l antibodies could neutralise the poisonous effect of toxins in the blood, kill the bacteria or

cause the bacteria to clump together, making it easier for them to be ingested.
l antibodies persisting in the body after a person has recovered from an infection make
that person immune to the pathogen.
 production of antibodies and tissue rejection
l to reduce tissue rejection during organ transplant.
 match the tissue of the donor with that of the recipient as closely as possible.
 use drugs to inhibit the activity of the immune system of the recipient.
 expose bone marrow and lymph tissues of the recipient to x-ray radiation, to inhibit production
of white blood cells, hence slowing down the rejection process.

4. There are four blood groups – A, B, AB and O. Each blood group is named after the antigen
present.
 antigens are represented by capital letters A and B
 antibodies may be represented by small letters a and b
 the table below shows the antigens and antibodies present in the different blood groups

Blood group Antigen on red blood cell Antibody in serum

A antigen A antibody b

B antigen B antibody a

AB antigen A and B no antibodies

O no antigen antibodies a and b

The Circulatory System

5. The circulatory system consists of a network of blood vessels connected to the heart.

6. As blood remains in the blood vessels, it is a closed circulatory system.

7. The heart is a double pump that gives rise to double circulation – the blood passes through the
heart twice in one complete circulation.

Lungs

Heart

Rest of body

(a) Double circulation

‘O’ Level Biology 62