Topics III:

Thermodynamics I
ME 429 Topics 3
Mechanical Engineering Department
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Properties of Substance
A property is a system’s distinguishing characteristics, of which there are two types, the extensive and intensive.
Extensive Property is one that depends on size and extent of the system, and whose value is equal to the sum
of the values of the parts of the system, such as mass and total volume.

Intensive Property is independent of the size of the system and has the same value for all the parts of a
homogenous system. Examples are temperature and pressure

Proportionality Constant (k) 𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑐𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑚

𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 𝑠 2 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑐𝑚
𝑘=1 𝑘 = 980.66
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2 𝑔𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2

𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝑚
𝑘 = 32.174 𝑘 = 9.8066
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2 𝑘𝑔𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Properties of Substance
Weight (W) is the gravitational force Specific Weight (𝜸) is the 𝑊 𝑚𝑔
𝛾= 𝛾=
that the earth exerts on a body. weight per unit volume. 𝑉 𝑉

𝑚𝑔
𝑊= Relative Density (𝑹𝑫)/Specific Gravity
𝑘
Is the ratio between the density or specific weight of the substance to
Density (𝝆) is the mass per unit volume. the density or specific weight of the reference substance.

𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑚 𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌= 𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉

Pressure Variation with Depth of Fluid

Specific Volume (𝝊) is the 𝑉 Use (+) if the pressure needed to determine is
𝜐=
mass per unit volume. 𝑚 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 ± 𝛾ℎ below the fluid level line. Use (-) if the pressure
needed to determine is above the fluid level line.
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states
that mass is indestructible, meaning that
mass is a commodity that can neither be Compressible Fluid Incompressible Fluids
created nor destroyed.
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝜌1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝑣2
∆𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜌1 𝑉ሖ1 = 𝜌2 𝑉ሖ2 𝑉ሖ1 = 𝑉ሖ2
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝐴1 𝑉1 𝐴2 𝑉2
If there is no stored mass in the system or =
Δm = 0. Also called steady state flow 𝑣1 𝑣2

𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Sample Problem
Two gaseous streams enter a mixing chamber through two sections and leaves through one section. Entrance
3
conditions are: 𝐴1 = 450 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑉1 = 150 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣1 = 0.625 𝑚 ൗ𝑘𝑔 and 𝐴2 = 380 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑉2 = 55 𝑚/𝑠, 𝜌2 =
2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . At the exit conditions are 𝑉3 = 245 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑣3 = 0.58 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔. Determine the:
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Thermodynamic Properties
Heat is a form of energy associated with the kinetic random motion of molecules

Heat

Sensible Heat Latent Heat

Heat needed to change the Heat needed to change the
temperature w/o changing the phase w/o changing the
PHASE TEMPERATURE

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑡 𝑄𝐿 = ± 𝑚𝐿

Use (+) if the latent heat is entering. (melting)

Use (-) if the latent heat is leaving. (freezing)
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Thermodynamic Properties
Heat-Enthalpy-Work-Internal Energy Enthalpy
The relationship between heat, work, Heat energy transferred to a substance
enthalpy and internal energy. at a constant pressure process.

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊𝑛 ℎ = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉

Wn= work non-flow

𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + 𝑊𝑠

Ws= work steady-flow

 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Thermodynamic Properties
Entropy
Measure of randomness of molecules of
𝑡2 𝑝2
a substance ∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ln − 𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑡1 𝑝1
General Formula:

𝑡2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐 ln 𝑝2 𝑣2
𝑡1 ∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ln
𝑝1 𝑣1

𝑡2 𝑣2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑡1 𝑣1
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Thermodynamic Laws
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can
only be transformed from one form to another.

Energy Balance for Steady State Flow:

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑃𝐸1 +𝐾𝐸1 +𝑈1 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 + 𝑊𝑠𝑓

𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + ℎ1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + ℎ2 + 𝑊𝑠𝑓

𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑊𝑠𝑓

 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Thermodynamic Laws
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can
only be transformed from one form to another.

Energy Balance for Non-Flow :

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑃𝐸1 +𝐾𝐸1 +𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊𝑛𝑓

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊𝑛𝑓
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Sample Problem
During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 200 to 20 psia, the speed increases
from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy of the open system decreases 25 BTU/lb, and the specific volume increases
from 1 to 8 ft3/lb. No heat is transferred. Determine the work in hp for 10 lb per minute. Is it done on or by the
substance?
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I
Thermodynamic Laws
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat can’t be transferred from cold body to hot
body without an input.
Heat CANNOT be converted 100% into work.
Kelvin-Plank Statement Applied to Heat Engine
It is impossible to construct a heat engine which
operates in a cycle and receives a given amount
of heat from a high temperature body and does
equal amount of work
Clausius Statement applied to heat pump
It is impossible to construct a heat pump that
operates without an input work.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Total entropy of pure substance approaches
zero as the absolute thermodynamic
temperature approaches zero.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with the
third body, they’re in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law, also called the general gas
Gas constant using the universal gas constant (𝑅)
ത
equation, is the equation of state of a
hypothetical ideal gas where:
𝑅ത
𝑅= MW = Molecular Weight (kg/mol)
𝑀. 𝑊
Formula: 𝑅ത = 8.314 kJ/kgmol-K
= 1545 (lb-ft)/lbmol - °R
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law
where: 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 =
R = Gas Constant 𝑇1 𝑇2
m = mass
T = temperature in absolute
Gay-Lussac’s Law 𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Sample Problem
A 20-L scuba tank contains compressed air at a temperature of 15 deg. C. Before a diver starts his dive the pressure
gage reads 200 bar. After the dive the gage reads 80 bar, while the temperature of the air remaining in the tank drops to
10 deg. C. What is the remaining mass of air in the tank and the mass used by the diver?
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Specific Heat Ratio

Ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure
and specific heat at constant volume. Formula for cp and cv using k and R:

Formula: 𝑘𝑅 𝑅
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 =
𝑐𝑝 𝑘−1 𝑘−1
𝑘=
𝑐𝑣

Avogadro’s Law:
where:
K = 1.4 (cold air)
𝑚1 𝑀𝑊1 𝑅1 where:
= =
𝑚2 𝑀𝑊2 𝑅2 m = mass
Relationship between cp, cv and R
MW = Molecular weight
R = Gas constant
𝑅 = 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Thermodynamic Processes
Reversible and Irreversible Process
General Equation for Thermodynamic Curves
Is one in which the both system and
surroundings is reverted to its original state
𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
Cyclic Process
A process which gives the same states after the Conditions:
system undergoes a series of processes.
n=0 Isobaric
Quasi-static Process
n=1 Isothermal
Is one in which system departs from equilibrium
n=k Isentropic
state only infinitesimally at every instant.
n=∞ Isometric
n = −∞ 𝒕𝒐 ∞ Polytropic
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Isometric Isobaric Isothermal Isentropic Polytropic

V=C P=C T=C S=C PVn = C

𝑃1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑘 𝑃1 𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑛

1−𝑘 1−𝑛
𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑉2
Relation 𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇2
𝑇1
=
𝑉1 𝑇1
=
𝑉1
= = 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑘−1 𝑛−1
𝑇1 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑛
= =
𝑇2 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑃1

𝑉2 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
WNF 0 𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
𝑉1 1−𝑘 1−𝑛
𝑉2
WSF 𝑉(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) 0 −𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
𝑉1
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑘𝑊𝑁𝐹 𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑛𝑊𝑁𝐹

ΔH 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑡 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑡 0 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑡 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑡

ΔU 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑡 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑡 0 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑡 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑡

𝑉2
ΔQ 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑡 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑡 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln
𝑉1
0 𝑚𝐶𝑛 ∆𝑡

𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑘−𝑛
ΔS 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ln 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ln 𝑚𝑅 ln 0 𝑚𝐶𝑛 ln , 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑣
𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1 1−𝑛
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Carnot Cycle
Carnot Cycle (STST) T-S Diagram
- Developed by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot T 𝑄𝐴
- Most efficient thermodynamic cycle

4 1
Processes:
1-2: ISENTROPIC EXPANSION 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡

2-3: ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION

3 2
3-4: ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION 𝑄𝑅

4-1: ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION Temperature-Entropy S

diagram of Carnot Cycle
 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Analysis of Carnot Cycle

Heat Added: Cycle Efficiency:

𝑄𝐴 = 𝑇𝐻 ∆𝑆 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝐿
𝑒𝑐 = 𝑒𝑐 = 1 −
𝑄𝐴 𝑇𝐻
Heat Rejected:

Heat-temperature relation:
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑇𝐿 ∆𝑆
𝑄𝑅 𝑇𝐿
Net Work: =
𝑄𝐴 𝑇𝐻
𝑊𝑁𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝑅

𝑊𝑁𝑒𝑡 = (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 ) (𝑆1 − 𝑆4 )

 ME 429 Topics 3
Module Topic: Thermodynamics I

Sample Problem
A Carnot engine receives 130 Btu of heat from a hot reservoir at 700 °F and rejects 49 Btu of heat. Calculate the
temperature of the cold reservoir.