Assignment # 1

UMAIR ALI F2020134009

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QUESTION#1:
ANSWER:
1. Internal Combustion Engines:
• fuel Engines: Typically used in automobiles, these engines ignite a combination of
fuel and air using a spark plug.

• Diesel engines: Usually used in trucks and certain vehicles, these engines utilize
compression to burn fuel instead of sparks.

2. External Combustion Engines:

Steam engines, which are often seen in industrial environments and older locomotives, use
steam to create power.

3. Electric Motors:
Direct current (DC) motors are often seen in cars and home appliances.
• Alternating current motors, or AC motors, are used in a variety of applications, such as
industrial equipment and fans.

4. Jet engines:
• Turbojet engines: Located in aircraft, these engines create thrust by breathing in air,
compressing it, adding fuel, and then ejecting it quickly.

• Turbofan engines: similar to turbojets, but with a big fan up front for more thrust and
efficiency.
5. Rocket Engines:
• Liquid Rocket Engines:
Combine and burn liquid propellants inside the combustion chamber.
• Solid Rocket Engines: These engines burn a solid propellant from the inside out.

6. Stirling engines:
These engines run on a closed-cycle thermodynamic process and are usually powered by an
external heat source.

7. Wahler Engines:
• Employ a rotational design in which an eccentric housing rotates a triangle rotor. often seen in
some Mazda automobiles.

8. Hybrid Engines:
In hybrid vehicles, two or more power sources are combined, such as gasoline engines and
electric motors.

QUESTION#2:
ANSWER:

1. Piston:
2. • Role: The piston is a cylinder that rides within the engine cylinder, rising and falling in
it. Compressing the air-fuel combination in the combustion chamber and transmitting
force from the expanding gasses to the connecting rod are two of its primary duties.

2. Connecting Rod:
• Role: The connecting rod establishes a connection between the piston and the crankshaft. It is
essential for converting the piston's linear motion into the crankshaft's rotating motion.

3. Crankshaft:
 • Function: The crankshaft consists of a central shaft that has cranks, or offset lobes. The
connecting rods transmit the pistons' up-and-down action to the crankshaft, which rotates as a
result. The vehicle's wheels are subsequently driven by this rotating motion, which is also used to
provide power for other purposes.

4. Cams and Camshaft:

• Function: The lobes on a camshaft have the form of an egg. The camshaft, which revolves at a
speed of half that of the crankshaft, is in charge of precisely timing the opening and shutting of
the engine's valves. By using this timing, the valves will open and shut at the appropriate times
throughout the engine's cycle.

5. Valve: • Function:
Air and exhaust gas flow into and out of the combustion chamber are regulated by valves, which
are essential. There are two kinds: exhaust valves that let combustion byproducts exit and intake
valves that let the air-fuel combination enter the cylinder.

6. Manifolds for Intake and Exhaust:

• Function: To provide a uniform distribution, the intake manifold distributes the air-fuel
combination from the fuel injector or carburetor to the cylinders. The exhaust gasses from the
cylinders are gathered and directed towards the exhaust system via the exhaust manifold.