TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL

WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT
NATIONAL IMFORMATION TECHONLOGY DELOPMENT
AGENCY (NITDA),
Ganguli, opposite Research,
Kzaure, Jigawa State
Email: info@nitda.gov.ng
Contact: 08168401851

BY
NASIR KABIR TA’AL
JSIIT/23/NDCE/0013
Computer Engineering,
Faculty of Computer Engineering Department,
Jigawa State Institute of Information Technology, Kazaure.
DEDICATION
To my parents, who taught me to be unique, determined, to believe in myself,
and to always preserve. I am truly thankful and honored to have you as my
parents.
ABSTRACT
This report is based on the student industrial work experience scheme held at
NITDA located at Kazaure, Jigawa. It provides a brief explanation about the
SIWES program such as its history, objectives, aims while also giving a
description of the work done in NITDA. It focuses on the technical exposure
gained from each department, such as the Computer science department and
Computer Engineering department. It gives account to some of the machine and
equipment used in the various department as well as its function. It also provides
insight in some of the challenges faced and gives a few recommendation on how to
further improve the program.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praised and adoration are to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my
source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the
source of my strength throughout this program.

I owe thanks to my parents for their unstinting support, co-operation,

encouragement and understanding throughout the span of this program and many
other close friends and family members.

I have taken effort in this report. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind of roles played by all the technical staffs of NITDA for their relentless
supports, guidance, constant supervision, and explanation of work(s) done even
though the work was so hectic. Other members of staff of NITDA who contributed
to one form, or the other are deeply appreciated and to the people who have
willingly helped me out with their abilities.
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I, Nasir Kabir Ta’al fromComputer Engineering

Department, Faculty of Computer Engineering, Jigawa State Institute of
Information Technology, Nigeria underwent the four months Students
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) at NITDA, opposite research
Kazaure, Jigawa State from September 2023 to the 8 th of January 2024. I also
declare that to the best of my knowledge, all sources of knowledge used have
been duly acknowledged.

---------------------------------------

Nasir Kabir Ta’al

JSIIT/23/NDCE/0013

Contents
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................4
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................5
1. CHAPTER ONE: THE SIWES........................................................................................................8
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Why SIWES?.......................................................................................................................................9
1.3 Importance of SIWES.........................................................................................................................9
2. CHAPTER TWO: NATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AGENCY (NITDA)...........10
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Why NITDA......................................................................................................................................10
2.3 Organizational Structure of NITDA...................................................................................................11
3. CHAPTER 3: WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCED GAINED.....................................................12
3.1 Internet............................................................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................12
3.1.2 Characteristics of Internet........................................................................................................12
3.1.3 List of hardware requirements to set up internet.....................................................................13
3.1.4 Software requirements to set up an Internet connection typically include:.............................15
3.1.5 Types of Internet......................................................................................................................16
3.2 Search engines.................................................................................................................................16
3.2.1 List of search engines................................................................................................................16
3.3 Microsoft Office Package.................................................................................................................17
3.3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................17
3.3.2 Microsoft Office word...............................................................................................................17
3.3.3 Microsoft Office excel...............................................................................................................19
3.3.4 Microsoft Office PowerPoint.....................................................................................................20
3.3.5 Microsoft Office Access.............................................................................................................22
3.3.6 Microsoft Office Outlook..........................................................................................................23
3.3.7 Microsoft Office Publisher........................................................................................................23
3.4 Camera............................................................................................................................................23
3.4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................23
3.4.2 Basics part of camera................................................................................................................24
3.4.3 Types of Camera 📷....................................................................................................................25
 3.4.4 Photoshop................................................................................................................................25
3.4.4 Brief on Photoshop using cannon Camera................................................................................26
3.5 Brief Receive on Computer..............................................................................................................26
3.5.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................26
3.6 Computer motherboard..................................................................................................................29
3.6.1 Design of a computer motherboard.........................................................................................30
3.6.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD..........................................................32
CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................33
5.1 Summary and Conclusions:..............................................................................................................33
5.2 Problem Faced During SIWES Program............................................................................................33
5.3 Recommendations...........................................................................................................................33
REFRENCE..............................................................................................................................................35
 1. CHAPTER ONE: THE SIWES

1.1 Introduction

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills training
program, which forms part of the approved minimum Academic Standards in the various degree
program for all the Nigerian Universities. It is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and
jointly co-ordinate by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities
Commission (NUC).
It is also designed to expose and prepare students at Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of
Technology, Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of Education for the industrial work situation
they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme also affords students the opportunity of
familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and
machinery that are usually not available in their Institutions. Before the establishment of the
scheme, there was a growing concern among our industrialists that graduates of our Institutions
of higher learning lacked adequate practical background studies preparatory for employment in
Industries. Thus, the employers believed the theoretical education going on in higher institutions
was not responsive to the needs of the employers of labor. It is against this background that the
rationale for initiating and designing the scheme by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) during its
formative years – 1973/74 was introduced to acquaint students with the skills of handling
employers’ equipment and machinery. The ITF solely funded the scheme during its formative
years. But as the financial involvement became unbearable to the Fund, it withdrew from the
Scheme in 1978. The Federal Government handed over the scheme in 1979 to both the National
Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Later
the Federal Government in November 1984 revert the management and implementation of the
SIWES Programmed to ITF and it was effectively taken over by the Industrial Training Fund in
July 1985 with the funding being solely borne by the Federal Government (SA'AD, 2018).
1.2 Why SIWES?
SIWES (Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme) is a program established in Nigeria to
address the issue of lack of adequate practical skills among graduates of tertiary institutions
preparing for employment in industries. The programs aims to provide students with industrial-
based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work. Through
SIWES students are exposed to handling machinery and equipment that may not be available in
their educational institutions, thereby making them more employable and better prepared for the
job market. Overall, SIWES helps bridge the gap between theory and practice, ensuring that
graduates have the necessary skills and knowledge required by employers.

1.3 Importance of SIWES

 It provides students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real life
situations.
 It strengthens links between the employers, universities, and industrial training fund (ITF).
 It also prepares the students for the labor market after graduation (Hameed, 2019).
 It helps in increasing self-confidence and identifying their own proficiency.
 The industrial training program improves students’ awareness in single technology.
 The learners can obtain hands-on experience and know the real job scenario
It cultivates the leadership ability of the students and gives them the responsibility to execute and
perform the given task (NIMS, 2018).
2. CHAPTER TWO: NATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
AGENCY (NITDA)
2.1 Introduction
The National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) is a public service
institute that implements the ICT policy of the Federal Ministry of Communication and Digital
Economy. NITDA is responsible for developing IT standards, guidelines, and framework for
Nigeria.

NITDA was created in April 2001 to policy and co-ordinate general IT development in the
country. National Information Technology Development Act (2007) mandate us to create a
framework for planning, research, development, monitoring, evaluation, and regulation of
Information Technology practices, activities and systems in Nigeria.

NITDA role therefore is to develop, regulate and advice on Information technology in the
country through regulatory standards, guidelines and policies. Additionally, NITDA is the
clearing house for all IT projects and infrastructural development in the country. It is the prime
agency for e-government implementation, internet governance and General IT development in
Nigeria.

NITDA is poised to actualize its mammoth mandate through strategic and inclusive stakeholder
management, local and international partnership and efficient utilization of resources in the
interest of Nigeria.

It plays advisory role in copyright law in tandem with the applicable laws by verification and
revision of software and technology acquisition. Majority of these activities are achieved through
organization of workshops which cater for training needs of her staff government functionaries
and education sectors.

2.2 Why NITDA

NITDA’s National digital Literacy Framework provides a standardized curriculum for digital
literacy capacity building training, ensuring consistent and high quality education across Nigeria.
The framework aims to make digital literacy accessible to everyone, reducing disparities in
access to digital technologies and resources. By improving digital literacy, NITDA hopes to
create new job opportunities and support economic growth in Nigeria.
2.3 Organizational Structure of NITDA
 3. CHAPTER 3: WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCED GAINED
3.1 Internet
3.1.1 Introduction
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that utilizes the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to facilitate communication between networks and devices. It comprises
a wide array of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, ranging from
local to global scale. These networks are linked via various electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies, enabling the exchange of vast amounts of information and resources,
such as the World Wide Web, emails, telephony, and file sharing.

Originating from research focused on time-sharing of computer resources and packet switching
in the 1960s, the Internet has its roots in projects funded by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA). Its primary function is to provide a robust and versatile
communications infrastructure, ensuring seamless data transmission irrespective of the device or
location.

To access the Internet, users typically connect their devices to the network via physical cables,
wireless connections, or networking technologies like Local Area Networks (LAN),
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN). This connection allows
users to engage with various aspects of the Internet, including the World Wide Web, which is a
network of computers and servers connected through the Internet.

Web browsers serve as essential tools for accessing and viewing websites hosted on the Internet.
While browsers allow users to interact with content displayed on websites, it is crucial to
understand that the browser itself is not the Internet. Rather, it functions as a gateway to access
and visualize the wealth of information available on the Internet.

3.1.2 Characteristics of Internet

1. Global Service: The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that
enables users worldwide to access and share information.
2. Standardized Protocols: The Internet uses standardized protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP
for communication and sharing information among different networks and devices.
3. High Degree of Interactivity: The Internet offers a wide range of interactive services,
including email, social media, online gaming, and video conferencinand
 4. Digital Data Transmission: The Internet primarily transmits data in digital form, enabling
faster and more reliable communication compared to traditional analog transmission.
5. Scalable Architecture: The Internet’s architecture is highly scalable, supporting millions
of connected devices and networks while maintaining efficient communication.
6. Openness: The Internet is an open platform that encourages innovation and collaboration,
allowing anyone to contribute to its growth and development.
7. Resilient Network: The Internet is built upon redundant connections and distributed
routing, making it resilient to failures and ensuring continuous availability.
8. Secure Communication: While no system is entirely secure, the Internet offers several
security measures, including encryption, firewalls, and virtual private networks (VPNs),
to protect user privacy and sensitive data.
9. User Empowerment: The Internet empowers individuals and businesses alike by
providing them with unprecedented access to information, tools, and opportunities for
collaboration and engagement.
10. Continuous Evolution: The Internet is constantly evolving, driven by technological
advancements and changing user needs, ensuring that it remains relevant and valuable in
an ever-changing world.

3.1.3 List of hardware requirements to set up internet

 Modem
 Router
 Ethernet cable
1. Modem: A modem is required to convert the signal received from the ISP into a format
that can be understood by your devices. It acts as a bridge between your devices and the

internet.

2. Router: A router is used to distribute the internet connection throughout your network. It
directs traffic between your devices and the modem, ensuring that each device gets the
necessary bandwidth.
 3. Ethernet Cables: Ethernet cables are used to physically connect your devices to the router
or modem. They are available in varying lengths and categories depending on the speed
and distance required.

3.1.4 Software requirements to set up an Internet connection typically include:

a. Operating System (OS): The OS should support necessary networking protocols
such as TCP/IP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, and HTTP. Common examples of OS that
support these protocols include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and Chrome
OS.
b. Internet Browser: A web browser is essential to access websites and online
applications. Popular options include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari,
Microsoft Edge, and Opera.
c. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Software: Depending on the ISP, there might be
specific software required for configuring the Internet connection. These
programs help manage user accounts, monitor usage, and troubleshoot issues
related to the Internet connection.
 d. Virtual Private Network (VPN) Client: Optional, depending on whether users
intend to establish VPN connections for added privacy or remote access purposes.
Examples of popular VPN clients include Cisco AnyConnect, OpenVPN, and
NordVPN.

e. Email Clients: Although not strictly necessary since web versions of email
platforms exist, standalone email client software like Microsoft Outlook,
Thunderbird, or Apple Mail can provide more efficient management of emails
offline and improved integration with calendar and contact functionalities.

3.1.5 Types of Internet

1. Fiber optic internet
2. Cable internet
3. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) internet
4. 5G internet
5. 4G LTE internet
6. Fixed wireless internet
7. Satellite internet

3.2 Search engines

Search engines are software systems that assist users in finding web pages that match a given
search query by searching the World Wide Web in a systematic manner. They present the search
results in the form of search engine results pages (SERPs) containing links, images, videos, and
other types of files. Search engines rely on algorithms and web crawlers to index and retrieve
real-time information from the web. While general-purpose search engines like Google and Bing
cover the entire web, specialized and country-specific search engines focus on specific types of
content or geographic regions. Search engines play a crucial role in helping businesses increase
their visibility through search engine optimization (SEO) strategies.

3.2.1 List of search engines

1. Google
2. Bing
 3. Yandex (.ru)
4. DuckDuckGo
5. Yandex (.com)
6. Ecosia
7. Seznam
8. AOL
9. Qwant
10. Brave Search

3.3 Microsoft Office Package

3.3.1 Introduction
Microsoft Office, often referred to as Office, is a collection of productivity software and related
services developed by Microsoft. It includes popular applications like Word (word processing),
Excel (spreadsheets), PowerPoint (presentations), Outlook (email and calendaring), Access
(database management), and Publisher (desktop publishing). These applications can be
purchased individually or together as a bundle. Microsoft offers various versions of Office
compatible with different operating systems and in multiple languages. Some Office applications
are also available as web-based versions, allowing users to create, edit, and share documents via
a web browser. Microsoft Office was initially launched in 1990, and over the years, it has
evolved significantly, adding numerous features and functionalities to enhance productivity and
collaboration.

3.3.2 Microsoft Office word

Overview of Microsoft Word: Microsoft Word is a versatile and feature-rich word processing
application that forms a crucial component of the Microsoft Office Suite. Its development began
in the early 1980s, and since then, it has evolved significantly into a sophisticated tool capable of
handling complex documentation requirements. With its intuitive interface and extensive
functionalities, Microsoft Word has become indispensable for professionals, students, and
individuals alike.
.

3.3.2.1 Basic Features & Capabilities:

 Text Formatting: Apply different font styles, sizes, colors, and formats to make text stand
out.
 Page Layout Customization: Modify margins, headers, footers, columns, and background
elements to tailor document appearance.
 Spellcheck & Grammar Tools: Ensure error-free content with built-in spelling and
grammar checks.
 Table Support: Organize data efficiently using tables with customizable properties.
 Image Integration: Embed media elements, such as photos, charts, and shapes, directly
within the document.
 Track Changes & Collaborative Authoring: Facilitate collaboration among team members
while maintaining version history.
 Templates & Predefined Styles: Utilize prebuilt templates and style sets to streamline
document creation.
 Macro Recording: Automate repetitive tasks via macro recording and playback
3.3.2.2 Advanced Functionalities:
 Mail Merge: Personalize mass communication materials, such as emails, envelopes,
labels, and mailing lists.
 Equations Editor: Insert mathematical equations and symbols seamlessly.
 Content Controls: Implement structured authoring and dynamic content functionality.
 Conditional Formatting: Dynamically apply formatting based on specified conditions.
 Field Functions: Add placeholders for automated information updates, such as date, time,
and page numbering.
 Digital Signatures: Secure electronic signatures for legal compliance and authenticity
assurance.
 Compatibility Across Platforms: Seamless integration between PC, Mac, Web, and
Mobile versions.

3.3.3 Microsoft Office excel

MIcrosoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet program that is part of the Microsoft Office Suite,
including Word, PowerPoint, and others. It is used for managing, organizing, and analyzing
data in tabular format through rows and columns. Each intersection of a row and a column
creates a cell, identified by a unique cell reference (address). Excel offers several features,
such as built-in functions, formulas, conditional formatting, data validation, pivot tables, and
charting capabilities. Users can manipulate data, automate repetitive tasks using Macros,
collaborate, share files, and access them online via OneDrive. With extensive tutorials and
 resources available, learning Excel enhances productivity and efficiency in personal and
professional settings.

3.3.3.1 Basics Features & Capabilities:

 Spreadsheet Structure: Excel’s primary feature is its grid-based structure, allowing users
to create spreadsheets with rows and columns for organizing and managing data.
 Formulas and Functions: Excel enables performing calculations and operations on data
through formulas and functions, such as SUM, AVERAGE, IF, and VLOOKUP.
 Data Visualization Tools: Excel offers powerful data visualization tools, enabling users to
represent data visually using charts, graphs, and sparklines.
 Sorting and Filtering Options: Excel’s robust sorting and filtering capabilities allow users
to arrange and sift through large datasets easily.
 Conditional Formatting: Excel lets users automatically format cells based on predefined
conditions, emphasizing critical data points, trends, or outliers.
 Data Analysis ToolPak: This collection of statistical functions and tools supports
advanced statistical analysis, including regression analysis, sampling, and hypothesis
testing.
 Custom Cell Formatting: Users can enhance the clarity and presentation of spreadsheets
using custom cell formats, font styles, colors, and borders.
 Excel Tables: Excel allows users to convert ranges of data into structured tables,
providing additional functionality like automatic formula expansion and banded row
shading.
 External Data Connections: Excel facilitates importing and linking external data sources,
such as databases, websites, and text files, directly into worksheets.
 Macros and Automation: Excel supports macros—recordings of repetitive tasks—
enabling users to automate processes and increase efficiency.

3.3.4 Microsoft Office PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a popular presentation program that was first created by Robert
Gaskins and Dennis Austin at Forethought, Inc., and was later acquired by Microsoft in 1987.
Initially released for Macintosh computers, PowerPoint quickly became a staple application
for creating and delivering professional presentations. Over the years, it has evolved to
include various 5 Microsoft Office Access features such as transition effects, animation, and
 multimedia integration. Today, PowerPoint is available as part of the Microsoft Office Suite
for Windows, macOS, and mobile devices, enabling users to create, edit, and share
presentations from anywhere. With its powerful tools and ease of use, PowerPoint remains a
go-to solution for businesses, educators, and individuals alike.

3.3.4.1 Basics Features & Capabilities:

 Pre-designed Slide Templates: PowerPoint offers a variety of pre-built slide templates
that allow users to create visually appealing presentations quickly. These templates cover
various categories, including business, education, personal, and more.
 Slide Master: This feature enables users to manage the overall look and feel of their
presentations by setting common elements like background, color schemes, and font
styles for multiple slides at once. Changes made to the Slide Master will apply
consistently throughout the presentation.
 Animations and Transitions: PowerPoint includes numerous animation effects and slide
transition options to enhance the visual interest of presentations. Users can animate
individual slide objects, control timing, and even trigger animations during live
presentations.
 Multimedia Integration: PowerPoint supports embedding various media formats within
slides, such as images, videos, audio files, and even interactive elements like hyperlinks
and buttons. This capability enriches the storytelling experience and improves
engagement.
 Collaboration Tools: PowerPoint facilitates collaborative editing among teams by
allowing simultaneous access to shared presentations via OneDrive or SharePoint. Team
members can view, comment, and suggest edits, streamlining the review process.
 Presenter View: An exclusive mode available for speakers, Presenter View displays
speaker notes, current slide, next slide, and a clock or timer while presenting. This feature
assists presenters in delivering smooth and confident presentations.
 Easy-to-use Interface: PowerPoint boasts an intuitive user interface, ensuring ease of use
for both beginners and experienced professionals alike. Key functionality is readily
accessible from the home tab, simplifying the process of designing and delivering
presentations.
  Flexible Content Creation: PowerPoint accommodates diverse content forms, ranging
from basic text and bullet points to complex tables, charts, diagrams, and SmartArt
graphics. This flexibility caters to varying presentation needs and preferences.
 Organisation and Structure: PowerPoint offers robust tools for managing large
presentations, including section breaks, outline views, and hierarchical slide sorting.
Maintaining organisation becomes effortless, regardless of presentation size.

3.3.5 Microsoft Office Access

Microsoft Access is a database management system that is part of the Microsoft 365 office suite.
It combines Microsoft’s relational Jet Database Engine with software development tools and a
graphical user interface (GUI), and was first released in November 1992. Access is known for its
ease-of-use in creating business applications, from templates or from scratch, and offers a wide
range of features including a user-friendly interface, customizable templates, macros for
automating tasks, modules for writing custom code, and built-in security features. It also offers
the capability to store data in SQL Server and Microsoft Azure SQL for enhanced reliability,
scalability, security, and long-term manageability. Access is designed for handling large scale
projects and accommodating multiple simultaneous users, making it a more robust option
compared to programs like Microsoft Excel for database management needs.

3.3.5.1 Basic and capabilities of Ms Access

 Database creation and management: MS Access allows you to create and manage
relational databases, including defining tables, setting up relationships, and implementing
data integrity rules.
 Data import and export: Easily move data between MS Access and external sources, such
as Excel, CSV, or XML files, enabling smooth data migration and integration.
 Advanced querying: Utilize sophisticated query techniques, such as parameter queries,
crosstab queries, and action queries, to analyze and manipulate data efficiently.
 SQL support: Write complex queries using Structured Query Language (SQL) for
advanced data manipulation and extraction.
 Custom coding with VBA: Extend the functionality of your databases by writing Visual
Basic for Applications (VBA) code for custom procedures, functions, and event handling.
 User-friendly forms: Design interactive forms with various control options, ensuring
accurate data input and enhancing usability.
  Powerful reporting: Generate detailed and visually appealing reports based on your data,
helping you make informed decisions.
 Integration with Microsoft Office products: Seamlessly integrate MS Access with other
Microsoft applications, such as Excel, Word, and Outlook, for enhanced collaboration
and data exchange.
 Normalization and optimization: Structure your data properly using normalization
principles and optimizing indexes and data types for improved performance.
 Learning resources and community support: Leverage extensive learning materials and
active communities to maximize your proficiency in utilizing MS Access’s features.

3.3.6 Microsoft Office Outlook

MSM Outlook is a powerful email software and information management tool that is part of the
Microsoft Office Suite. It offers various features for sending and receiving emails, managing
calendars, contacts, and tasks, and integrating with other Microsoft Office applications. Its
capabilities range from basic email functionalities to advanced features such as rules, quick parts,
and VBA for automation. MS Outlook is designed to help individuals and organizations
streamline their communications, increase productivity, and stay organized.

3.3.7 Microsoft Office Publisher

Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application that is part of the Microsoft Office suite,
aimed at providing affordable and easy-to-use features for designing professional-looking
publications. Its primary focus is on page layout and graphic design, making it suitable for small
businesses, everyday users, educators, parents, or freelancers who need to create branding and
sales materials but lack extensive graphic design experience. With a variety of pre-designed
templates and intuitive drag-and-drop functionality, users can create anything from simple
greeting cards to sophisticated newsletters and marketing materials.

3.4 Camera
3.4.1 Introduction
A camera is a device used to capture and store images, either digitally or chemically, by
controlling the amount of light that reaches a light-sensitive surface. At its core, a camera is
composed of a light-tight box, a glass lens to focus the light, and a light-sensitive surface, such as
film or a digital sensor, within the box to capture the image created by the light. Modern cameras
come in various forms and serve different purposes, including single-lens reflex (SLR), large-
format and medium-format cameras, compact cameras, rangefinder cameras, motion picture
cameras, and digital cameras. With advancements in technology, particularly in smartphones, the
line between dedicated cameras and multifunctional devices has become increasingly blurred.In
1685, Johann Zahn proposed a design for what would become the handheld reflex camera,
although it was not physically built until 1816 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. Niépce’s prototype
laid the foundation for the development of the first photographic camera, which he created
around 1826 using silver chloride-lined paper to make photographic images.Digital photography
started gaining traction in the late 20 th century, with Steven Sasson building the first digital
camera at Eastman Kodak in 1975. Since then, digital cameras and camera phones have
continued evolving, offering increasingly sophisticated features while maintaining ease of use
and accessibility.

3.4.2 Basics part of camera

 Lens – This component gathers and focuses light onto the image sensor. Different lenses
have varying properties like focal length and aperture size, affecting the captured image’s
perspective, brightness, and depth of field.
  Shutter – The shutter controls the duration of light exposure on the image sensor. When
released, the shutter opens briefly, exposing the sensor to light reflected off the scene
being photographed before closing again.
 Aperture – Located within the lens, the aperture is an opening that changes size to
regulate the amount of incoming light. Adjusting the aperture affects the depth of field,
with larger openings resulting in shallower depths of field and vice versa.
 Image Sensor – Found inside the camera body, the image sensor converts the light
focused by the lens into electrical signals. These signals are subsequently processed and
stored as digital images.
 Viewfinder – This provides a way for the photographer to see the scene they intend to
capture. Some cameras employ an eye-level optical viewfinder, while others rely solely
on a live preview displayed on an integrated screen.
 Body – Housing the internal mechanisms and electronics required for operation, the
camera body supports the attachment of other components like lenses and batteries.
 Memory Card Slot – Allowing removable storage, the memory card slot enables users to
save and transfer captured images easily. Various formats cater to diverse performance
requirements and capacity preferences.

3.4.3 Types of Camera 📷

 Point-and-Shoot Camera / Compact Digital Camera
 DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) Camera
 Mirrorless Camera
 Action Camera
 360-degree Camera
 Medium Format Camera
 Bridge Camera

3.4.4 Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop is a highly popular and powerful raster graphics editor developed and
published by Adobe Inc., mainly for Windows and macOS platforms. First introduced in 1988 by
Thomas and John Knoll, Photoshop quickly became the de facto standard for professional digital
art and image manipulation. Its versatile layer-based editing system facilitates various visual
creations and modifications, supporting multiple overlays and adjustments. With its extensive
range of features, Photoshop handles not only raster images but also offers limited editing
capabilities for text, vector graphics, 3D graphics, and videos. Users can expand its
functionalities via third-party plugins.

3.4.4 Brief on Photoshop using cannon Camera

 Photoshop CS5 can be used to edit Canon camera RAW files, although it may not support
the latest camera models.
 To use the latest RAW files, you can convert them to Digital Negative (DNG) format
using the free Adobe DNG Converter.
 Another option is to use Canon’s free Digital Photo Professional (DPP) software, which
is specifically designed for Canon cameras and provides accurate RAW conversions.
 Adobe Lightroom is a popular alternative to DPP, offering powerful cataloging and file
management tools, as well as RAW processing capabilities.
 Adobe Photoshop is a highly capable image editor, suitable for professional use, but it
comes with a steep learning curve due to its vast array of features.
 Sharpening should be applied as the final step in the editing process, after all other
adjustments and resizing. In DPP, the recommended starting point for sharpening is
Strength at 4, Fineness at 2, and Threshold at 1.

3.5 Brief Receive on Computer

3.5.1 Introduction
In our first few days in the training department, we were made to understand the design and working
principles of computers’ components, it is important to have the design knowledge of both laptop and
desktop computers before proceeding into their hardware repair and software installations. The
manufacturer of computers must know what brand of computer to produce for a targeted market. We were
made to understand that there are three components of a computer, these are:

i. Hardware

ii. Software

iii. Human ware

3.5.1.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE
The hardware refers to the physical components and the devices which make up the visible computer. It
can be divided into two: Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the Peripherals. The CPU is responsible for
all processing that the computer does while the peripherals are responsible for feeding data into the
system and for collecting information from the system. The CPU consists of Main Storage, Arithmetic
and Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit. The main storage is used for storing data to be processed as
well as the instructions for processing them. The ALU is the unit for arithmetic and logical operations.
The control unit ensures the smooth operation of the other hardware units. It fetches instruction, decode
(interprets) the instruction and issues commands to the units responsible for executing the instructions.
(Rossmann et al., 1975)
The Peripherals are in three categories: Input devices, Output devices and Auxiliary storage devices. The
input device is used for supplying data and instructions to the computer. Examples are terminal
Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Microphone, Scanner, Webcam, and so on. Output device is used for
obtaining result (information) from the computer. Examples are Printers, Video Display Unit (VDU),
loudspeaker, projector, and so on. Auxiliary Storage Devices are used for storing information on a long-
term basis. Examples are hard disk, flash disk, magnetic tape, memory card, and so on (Babatunde,
2019).

Fig. 3.1 computer keyboard, mouse, and motherboard

3.5.1.2 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Software basically refers to programs written to control the operations of computer hardware. A program
consists of sequence of coded instructions showing the logical steps required to accomplish a well-
defined task. It also refers to the instructions, programs, data, and protocols which run on top of hardware
(Alfred, 2021). Examples of such tasks include:
1. Finding the average score of a student

2. Computing the net pay of an employee

3. Solving a set of simultaneous linear equations

It is the software that enables the hardware to be put into effective use; i. e the software that makes the
computer versatile. There are two main categories of software – System software and Application
software.
 i. System software are programs commonly written by computer manufacturers, which have
direct effect on the control, performance and ease of usage of the computer system.
Examples are Operating System, Language Translators, and System Utilities Programs.

Fig. 3.2 System software (operating systems)

ii. Application software are programs written by a user to solve his/her own application problem. They
do not have any effect on the efficiency of the computer system. An example is a program to calculate the
grade point average of all the 100L students. Application software can be divided into two namely:
Application Package and User’s Application Program. When application programs are written in a
very generalized and standardized nature such that they can be adopted by several different organizations
or persons to solve similar problem, they are called Application Packages. There are a few micro-
computer-based packages. These include word processors (such as MS-word, WordPerfect, WordStar);
Database packages (such as Oracle, MS-access, Sybase, SQL Server, and Informix); Spreadsheet
packages (such as Lotus 1-2-3 and MS-Excel); Graphic packages (such as CorelDraw, Fireworks,
Photoshop etc.), and Statistical packages (such as SPSS). User’s Application Program is a program
written by the user to solve specific problem which is not generalized in nature. Examples include writing
a program to find the roots of quadratic equation, payroll application program, and program to compute
students’ results (Babatunde, 2019).

Fig. 3.3 computer application packages

3.5.1.3 HUMANWARE

The human ware component refers to the person that uses the computer. More specifically, it is about the
individual that makes hardware and software components productive. Typically, a great deal of testing is
done on software packages and hardware parts to ensure they enhance the end-user experience to aid in
creating documents, musical and video recordings, and all forms of raw and finished data (Alfred, 2021).

Fig. 3.4 human ware

3.6 Computer motherboard

A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit board, or mobo) is the main printed circuit
board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows
communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as
the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.
Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central
processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other
components integrated for general use.
Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this
board is often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include
peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards: sound cards, video cards, network cards, host
bus adapters; and a variety of other custom components.
Fig. 3.61 laptop motherboard

3.6.1 Design of a computer motherboard

The Fig3.20 is a circuit diagram of a laptop motherboard. A motherboard provides the electrical
connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it
also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.
A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential
components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage,
controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the
motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly
common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.
Fig 3.62 Circuit diagram of laptop motherboard

An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides

the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset
determines, to an extent, the features, and capabilities of the motherboard.

Components of modern motherboards

 CPU sockets (or CPU slots) in which one or more microprocessors may be installed. In the case of
CPUs in ball grid array packages, such as the VIA Nano and the Goldmont Plus, the CPU is directly
soldered to the motherboard.
 Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form
of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips can be DDR3, DDR4 or DDR5.
 The chipset which forms an interface between the CPU, main memory, and peripheral buses
 Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the
system's firmware or BIOS
 The clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components
 Slots for expansion cards (the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
 Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it
to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007, some graphics
cards (e.g. GeForce 8 and Radeon R600) require more power than the motherboard can provide,
and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.
 Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives,
typically SATA and NVMe now.

3.6.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD

A motherboard is at the core of every computer system. In desktop models it usually lines the
floor of the system. In tower and mini-tower models, it lies along one of the sides. A
motherboard’s components and features define a PC’s potential and upgrade path. Virtually
every essential computer part, data bus, or electrical subsystem attaches to the motherboard in
some way. If the motherboard fails, the computer will not function (Holzberg, 2002).
Also, a computer motherboard could be identified by the components that attach to it and the
layout of its parts. The most important motherboard component is the microprocessor or CPU.
Other significant components include the number of memory slots onboard, the maximum
amount of memory the board supports, available PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slots,
the system bus or maze of wires connecting the CPU to the PC’s numerous components, whether
the board has integrated audio or modem circuitry, and the range of speeds supported by the
processor.
As the motherboard works, data and timing signals transfer from one connected component to
another by way of interconnected leads etched into the board. These leads are known as the
system bus. The power supply (which also connects to the motherboard) distributes power to
system components via the bus. The processor also communicates with motherboard components
by sending and receiving instructions and data over the bus. A motherboard is designed to take
advantage of particular technology. For example, certain processors function correctly only when
installed on particular motherboards and chipsets. You won’t be able to take advantage of new
technology (a speedier processor or different type of graphics, for example) if the board installed
in your computer lacks the appropriate circuitry.
 CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary and Conclusions:
The whole experience gained during the attachment at NITDA was very enlightening. The
practical skills we were exposed to and the opportunity to relate with typical situations relating to
computer technology. These experiences have successfully broadened my understanding and
interest in Computer Engineering and Science as a profession especially in the field of Control
and Automation engineering.
The training was worthwhile, has it accorded me the privilege of gaining insight into job
preparation as well as what it meant to carry out proper inspection and also working condition
under stress which in a way prepares undergraduates for the outside world after school.
The program gave me the privilege to relate with senior professionals and other students from
different institutions and this experience made me appreciate the nature, benefits, and intricacies
of my chosen field of study both in the classroom and in the society at large while also gives me
the opportunity to put into practice the theoretical knowledge acquired throughout my stay in
school. The program has given me the rare privilege of gaining practical knowledge and widened
my knowledge about the application of Computer Engineering in the world.

5.2 Problem Faced During SIWES Program

Some of the problems experienced during the SIWES program.

To be honest, I haven’t faced any problem while during my SIWES program at NITDA.
Everything was going really well.

5.3 Recommendations
Based on the experience and knowledge acquired at the course of the SIWES training, I hereby
give the following recommendation based on my observations.
1. Proper orientation should be given to the students by the institute and universities before they
go on SIWES at least before mid-semester break of first semester.
2. I recommend that substantial percent of the National budget should go into the development,
improvement and sustenance of the power sector. Doing this would help improve Electricity
production and in turn improve development and industrialization and subsequently, the income
the country generates.

3. Student should avoid prioritizing money over work and experience and should develop a good
attitude, good work ethics.

4. Institution and ITF should ensure that students are attached at relevant establishment for
effective training, experience and exposure related to their course of study in the school.
i
REFRENCE
i
1. History of nitda
https://en.m.wikpedia.org
2. https://swiftreporters.com/nitda-dg-vows-to-revive-informatics-kazaure/..
Swiftreporters.com
3. Nitda bagroud
https://nitda.gov.ng
4. Mattewreport
www.resaerchgate.net
5. https://blackboxai.com