Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bio Study Guide
Bio Study Guide
Bio Study Guide
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.
VOCABULARY
somatic cell autosome fertilization
gamete sex chromosome diploid
homologous chromosome sexual reproduction haploid
meiosis
1. The two major groups of cell types in the human body are called
______________ and ______________.
2. The gametes are located in the _____________ organs.
3. The number of chromosomes in a typical human body cell is _______.
46 chromosomes in half 4.
human body cells come
from
include include 5.
sex chromosomes 6.
include include
consist of
7. 8.
22 homologous pairs
11. During fertilization, the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse / separate.
12. Germ / Somatic cells are haploid.
13. The haploid / diploid chromosome number in humans is 23.
14. Each human gamete has one autosome / sex chromosome.
Read the descriptions in the table below and then decide which column should be
labeled Mitosis and which column should be labeled Meiosis.
15. 16.
Makes diploid cells. Makes haploid cells.
Makes genetically identical cells. Makes genetically unique cells.
Happens throughout an organism’s life. Happens at specific times in an
organism’s life.
Involved in asexual reproduction. Involved in sexual reproduction.
Vocabulary Check
17. Circle all of the following statements that are true for
homologous chromosomes.
a. One is from the mother and one is from the father.
b. They are a pair of chromosomes.
c. They are fertilized gametes.
d. They have the same genes, but they differ in length and appearance.
e. They have the same genes, length, and overall appearance.
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
During meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that result in
haploid cells.
VOCABULARY
gametogenesis egg
sperm polar body
Meiosis I
3. 4. 5. 6.
Meiosis II
7. 8. 9. 10.
11. In the diagram on the previous page, circle the phase in which homologous
chromosomes separate, and put a box around the phase in which sister
chromatids separate.
12. The sperm cell and the egg both contribute to an embryo. Place a check
mark in the appropriate boxes below to indicate what each gamete contributes
to the embryo.
13. Where are polar bodies made, in the male or in the female?
___________________
14. Complete the diagram of gametogenesis in the boxes below. Use Figure 2.4 to
help you.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
15. Genesis comes from a Greek word that means “to be born.” Therefore,
gametogenesis is the _____________ of gametes.
16. Polar bodies are cells produced by ______________ in the female body.
They contain little more than DNA and are eventually _______________.
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Mendel’s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units.
VOCABULARY
trait purebred law of segregation
genetics cross
7. Mendel used pea plants, because they reproduce quickly / slowly, and he could
control how they grow / mate.
8. Mendel bred flowers resulting in F1 generation with dominant / recessive
phenotype. He then allowed the F1 generation offspring to self-pollinate. This
resulted in an F2 generation with dominant phenotypes only / both dominant
and recessive phenotypes.
9. Mendel concluded that traits are inherited as “discrete units.” Today, we call
these discrete units gametes / genes.
10. Mendel’s law of segregation has two conclusions:
i. Organisms inherit one copy / two copies of each gene, one from each parent.
ii. Genes segregate during gamete formation, so organisms donate one copy /
two copies of each gene in their gametes.
Vocabulary Check
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Genes encode proteins that produce a diverse range of traits.
VOCABULARY
gene heterozygous phenotype
allele genome dominant
homozygous genotype recessive
6. Genotype and phenotype differ. Use the statements below to fill in the
definition and an analogy for each one in the table.
a. The observable traits of an organism.
b. The underlying genetics of an organism.
c. A person’s thoughts that you can’t read.
d. A person’s words that tell you what they’re thinking about.
Definition Analogy
Genotype
Phenotype
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Complete the table by filling in the following terms: dominant, recessive, TT, Tt.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
The inheritance of traits follows the rules of probability.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square testcross law of independent assortment
monohybrid cross dihybrid cross probability
2. ________________
A a ________________
A AA Aa
1. _____________________ 3. _________________
_____________________ a Aa aa _________________
1. Circle the parts of the Punnett square that represent the parents’ alleles.
2. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring in this cross?
_________________________________________________
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best complete the following sentence.
3. Each parent contributes only one allele to the offspring, because the alleles
segregated during gamete formation, which is called ____________. During
this process, the ___________ chromosomes separated.
4. You know a ratio is a comparison that tells how two or more things relate.
Therefore, a genotypic ratio is a comparison that tells the proportion of
offspring that have a particular ____________. A phenotypic ratio is a
comparison that tells the proportion of offspring that have a particular
___________.
5. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 5.3? __________
6. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 5.4? ________
10. Probability predicts the average / exact number of occurrences, not the
average / exact number of occurrences.
11. To calculate the probability that two independent events will happen together,
divide / multiply the probability of each individual event.
Vocabulary Check
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis result in
genetic diversity.
VOCABULARY
crossing over genetic linkage
In the following table, indicate whether or not genes A and B will follow Mendel’s
law of independent assortment. Place the letter of each explanation listed below
into the appropriate box.
a. The chromosomes carrying those genes will line up randomly and separate
randomly during meiosis.
b. The genes are likely to be linked and to travel together during meiosis.
c. The genes will be far enough from each other that crossing over is very
likely to occur between them.
Will they follow Mendel’s law
Location of genes of independent assortment? Explanation
A and B (Yes or No) (a, b, or c)
7. On separate, nonhomologous
chromosomes
8. At opposite ends on the same
chromosome
9. Very close together on the
same chromosome
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.