CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, Aditya Patel student of Class

12th C, has successfully completed the CBSE
PHYSICS project under the guidance of Mr
Bharat Sir for the academic year 2023-24.

_____________ _______________
External Examiner Internal Examiner

_______________
Principal
School Stamp _____________
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to our principal Ms. Shubhra Srivastava
for her encouragement and for all the facilities
that she provided for this project work.

I extend my hearty thanks to Bharat Sir , Physics

teacher, who guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this opportunity
to express my deep sense of gratitude for his
guidance, constant encouragement, constructive
comments, sympathetic attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all
stages of this project work. I would like to thank

finalizing this project

my parents and friends who helped me in

1.AIM
2.APPARATUS
3.THEORY
4.PROCEDURE
5.DIAGRAM
6.OBSERVATION
7.CALCULATION
8.RESULT
9.PRECAUTIONS
10.SOURCES OF
ERROR
11. BIBLOGRAPHY
AIM:
TO FIND REFRACTIVE INDICES OF WATER
AND TURPENTINE OIL USING A PLANE
MIRROR, A EQUICONVEX LENS (MADE
FROM A GLASS OF KNOWN REFRACTIVE
INDEX) AND AN ADJUSTABLE OBJECT
NEEDLE.

APPARATUS:
A CONVEX LENS, AN OPTICAL NEEDLE, A
PLANE MIRROR, A CLAMP STAND, A
SPHEROMETER, A PLUMB LINE, METER
SCALE, WATER AND TURPENTINE OIL.
,
Theory:

Let’ s add small amount of water on a flat, plane

surface and place a convex lens over it. This forms
a plano-concave lens of water between the lower
surface of convex lens and plane mirror.
Let f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of water lens and
convex lens respectively, then focal length of the
combination is:
The focal length of the plano-concave lens is
From Lens Maker’ s formula

R1 = Rand R2 = for water lens

The refractive index of water is

(where ‘ R’ is the radius of

curvature of the concave
surfaces of the plano-concave
lens).
The Radius of curvature of
the lens, is…(iii)
Procedure:

I.For finding the focal length of convex lens:

(i)Measure the rough focal length of the

convex lens.

(ii)Place
the plane mirror with the convex lens
placed on it above the horizontal base of a
clamp stand horizontally as its

tip lies vertically above the optical center of the

lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little more
than the rough focal length of the convex lens.

Remove the convex lens and measure the

 distance of the tip of the needle from the plane
mirror. Let it be x2. (Use plumb line).

Repeat and record all the observations

II. For finding the focal length of the plano-

concave lens:
Pour few drops of water over the plane

mirror and place the convex lens over it.

Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as done above.

Repeat the procedure with turpentine

oil also.

III.DetermineFor finding ‘ l’ :the pitch and

least count of scale of the spherometer.
Place the
spherometer on the dried surface of the
convex lens. Turn the screw downwards
very gently till the tip of the screw just
touches the lens. Read and record the
reading.
Keep the spherometer’ s legs on the base
of a paper and adjusting the central
screw, find the pricks A, B and C of the
three legs of the spherometer. Join the
centres of the three pricks and measure
the lengths with the half-metre scale.
Note the values of AB, BC and AC.
 Fig: (a) to find focal length of convex
lens
(b)for the length of legs AB, BC, CA
of the spherometer

Fig: to find focal length of the plano concave lens

OBSERVATIONS
 Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm Least
count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1)AB = 3 cm
(2)BC = 3 cm
(3)CA = 3 cm

TABLE FOR CALCULATION OF ‘ H’

TO MEASURE FOCAL LENGTH F ‘ OF

S.NO Initial NO. of Final Additio H=n Mean

reading comple reading nnal C.S x “h”
of the te of the div. pitc
C.S on rotatio C.S on moved h+
the ns the mx
convex glass L.C
lens(a) slab

1 62 0 6.5 55.5
0.55 0.57
5

2 64 0 4 60 0.6 75
 CONVEX LENS
Distance of needle
tip from
Area S.N Tip of Upper M Focal
between o the surface e lengt
lens an upper of th an h
d surface of e plane x=
plane the convex mirror
mirror lens X2
X1

Without 1 30.5 31 30.75 f1 =

liquid 2 36.7 37.2 36.95 33.85
With 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 f2=34
water 2 37.5 38.1 37.8 .7
With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=10
2 10.4 10,6 10.5
CALCULATIONS
Mean distance between two legs

=3 cm Mean h = 0.7557
cm To find the radius of curvature
of the convex lens:

Measurement of refractive indices of

water and turpentine oil
1) With water between the convex
lens and the plane mirror:

2) With turpentine oil between the

convex lens and the plane mirror
RESULT
The refractive index of water is µ1 =
1.06552
The refractive indexof turpentine oil is
µ2 = 1.22736
Precautions
The screw of the spherometer should be
moved in one direction only to avoid
backlash error.
The screw should be moved just to
touch the surface of the convex lens or the
glass slab.
The parallax should be removed
properly.
The lens and the plane mirror should be
properly cleaned.
The convex lens of large focal length
should be used
The spherometer reading should be taken
first on the surface of the convex lens
and then on the glass slab.

Sources of error:
(i)Thedistances X1 and x2 may not be
measured correctly.

The value of h and l may not be correct.

(ii)Parallax may not be removed properly.

Backlasherrormay be actingonthe
spherometer.
Guidance from teacher
Physics NCERT Textbook
Class 12