2017-01-24

Lecture Note of Naval Architectural Calculation

Ship Stability
Ch. 6 Free Surface Effect

Spring 2016

Myung-Il Roh

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Seoul National University

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2016, Myung-Il Roh

Contents

 Ch. 1 Introduction to Ship Stability

 Ch. 2 Review of Fluid Mechanics
 Ch. 3 Transverse Stability Due to Cargo Movement
 Ch. 4 Initial Transverse Stability
 Ch. 5 Initial Longitudinal Stability
 Ch. 6 Free Surface Effect
 Ch. 7 Inclining Test
 Ch. 8 Curves of Stability and Stability Criteria
 Ch. 9 Numerical Integration Method in Naval Architecture
 Ch. 10 Hydrostatic Values and Curves
 Ch. 11 Static Equilibrium State after Flooding Due to Damage
 Ch. 12 Deterministic Damage Stability
 Ch. 13 Probabilistic Damage Stability

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Ch. 6 Free Surface Effect

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Free Surface Effect

G: Center of total mass (gravity)
B: Center of buoyancy
B1: New position of center buoyancy z z
after the ship has been inclined
M(Metacenter): The intersection of a
If the cargo in hold* is fixed, e.g. a
vertical line through the center of
buoyancy at initial position(B) with a
solid cargo, this keeps its original
vertical line through the new M position when a ship is inclined.
position of the center of
buoyancy(B1) after the ship has been
inclined transversally through a small
angle 

y
FG  If there is a liquid cargo in
hold, what will happen when
y the ship is inclined?
G Z

B B1

FB
K

* Hold or Cargo Hold: Space for loading the cargo in the ship
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Definition of Free Surface Effect

G: Center of total mass (gravity)
G1: New position of center of total
mass (gravity) z z • When the ship is inclined, the liquid in
B: Center of buoyancy
B1: New position of center of buoyancy
the tank is also inclined. And the center
after the ship has been inclined of gravity of the liquid shifts toward the
g: Center of the emerged volume
g1: Center of the submerged volume
M inclined side.
b: Center of liquid in tank
b1: New position of center of liquid in
tank • This causes the ship’s center of gravity
 to move toward the inclined side,
reducing the righting arm.
y
FG 
y
G Z1 Definition of Free Surface Effect
G1
• The motion of the liquid in a tank that is
B B1 partially full causes the ship’s center of
g1 gravity to move.
g • This reduces the righting arm and
b b1 FB reduces the ship’s stability.
K

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Assumption to Evaluate the Effect of Free Surface

G: Center of total mass (gravity)
G1: New position of center of total
z  The effects of free surface depend on
mass (gravity) z
B: Center of buoyancy the dimensions of the surface of the liquid.
B1: New position of center of buoyancy
after the ship has been inclined
g: Center of the emerged volume
g1: Center of the submerged volume
M What assumption is appropriate
b: Center of liquid in tank
b1: New position of center of liquid in
to evaluate the effect of free
tank surface in a ship’s tank?
G0: Virtual risen center of gravity


y Assumption: Small inclination


The metacentric height (GM) provides a
y fairly accurate evaluation of the righting
G moment up to 7~10 degrees.
G1

B B1 And, surface of the liquid does not reach

g1 the top or bottom of the tank during this
g inclination.
b1
b
K

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Transverse Righting Moment

When there is no Effect of Free Surface
G: Center of total mass (gravity)
B: Center of buoyancy
B1: New position of center of buoyancy z z
after the ship has been inclined
b: Center of liquid in tank
 Transverse Righting Moment
M
Righting arm: GZ
 • Transverse Righting Moment

y
 righting  FB  GZ

GZ  GM sin 
y
Z GM  KB  BM  KG
G

B B1

b
K

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The Influence of Free Surface  restoring  GZ  FB

GZ  GM  sin 
on the Initial Stability at Small Angle (1/5) GM  KB  BM  KG
G: Center of total mass (gravity)
G1: New position of center of total
mass (gravity) z z  Evaluation of effect of free surface on
B: Center of buoyancy
B1: New position of center of buoyancy
metacentric height
after the ship has been inclined
g: Center of the emerged volume
g1: Center of the submerged volume
M
b: Center of liquid in tank
b1: New position of center of liquid in
If a ship is inclined, the plane of liquid in
tank tank is changed to be parallel to water
 plane.

y bb1 / / gg1 / /GG1


And the relation between change in total
y center of gravity and center of liquid in
Z tank is
G
G1 w
GG1  bb1
B1
FG
B
g1
g
b1
b
K

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The Influence of Free Surface  restoring  GZ  FB

GZ  GM  sin 
on the Initial Stability at Small Angle (2/5) GM  KB  BM  KG
z z
bb1 / / gg1 / / GG1
M  Evaluation of effect of free surface on
metacentric height

From the geometric shape, the righting
y arm G1Z1 is expressed as follows:

G1Z1  GZ  GG1
y
Z M
G
G1  GZ  ( yG cos    zG sin  )
B B1 This term has negative effect to the restoring moment arm.
g1
g
b1
 : It means that the shift of center of total
b
gravity GG1 causes reduction of righting
K
arm. And it causes stability to be worse.
G: Center of total mass (gravity)
G0: Virtual risen center of gravity
G0 : Free Surface Effect (FSE)
G1: New position of center of total mass (gravity)
G1’: The intersection of the line GZ with G0G1  Reduction of righting arm
B: Center of buoyancy
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after
(It causes stability to be worse.)
the ship has been inclined  Z
g: Center of the emerged volume G1  zG sin 
g1: Center of the submerged volume
b: Center of liquid in tank
Z1 G1 '
b1: New position of center of liquid in tank  yG cos 
m: Metacenter of cargo hold G G1 G1
G  zG

 yG
GG0 : free surface correction 9
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The Influence of Free Surface GG : free surface correction 0  restoring  GZ  FB

GZ  GM  sin 
on the Initial Stability at Small Angle (3/5) GM  KB  BM  KG
z z
bb1 / / gg1 / / GG1
M  Evaluation of effect of free surface on
metacentric height

: Free Surface Effect (FSE)
y  Reduction of righting arm
 (It causes stability to be worse.)
Z
y
M Assume that   1 , then from the
G
G1 geometric shape, the righting arm G1Z1 is
B1 expressed as follows:
B
g1
G1Z1  GZ  GG1
g
b1

b  GM sin   GG0 sin 
K
 (GM  GG0 ) sin 
G: Center of total mass (gravity) G0
G0: Virtual risen center of gravity
G1: New position of center of total mass (gravity)
 G0 M sin 
G1’: The intersection of the line GZ with G0G1
B: Center of buoyancy It means that the shift of center of total
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after gravity GG1 is considered as the elevation
the ship has been inclined  Z
g: Center of the emerged volume G1 of center of total gravity from G to G0.
g1: Center of the submerged volume Z1
b: Center of liquid in tank
b1: New position of center of liquid in tank
GG0 : free surface correction
m: Metacenter of cargo hold G G1 GM  KB  BM  KG

KG0
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The Influence of Free Surface  restoring  GZ  FB

GZ  GM  sin 
on the Initial Stability at Small Angle (4/5) GM  KB  BM  KG
z z bb1 / / gg1 / / GG1 KG0
M
 Evaluation of effect of free surface on
 M righting arm

G0 y
 
 y GG1 / / bb1 , GG0 / / bm, G1G0 / / b1m
Z
G G0
G1
m
B1
Triangle GG1G0 is similar to triangle bb1m .
B
g1
 
g G1 Z GG1 w w
b b1 Z1  GG1  bb1
G1 bb1 FG FG
K G
G: Center of total mass (gravity)
G0: Virtual risen center of gravity m
G1: New position of center of total mass (gravity)
G1’: The intersection of the line GZ with G0G1
B: Center of buoyancy
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after the 
ship has been inclined
g: Center of the emerged volume b1
g1: Center of the submerged volume
b
b: Center of liquid in tank
b1: New position of center of liquid in tank
m: Metacenter of cargo hold
w: Weight of liquid in tank

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The Influence of Free Surface GG 

w  restoring  GZ  FB
bb1 GZ  GM  sin 
on the Initial Stability at Small Angle (5/5)
1
FG
GM  KB  BM  KG
z z bb1 / / gg1 / / GG1 KG0
M
 Evaluation of effect of free surface on
 M righting arm
y Because ϕ is small, (small inclination)
G0
  GG1  GG1, GG1  GG0 sin  ,
 y  GG1  GG0 sin  ,
Z
G G0
G1 In the same manner, bb1  bm sin 
m
B1 w w
B
g1 GG1  GG0 sin   bb1  bm sin 
  FG FG
g G1 Z
b1 Z1
b w
K G1 GG0  bm
G FG
G: Center of total mass (gravity)
m w iT  gv iT  i
G0: Virtual risen center of gravity   F  F T
G1: New position of center of total mass (gravity)
G1’: The intersection of the line GZ with G0G1
FG v  SW g v  SW 
B: Center of buoyancy
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after the ship 
has been inclined
b1
g: Center of the emerged volume
g1: Center of the submerged volume
b  F iT : Free Surface Moment
b: Center of liquid in tank
b1: New position of center of liquid in tank The elevation of center of total gravity due to
m: Metacenter of cargo hold the shift of center of gravity of liquid in tank is
w: Weight of liquid in tank
iT: Moment of inertia of liquid plane area in tank about related to the density of liquid in tank and
x' axis moment of inertia of liquid plane area in tank.
F: Density of liquid in tank, SW: Density of sea water
 : Displacement volume (It’s not related to weight of liquid in tank.)
v: Volume of liquid in tank
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G: Center of total mass (gravity) F: Density of liquid in tank

The Effects of Free Surface

G1: New position of center of total mass (gravity)
z z SW: Density of sea water
w: Weight of liquid in tank M  : Displacement volume
iT: Moment of inertia of liquid plane area in tank v: Volume of liquid in tank
about x' axis

• Free Surface Effect y
G0
GM  KB  BM  KG0 , KG0  KG  GG0 
w iT
GG0  
Z
y
W v G
G1
 gv iT  i m
 F  F T B B1
 SW g v  SW  g1
g
: free surface correction b
b1
 F iT : free Surface Moment K

• The effects of free surface do not depend on the amount of liquid in the tanks.

• The weight and vertical position of the liquid which have an effect on
transverse stability is not associated with free surface effects.

• The effects of free surface depend on the ratio of density of the liquid in the
tank to the density of the liquid in which the ship is floating.

• The breadth of liquid, which almost wholly accounts for free surface effects,
changes when inclined, depending on the height of the liquid in the tank, the
degree of inclination, and the breadth depth ratio of the tank.
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w iT  i
GG0   F T
Question) Effect of Tank Size on Free Surface W v  SW 
: free surface correction

• Effect of the breadth of liquid in a tank which almost wholly accounts

for free surface effects.

Question)
Sea water is filled partially in tank with water plane of rectangular shape.
If a longitudinal bulkhead is installed in center of tank, how much GM will be
changed?
Installation of
longitudinal
bulkhead

z y x z y x

Hint) Answer)
l  b3 l  b3 l  (b / 2)3 l  b3 1
iT   y dA  2
iT 1  , iT 2  2    iT 1
12 12 12 48 4
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The Influence of Free Surface GG0 

w iT  i
 F T
W v  SW 
at Large Angles of Heel (1/5) : free surface correction

• Effect of filling ratio of a ship and on free

surface effects
10% full
 In making the loading calculations, free
surface corrections to GM must be made on
the basis of reasonable assumptions regarding
the condition of all tanks.

Example)
50% full
Departure condition & Arrival condition
- Fuel oil system:
Settling tank: assumed to be half full.
Fuel oil tank: assumed to be 98% full or empty
in merchant ship
- Water ballast tank:
90% full Empty or nominally completely full (to have no
effect)

* Settling tank: Tank for settling impurities in fuel oil before using it.
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The Influence of Free Surface GG0 

w iT  i
 F T
W v  SW 
at Large Angles of Heel (2/5) : free surface correction

7° Inclination

• Small angle of inclination

10% full
 It has been pointed out
previously that the metacentric
height (GM) provides a fairly
accurate evaluation of the
righting moment up to 7~10
degrees.
50% full  In the same manner, when the
metacentric height is reduced by
the effect of free liquid, this
assumption of small angle
provides that the surface of the
liquid does not reach the top or
90% full bottom of the tank during this
inclination.

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The Influence of Free Surface GG0 

w iT  i
 F T
W v  SW 
at Large Angles of Heel (3/5) : free surface correction

7° Inclination 25° Inclination 50° Inclination

10% full

50% full

90% full

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The Influence of Free Surface GG0 

w iT  i
 F T
W v  SW 
at Large Angles of Heel (4/5) : free surface correction

7° Inclination 25° Inclination 50° Inclination

10% full

If the tank is nearly full or nearly

50% full empty, the breadth will decrease
rapidly to a degree that will make
free surface effects almost negligible.

90% full

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The Influence of Free Surface GG0 

w iT  i
 F T
W v  SW 
at Large Angles of Heel (5/5) : free surface correction

7° Inclination 25° Inclination 50° Inclination

10% full

50% full

If the tank is half full, a maximum increase of breadth is

90% full
produced, thus increasing free surface effects up to a
large angle of inclination.

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