Heaven’s light is our guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Building Engineering & Construction Management

Course Code: BECM 4200

Course Title: Professional Practices and Communication Sessional

Presentation on
BNBC 2020 (Earthquake Loads)
Date of Submission: 18-12-2023

Supervised by, Submitted by

Mehedi Hasan Gourango Kumar Saha (1812006)
Assistant Professor, Sk. Imtiaz Md. Nasim (1812026)
Dept. of BECM, RUET
What is Earthquake??

The Bangladesh National

Building Code (BNBC) 2020
defines earthquakes as
ground motions caused by
the sudden release of
energy in the Earth's crust.
This energy release is
typically caused by the
movement of tectonic
plates. Earthquakes can
range in intensity from barely
noticeable tremors to violent
events that can cause
widespread damage and loss
of life.
Why do earthquakes happen?
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the
Earth's crust, typically due to the movement of tectonic plates.
Here's a breakdown of the process:

1. Tectonic Plates: Earth's outer layer is divided into giant puzzle-

like pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are constantly
moving, albeit very slowly, on top of the Earth's mantle.

2. Friction and Stress: As plates move, they can get stuck on

each other due to friction. This builds up immense stress at the
edges of these plates, where they meet and rub against each
other.

3. The Breaking Point: When the accumulated stress overcomes

the friction holding the plates in place, they suddenly slip past
each other. This sudden movement is the earthquake itself.

4. Energy Release: The movement releases the stored-up energy

in the form of seismic waves, which radiate outwards from the
point of origin (called the epicenter). These waves are what make
the ground shake and cause the effects we feel during an
earthquake.
PLATE MOVEMENT
Analysis Methods of Earthquake

Earthquake Analysis

Equivalent Static
Dynamic Analysis
Analysis
SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS
AS PER BNBC 2020
Analysis Types

Applied Loads Materials Analysis Type

Static Linear Linear Static Analysis
Static Non-Linear Non-Linear Static Analysis
(Pushover)
Response Spectrum Linear Response Spectrum
Analysis
Time History Analysis Non-Linear Non-Linear Time History
Analysis
Linear Static Analysis
of Earthquakes
Linear Static Analysis of
Earthquakes
Linear static analysis is a simplified method used to
assess the response of structures to earthquake loads.
It involves applying equivalent static forces to the
structure, representing the inertial forces generated by
the earthquake ground motion.

Assumptions
▪ Assume that structure is rigid.
▪ Assume perfect fixity between structure and foundation.
▪ During ground motion every point on the structure
experience same accelerations.
▪ Dominant effect of earthquake is equivalent to horizontal
force of varying magnitude over the height.
▪ Approximately determines the total horizontal force (Base
shear) on the structure.
Fig. Linear Static Analysis ( Max Story Displacement)
Linear Static Analysis of
Earthquakes

Limitations
▪ Static lateral force method is based on a regular
distribution of stiffness and mass in a structure
▪ It becomes less accurate as the structure varies from
this assumption
▪ Historically- regular buildings perform better in
earthquakes than do irregular buildings.
▪ It is restricted only to a single mode of vibration of
the structure

Fig. Linear Static Analysis ( Max Story Drift)

Flow Chart of Earthquakes
Analysis Procedure
 Start
• Building Location (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.4.2)
Design Data • Material Properties (BNBC_2020- Part 5 Chapter 2 )
• Service Loads- Live Loads & Dead Loads (BNBC_2020- Part 6 Chapter 2 )
• Seismic Design Data (BNBC_2020- Part 6 Chapter 2 )
• Wind Design Data (BNBC_2020- Part 6 Chapter 2 )
• Member Dimension- Slab, Beams, Columns, & Walls

Seismic Load Analysis • Selection of SDC(Seismic Design Category) (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.5.2)
• Selection of Structural Systems (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.5.4)
• Determination of Seismic Forces- Seismic Base Shear (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.7.1)

(BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.7.4)

Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces

Methods of • A three dimensional analysis using computer program such as ETABS, STAAD Pro & SAP
Analysis • Rigid diaphragms at each floor , rigid-end of horizontal members
• Stiffness properties of members assumed crack sections (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @6.10.3.4)
Storey Drift & P –Delta Effects • Story drift determination (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.14)
• P –delta effects (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.7.9)

Soft Storey, Torsional Effects & • Soft Story (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.7.1)
Overturning Effects • Torsional Effects (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.7.6)
• Overturning Effects (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.7.8)

Design for Combined Load Effects • Load Combination (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 2.5.13.1)

• Design of Beam (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 6.3.15 & 6.3.4.1)

Design of Structural
• Design of Column (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 6.3)
Members
• Design of Beam – Column Joint (BNBC_2020- Part 6 @ 8.3.7)
• Design of Shear Wall (if needed)

Finish
SEISMIC ZONES
OF BANGLADESH
Seismic Zone Coefficient
Table 6.2.14: Description of Seismic Zones

Seismic
Seismic Seismic Zone
Location
Zone Intensity Coefficient
Z
Southwestern part including Barisal, Khulna,
1 Low 0.12
Jessore, Rajshahi.

Lower Central and Northwestern part

including Noakhali, Dhaka, Pabna, Dinajpur,
2 Moderate 0.20
as well as Southwestern corner including
Sundarbans .

Upper Central and Northwestern part

3 Severe 0.28
including Brahmanbaria, Sirajganj, Rangpur.

Northeastern part including Sylhet,

4 Very Severe 0.36
Mymensingh, Kurigram.

Fig: Seismic zoning map of Bangladesh

Importance factor
Table 6.2.17:Importance factor for Buildings and Structure

Occupancy Category Importance Factor

I,II 1
III 1.25
IV 1.5

Note:
Occupancy Category of Buildings and other
Structures for Flood, Surge, Wind and Earthquake
Loads is described in Table 6.1.1 n Table 6.1.1
Site Class based on soil Property
Site
Description of soil profile up to 30 meters depth Average Soil Properties in top 30 meters
Class
Standard
Shear wave
Penetration Undrained shear
velocity
Value, N strength, 𝑺𝒖 (kPa)
𝑽 𝒔 (m/s)
(blows/30cm)

Rock or other rock-like geological formation, including at most 5 m of

SA > 800 --- ---
weaker material at the surface.

Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least several tens
SB of meters in thickness, characterized by a gradual increase of mechanical 360 – 800 > 50 > 250
properties with depth.

Deep deposits of dense or medium dense sand, gravel or stiff clay with
SC 180 – 360 15-50 70-250
thickness from several tens to many hundreds of meters.

Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with or without some

SD < 180 < 15 < 70
soft cohesive layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive soil.

A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with Vs values of type

SE C or D and thickness varying between about 5 m and 20 m, underlain by --- --- ---
stiffer material with Vs > 800 m/s.
Seismic Design Category
Table 6.2.18: Seismic Design Category of Buildings

Occupancy Category I,II and III Importance Class IV

Site Class Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

SA B C C D C D D D

SB B C D D C D D D

SC B C D D C D D D

SD C D D D D D D D

SE,S1,S2 D D D D D D D D
Response Reduction Factor, Deflection Amplification Factor and
Height Limitations for Different Structural Systems
Response System Deflection SDC B SDC C SDC D
Seismic Force–Resisting System Reduction Overstrength Amplification
Height limit (m)
Factor, R Factor, Ω0 Factor, C𝒅
A. BEARING WALL SYSTEMS (no frame)
1. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 5 2.5 5 NL NL 50
2. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 4 2.5 4 NL NL NP
3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls 2 2.5 1.75 NL 50 NP
4. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls 1.5 2.5 1.25 18 NP NP
B. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS (with bracing or shear wall)

1.Steel eccentrically braced frames, moment

resisting connections at columns away from 8 2 4 NL NL 50
links
2.Steel eccentrically braced frames, non-
moment-resisting, connections at columns 7 2 4 NL NL 50
away from links
6 2 5 NL NL 50
3. Special steel concentrically braced frames
3.25 2 3.25 NL NL 11
4. Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames
6 2.5 5 NL NL 50
5. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 5 2.5 4.25 NL NL NP
6. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 2 2.5 2 NL 50 NP
7. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls 1.5 2.5 1.25 18 NP NP
8. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls
 Response System Deflection SDC B SDC C SDC D
Seismic Force–Resisting System Reduction Overstrength Amplification
Height limit (m)
Factor, R Factor, Ω0 Factor, C𝒅
C. MOMENT RESISTING FRAME SYSTEMS (no shear wall)

1. Special steel moment frames 8 3 5.5 NL NL NL

2. Intermediate steel moment frames 4.5 3 4 NL NL 35
3. Ordinary steel moment frames 3.5 3 3 NL NL NP
4. Special reinforced concrete moment frames 8 3 5.5 NL NL NL
5. Intermediate reinforced concrete
5 3 4.5 NL NL NP
moment
frames
6. Ordinary reinforced concrete
3 3 2.5 NL NP NP
moment frames
D. DUAL SYSTEMS: SPECIAL MOMENT FRAMES CAPABLE OF RESISTING AT LEAST 25% OF PRESCRIBED
SEISMIC FORCES (with bracing or shear wall)

1. Steel eccentrically braced frames 8 2.5 4 NL NL NL

2. Special steel concentrically braced frames 7 2.5 5.5 NL NL NL
3. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 7 2.5 5.5 NL NL NL
4. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 6 2.5 5 NL NL NP
 Response System Deflection SDC B SDC C SDC D
Seismic Force–Resisting System Reduction Overstrength Amplification
Height limit (m)
Factor, R Factor, Ω0 Factor, C𝒅

E. DUAL SYSTEMS: INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAMES CAPABLE OF RESISTING AT LEAST 25% of PRESCRIBED
SEISMIC FORCES (with bracing or shear wall)

1. Special steel concentrically braced frames 6 2.5 5 NL NL 11

2. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 6.5 2.5 5 NL NL 50
3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls 3 3 3 NL 50 NP
4. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 5.5 2.5 4.5 NL NL NP
F. DUAL SHEAR WALL-FRAME SYSTEM:
ORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETE
MOMENT FRAMES AND ORDINARY 4.5 2.5 4 NL NP NP
REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR
WALLS
G. STEEL SYSTEMS NOT SPECIFICALLY
3 3 3 NL NL NP
DETAILED FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE
Structural/Building Period
Time Period, T= Ct (hn)m Table 6.2.20: Values for Coefficients to Estimate Approximate Period

Structure type Ct m
Concrete moment-resisting frames 0.0466 0.9

Steel moment-resisting frames 0.0724 0.8

Eccentrically braced steel frame 0.0731 0.75

All other structural systems 0.0488 0.75

Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs)
Equation : 6.2.35 S = Soil factor (Table 6.2.16)
T = Structure (building) period (Section 2.5.7.2)
 T 
C s = S 1 + (2.5 − 1) for 0  T  TB TB, TC, TD are given in Table 6.2.16
 TB 
C s = 2.5Sη for TB  T  TC η = Damping correction factor =1 for 5% viscous damping
T 
C s = 2.5S  C  for TC  T  TD Table 6.2.16 : Site dependent soil factor and other parameters
T  defining elastic response spectrum
T T 
C s = 2.5S  C D  for TD  T  4 sec Soil type
S
TB(s) TC (s) TD (s)
 T2 
SA 1.0 0.15 0.40 2.0
η= (10/(5 +  ))^0.5  0.55
SB 1.2 0.15 0.50 2.0

Here  is structural damping SC 0.20 0.60 2.0

1.15
expressed as a percentage of
critical damping. SD 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.0

SE 1.4 0.15 0.50 2.0

Fig. Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs) for Different Site Classes
Design response spectrum
The spectral acceleration for the design earthquake is given by the following equation:
 Seismic Weight
BNBC 2020

Seismic weight, W, is the total dead load of a building or a structure, including partition walls, and applicable
portions of other imposed loads listed below:

a) For live load up to and including 3 kN/m2, a minimum of 25 percent of the live
load shall be applicable.
b) For live load above 3 kN/m2, a minimum of 50 percent of the live load shall be
applicable.
c) Total weight (100 percent) of permanent heavy equipment or retained liquid or
any imposed load sustained in nature shall be included.
Equivalent Static Analysis
2.5.7.1 Design base shear :
The seismic design base shear force in a given direction shall be determined from the following relation:

k >1 k=1
F7

F6
Where, F5
F4
Sa = Lateral seismic force coefficient calculated using Eq.
F3
6.2.34 (Sec 2.5.4.3). It is the design spectral
acceleration (in units of g) corresponding to the F2
building period T (computed as per Sec 2.5.7.2). F1
W = Total seismic weight of the building defined in Sec
2.5.7.3 V
Vertical Distribution of base shear

w x hx k
Fx = V n
(Eqn. 6.2.41)
 w i hi
k

i =1

k = 1 for structure period  0.5

= 2 for structure period ≥ 2.5s
= linear interpolation between 1 and 2 for other periods.
W = weight of the building
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic analysis is a computational method used in
earthquake engineering to assess the time-varying
response of structures to dynamic ground motion.
Unlike static analysis, which assumes constant loads,
dynamic analysis accounts for the complex and ever-
changing nature of earthquake forces.

Why Dynamic Analysis ?

According to BNBC 2020:
1. Regular Building, H > 40m (131 ft) in Zones 2,3,4
(Table 6.2.15) and H > 90m (295 ft) in Zone 1
2. Irregular Building, H > 12m (39 ft) in Zones 2,3,4
(Table 6.2.15) and H > 40m (131 ft) in Zone 1
3. Based on Soil profile, Height limitations are given
in Table 6.2.19
4. T > Smallest of 4Tc or 2 Sec. Where, H= height of
Structure
 Response Spectrum Analysis

Types of Dynamic Analysis Dynamic Analysis

Time History Analysis

 For Dynamic Analysis
.

Table 6.C.1: Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter Ss and S1

for Different Seismic Zone

Parameters Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4

Ss 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
S1 0.12 0.2 0.28 0.36

Table 6.C.2: Site Coefficient Fa for Different Seismic Zone and

Soil Type
Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
SA 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
SB 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
SC 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
SD 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
SE 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
For Dynamic Analysis
Table 6.C.3: Site Coefficient Fv for Different Seismic Zone and
Soil Type
Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
SA 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
SB 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
SC 1.725 1.725 1.725 1.725
SD 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
SE 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75

Table 6.C.5: Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter SD1

for Different Seismic Zone and Soil Type

Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4 Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
SA 0.2 0.333 0.466 0.6 SA 0.08 0.133 0.186 0.24
SB 0.24 0.4 0.56 0.72 SB 0.12 0.2 0.28 0.36
SC 0.23 0.383 0.536 0.69 SC 0.138 0.23 0.322 0.414
SD 0.27 0.45 0.63 0.81 SD 0.216 0.36 0.504 0.648
SE 0.28 0.466 0.653 0.84 SE 0.14 0.233 0.326 0.42
Some Important Terms

Story Story Shear

Story Drift
Displacement

Story
Overturning Base Shear
Moment
Response Spectrum Analysis
What is response spectrum analysis?

Response spectrum analysis (RSA) is a more

advanced method compared to linear static analysis
for assessing the response of structures to
earthquake loads. It takes a more dynamic approach,
considering the natural frequencies and vibration
modes of the structure, along with the characteristics
of the earthquake ground motion.

Advantages of RSA over linear static analysis:

•More accurate
•Considers multiple modes
•Efficient for complex structures

Fig. Response Spectrum Analysis ( Max Story Displacement)

Response Spectrum Analysis
Limitations of RSA:

•More complex than linear static analysis

•Requires accurate ground motion data
•Computational cost

When to use RSA:

•Complex structures
•High-seismicicity regions
•Understanding dynamic behavior

Fig. Response Spectrum Analysis ( Max Story Drift)

Time History Analysis
Time history analysis (THA) is a powerful and
sophisticated technique used in earthquake
engineering to assess the dynamic response of
structures to ground motion. Unlike simpler
methods like linear static analysis, THA takes a
more realistic approach by considering the actual
time-varying nature of earthquake shaking and the
complex interaction between the structure and the
ground.

Advantages of THA:

•Most accurate
•Non-linear behavior
•Detailed response

Fig. Time History Analysis

Time History Analysis
Limitations of THA:

•Computationally expensive
•Highly dependent on model accuracy
•Difficult interpretation

When to use THA:

•Critical structures
•Complex structures
•Research and development

Fig. Time History Analysis

Pushover Analysis
Pushover analysis is a static technique used in earthquake engineering to estimate the
progressive failure of a structure under lateral loads representing earthquake forces.

Unlike simpler static analyses that assume a fixed load throughout, pushover analysis gradually
increases the load until the structure reaches its ultimate capacity or collapses. This allows
engineers to understand how the structure behaves under increasing stress and identify potential
weak points.

Benefits of Pushover
Analysis:

•Cost-effective and efficient

•Visualized progressive failure
•Useful for preliminary design
Limitations of Pushover Analysis:

•Static approach
•Non-linear behavior limitations
•Not suitable for detailed design

When to Use Pushover Analysis:

•Low-to-moderate seismic regions

•Regular structures
Allowable Story Drift According to BNBC 2020

Notes:
1.ℎsx the story height below Level .
2.There shall be no drift limit for
single-story structures with interior
walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior
wall systems that have been designed to
accommodate the storey drifts.
3.Structures in which the basic
structural system consists of masonry
shear walls designed as vertical
elements cantilevered from their base
or foundation support which are so
constructed that moment transfer
between shear walls (coupling) is
negligible.
4.Occupancy categories are defined in
Table 6.1.1
Reference
1. BNBC (2020): Bangladesh National Building Code BNBC (2020).
Thank you