner, im Gau Zachut, am Paradisus, gegenuiber der Festung
Andrun. Es war eine Stiftung des Ko6nigsLeo I. (t 1219). Die Zeitgenossen preisen
das Kioster wegen der strengen Lebensweise und innerlichen Eintracht. Die Konige
Leo I. und Hethum I. schiitzten es hoch und ehrten es durch ihre Besuche. Leo's
innigster Wunsch war, seine letzte Ruhestiitte hier zu haben. Dem Kloster wurde aber
nur das Herz des Konigs zuteil. Konig Hethum starb in Akner und wurde in Drazark
begraben. Akner hatte die Ehre, die Uberreste der Groszfiirsten Wasak und Konstantin
in eigener Gruft beizusetzen."
Sis was the Armenian capital city in Cilicia; St.-Martin 1.200-201; Recueil .
Docs. Arme'niens 1.830.
64 Msis was ancient Mopsuestia in Cilicia near present Adana (St.-Martin 1.199).
On other forms of the name cf. E. HONIGMANN, Die Ostgrenze des Byzantinischen
Reiches, p. 250.
The " Chronique rimee des rois de la petite Armenie" in Recueil . . ., Docs.
Armeniens 1.523 tells of the king's grief.
" C Inhabited locality " Armenian gin. On this word cf. H. W.
BAILEY, "To the
Zamasp Namak II," BSOS 6 (1932).593. The Sogdian form is syn; cf. R. GAUTHIOT,
Essai de Grammaire Sogdienne, premiere partiT (Paris, 1914-1923), pp. 96, 163.
According to Vardan, (text) 162, the Mameluke Sultan wanted back some towns
which the Armenians had been given as a reward for their aid to the Mongols; cf.
HOWORTH,Part III, p. 225.
66 Scribes: the word is the Turkish bitik6i; cf. V. BARTHOLD,Turkestan Down to the
Mongol Invasion (London, 1928), p. 312. This story is not found elsewhere.
67 HOWORTH, Part III, p. 227, gives the terms of the agreement.
68
The Egyptians took Antioch from Bohemund VI in 1268; cf. SPULER, p. 72, and
Bar Hebraeus, p. 448.
69 Jakob I was
patriarch from 1268-1286; cf. Recueil . . ., Docs. Armeniens1.462,
524.
70 The king
took the name of Macarius; cf. Recueil . . ., Docs. Armeniens1.462, 525.
Drazark monastery was located to the northeast of Tarsus on a small river; cf. Vardan,
(text) 117, note 2.
71 The traditional date for the death of King Het'um-October 28, 1270-has recently
been disputed by N. AKINEAN in his article, "Het'um A. t'agawori mahuan tarin,"
Handes Amsorya 62 (1948).269-279. AKINEAN shows that Tuesday, October 29, 1269,
is a more probable date for the death of the king.
72 The word for the Qan's seal is the Persian nisdn. This word, however, passed into
the languages of the northern neighbors of the Persians, even to Manchu; cf. W.
BANG, "Tiirkisches Lehngut im Mandschurischen," Ungarische Jahrbiicher 4 (1924).
17, note 2. Here the Qan's seal is meant. Cf. PELLIOT, " Notes sur le " Turkestan"
de M. W. Barthold," TP 27 (1930).35.
7 T'agudar: On the forms of his name cf. CLEAVES, p. 427. For the story of his
uprising cf. HOWORTH, Part III, pp. 229-231; SPULER, p. 69. The revolt began in 1268.
74 Cf. Recueil . . ., Docs. Arme'niens 1.526 on the crowning of Lewon. J. DE
MORGAN, Histoire du Peuple Armenien, (Paris, 1919), p. 363, gives the list of the
Rupenids, sovereigns of Cilicia, with bibliography.
7 A revolt against Lewon is mentioned in the Recueil . . ., Docs. Arme'niens 1.527,
but the circumstances are not clear; cf. also Bar Hebraeus, p. 444. The Greeks were
followers of the Council of Chalcedon A. D. 451, while the Armenians were Mono-
physites. Cf. F. J. SCHAEFER,art. " Chalcedon " in The Catholic Encyclopedia.
76 On this Nerses (not Nerses IV, patriarch of Armenia), cf. Patmut'iiin Srboyn
Nersisi Part'ewi, Hayoc' Hayrapeti " History of Holy Nerses," (Venice, 1853), and
also LANGLOIS2.19-44.
iU ii' a i f m
p: F b 3 J y
ii- g IIZ
% t ~d S
D e (1 n ~ 0
22o Z o } C
e U a
P p r
4 li p
2fi 'i dz 1 . s
y 0 0 P
s Ce Il UL U
INDEX NOMINUM
UlLpmiu 9QwlOAbaya ran 15, 14; 16, Ban A. 1, 925Skp Uim. Ter A.
tit., 25, 37; 17, tit., 2, 43. 15, 59] 8, 23, 26, 35; 9, 5, 11; 10, 4,
lLpmqm Abaya 14, tit., 13, 14. 5, 6, 30, 39, 47, 89, 992;12, 10, 11,
1Lpum/bii (UlLumUiu/j V.) Ablstin 13, 85, 159; 13, 11, 43; 14, 9, 14,
(Ablstan V) 14, 67. 118; 15, 18, 44, 59, 68; 17, 33, 49,
UIppm4 i (I,ppurf V.) Abraham 1, 52, 57.
16, 22, 27, 32. ILumnLu?AJfyh Astuacacnin (ho-
Ultmi Adam 1, 1. TO'K,O014, 133.
UIy'1 At'al 1, 47. Up,"rtw5fnL, Aradamuk' 12, 53.
UPLLIJLFIUJ Alata-y 12, 89. UpLfjiJ- Aryun 10, 10, (ILPjqndi V.
Uluui/"p" (ULQwp4O V.) Ax6'ar 6, Argun V; note in J Ardun).
72, Ac'xarh V. U rn iI, Arcrunik' 12, 138; 11,
lA4m,2 Akane' 14, 80. 52/53.
UILpnLrpuJ Aybuya 6, 34. ULLrj Awag 9, 55, 60.
lLq/ b-n"j/uIi Ayi Cov 16, 54. UpZw4 Arsak 1, 29.
lUAJ^Z4e Ayuank' 3, tit., 12, 65; 4, Up:LU4FII<p Arsakunik' 12, 90/91.
6, 11, 72; 5, tit., 1; 8, 41. UlpIILI.g Arewelk' 14, 221.
Ud'frp lflpqT Amir K'ardin 12, 137. ULL7UrJjJwJ '7n-fibJ (lLLqo)WwJ V)
ULiF F'"l f Aylt'ana Xat'un Awgawt'ay Nuin (Awgot'ay (Aw-
4, 52/3, 55; 8, 31; 9, 2. got'ay V) 4, 69.
ILhJIjFILu1q,j'bn/ffil Angurag Nuin 4, P UJUIIJfrI.g Bagratunik' 11, 48/
70. 49.
Wm..g Antak' 15, 21 (bis). I1uJ4nL Bab'u, 6, 17; 7, 7; 8, 8, 14, 31;
Ul1mqwj 94,uAi/2 Apaya ran 14,209, 12, 29.
(see Aba-ya). 16J7I 'bnL/P7 Bac'u Nuin 4, 67; 6,
UIL'',PliLArak'el 14, 135. tit., 2, (see Bac'u).
UALUSeDU8LO(z4&r %Z4ZE)t P"I" Balaxe(VUFU Bai-
Arak'eal (follower of Vanakan) 5, axay J) 10, 40; 12, 32, 39 J, 492J.
40. p,jznLqfiJ{nu Barduyimeos (Bar-
lLUhfJfl 1JIiL/J Asar Nuin 4, 68. tholomew) 11, tit., 50, 55.
Iun"p (p) Asori (k') (Syrian) 11,49; fPmptp U7Sp&"p-2Lkg Bardzr Arcru-
12, 66, 68. nik' 12, 138.
IurILfIlL 1JJIL/AJ Asut'u Nuin 4, 65. PLr Bawra 9, 3.
lLnmnLu'B'r Astuac (God) 1, 2, 5, P1rLILp1uIlJ (fop- 12, 32/3, 38 V)
18, 31, 32; 2, 11, 13, 19, 20, 32, Bawrayan (Bor-V) 10, 42; 12, 32/
37; 3, 2, 80; 4, 17, 26, 42, 43; 5, 46; 33, 38.
7, 12; 8, 5; 18, 20 [PuAri ULUU7. 2lIAJ,JL Benal 3, 67.
fl*p,pk Berk'e 12, 57. 13, tit., 10, 13, 18, 23.
fPnpmJfSp (Inlpmzfhl&g V) Bora- bpplEILuJg Erk-ewank' 3, 70.
mick' (-meck'V) 1, 38. JLIJJq Zarawand 12, 47; 16, 55.
PflLdl Busx 1, 51. PnUL111p T'agudar 10, 41; 12, 33,
$buii Gag 3, 27, 29; 6, 33; 8, 14; 12, 38; 16, tit., 3/4, 26/7; 31, 34, 41,
145. 43, 45, 49.
"Iua4ui Ganczak 3, 47, 69; 4, 73. frm/JuiFe (min SmfJupg) T'at'-
9'iuXtiafzuA Gardman 3, 71. ark' (cf. TaVark') 1, 53; 3, tit.; 7
Geret-in 10, tit., 56.
Ub-p7L-)Wb tit.
UMpA qdwl Gerezman 13, 14/15. PAuiqliuirq (P'qf"1kuPFif V) T'a-
9'i'pb4qnp LflLULuLfl Grigor Lusa- yeadin (V. T'ayeat'in) 11, 48.
woric' 1, 30. Iupmj T'aray 1, 16.
9y,1qngp "nEpp Grigor, Surb 15, 43. PIAJLUL 16flfiJ T'enal Nuin 4, 70.
9"nf G6g (Govg) 1, 46. A'n"pqnjj T'orgomay 1, 46.
9'unfujInu Damaskos 13, tit., (see pnpnn T'oros 9, 21; 14, 65/66, 74,
Damisx). 94, 122,153, 182/183.
9mifmn4mytj/,g Damaskac&ik' 13, 6/7. PnEL[up T'ut'ar 12, 32 (or S"nJluP
'j"uLji 9wuj Darn Dast 12, 88. Tut-ar).
9vIJJLfIg (PLrntuJLIi wtpk[)Dawit' AnLJmrnL lbfllrJ T'ut'tu Nuin 4,
(king of the Jews) 1, 24, 25. 68.
9'uJLG Dawit- (son of Lasen) 3, 21, frnLqm"p T'uyark' 1, 52.
22, bis; 8, 6, 10, 19, 24, 38; 9, tit., 'fLp,g<
T'urk' 14, 63, 71, 76, 82, 83,
23; 15, tit., 64. 89.
$dbY'" Domisx 13, 3, 24; 14, 30 (see Turkastan 2, 1/2.
Damaskos). Pniu44 Isahak (Isaac) 1, 22, 36.
9$piuquqd Drazark 15, 59. PJpUi Imran 1, 29.
Pj14u1mnng Egiptos 14, tit. t"rs Iman 1,29.
l,Endmjliyb/p Edomayeceik- (Edo- lIJm L Ismayel ,80, 82.
mites) 1, 40. PU`Jf`L`Y/P Ismayelac'ik' 1, 31.
bdwPJLo Emawon 1, 47/8. PquAvT(PLl,uAvU J) Ivane (jwvane
t'IIJ Esaw 1, 23, 36, 42 (6nUiL J, V) 3, 31.
V). 11LIII UlJmjzwF4 lwvane, At-abak
bIJLuLLu5frI Esawac'ik' 1, 36. 3, 19, 24/25, 27; 9, 55.
lplaf[uij Eremiay (Jeremiah) 14, (mUik, ((m z ) Lasen, (Lasayn)
159. 3, 20; 8, 2.
bpj1q+4mj/ Erznkayin (Erzinjan) 6, Zk4qb Lekzik' 1, 38.
41, 64 (lzj14+Ujb1 V). Z&(In" Lewon 5, 6; 14, tit., 91, 99,
t'PPIlIt"flLP/friI (uiaflA"iwnnpp) Er- 107, 124, 152, 181, 182, 197, 210;
rordut-iiin (Holy Trinity) 5, 38. 15, tit., 3, 9, 12, 26, 27, 48, 51; 17,
t'pflI iii 35f
M Erusayem (Jerusalem) tit. bis, 1 bis, 13, 17, 35, 38, 47, 50.
l",-P Kur 12, 56. 12, 60, 62, 70, 72, 78, 79, 85, 91, 103,
17, 20, 21, 25; 14, 34/35, 37, 39, Lui0rt (O p) P'rang (Ptrank'
42, 47, 66, 69; 15, 10; 11; 16, 30, 33, V) 13, 24.
39; 17, 59. lPuIquI,g lrfuiPmnuuny K'a-yak'
Sud~fiI7g ( ;SmL4ntLg) Tacikk', Ta&c- Martirosac' (Mayyaf5riqin) 11, tit.,
kunk' (Arabs) 3, 89; 11, 33; 12, 12, 37, 39, 44/45.
102; 13, 11; 14, 212, 227, 230, 233, fm4nfi4g K'aykedonikk-
234; 15, 5. (Chalcedonians) 17, 27.
Smujw2ur,4fP? Tapanakin (Taber- jflLIJrj K'arayr (caves) 3, 74.
nacle) 13, 28. "fiwIqki K'arherdz 3, 44, 70.
SIJJlIflLU Tarsus 17, 7. ffIfnlqLLIJ I'it'buyay 13, 2, 17.
SuILJ7LZ Tawus 3, 72. (-FnLqJ V) 13, 2 (-en V) .
SWLLntuL IUIIJ/JIlLzJ Tawvus Xat-un 1?pJwmni, K'ristos (Christ) 1, 26; 5,
29; 8, 5, 40; 9, 64; 13, 10/11; 14,
12, 64- 13, 50/51.
12,6;, 50/1 . 1, 9, 18, 21, 177, 180; 15, 23/24,
SII"PIL Terewen 3, 70. 43/44, 56, 68; 17, 12, 16 (note only),
S+/~/flup Tp'xis (Tiflis) 8, 29, 38; 9, 48, 49, 52, 56/57.
26. WiJInL/umnwp
Fntuxtar passim in V.
(PZJmflL/Ummp P'ntuxtar ( cf. i.M,m-