5.

0 Sesavali
operaciuli sistema(OS) marTavs kompiuteris praqtikulad yvela funqcias. am TavSi Tqven
gaecnobiT operaciul sistema Windows 2000 da Windows XP-Tan dakavSirebul komponentebs,
funqciebs da terminologiebs.

mocemuli Tavis dasrulebis Semdeg AgecodinebaT Semdegi Temebi:

 operaciuli sistemis daniSnuleba;

 operaciuli sistemebis aRwera da Sedareba maTi daniSnulebis, SezRudvebis da
Tavsebadobis gaTvaliswinebiT;
 operaciuli sistemis gansazRvra kompiuteris moTxovnebis safuZvelze;
 operaciuli sistemi dayeneba;
 navigacia grafikul samomxmareblo interfeisSi(GUI);
 operaciuli sistemis profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli meTodebi da
maTi gamoyeneba;
 operaciul sistemebSi warmoqmnili gaumarTaobebis moZieba da aRmofxvra.

5.1 operaciuli sistemis daniSnuleba

yvela kompiuterSi operaciuli sistema(OS) uzrunvelyofs interfeiss momxmareblis, programebis
da aparaturis urTierTqmedebisaTvis. operaciuli sistema CatvirTavs kompiuters da marTavs
failuri sistemiT. TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove operaciul sistemas aqvs ramodenime
momxmareblis, amocanis da CPU-s mxardaWera.
mocemuli nawilis dasrulebisas Tqven gecodinebaT:

 Tanamedrove operaciuli sistemebis maxasiaTeblebi;

 operaciuli sistemebis koncefcia.

5.1.1 Tanamedrove operaciuli sistemebis maxasiaTeblebi

damoukideblad kompiuterisa da operaciuli sistemis zomisa da sirTulisa yvela operaciuli sistema
asrulebs erTsa da imave sabaziso funqcias. operaciuli sistema marTavs wvdomas
aparaturasTan, failebTan da saqaRaldeebTan, uzrunvelyofs samomxmareblo interfeiss da
marTavs programebs.

aparaturasTan wvdomaControl Hardware Access

operaciuli sistema marTavs programuli da aparaturuli uzrunvelyofis kavSirs. aparaturasTan
wvdomisa da urTierTobisaTvis operaciul sistemaSi TiToeuli aparaturuli komponentisaTvis
yendeba draiveri. mowyobilobis draiveri____esaa mowyobilobis mwarmoeblis mier dawerili
mcire zomis programa, romelic moyveba mocemul komponents. aparaturis dayenebisas aseve
yendeba draiveri, romelic uzrunvelyofs OS-s urTierTqmedebas aparaturasTan.

sistemuri resursebis daniSvnisa da draiverebis dayenebis procesis Sesruleba SeiZleba

konfiguraciis dinamiuri gamarTvis saSualebiT___Plug and Play (PnP). procesi PnP Setanil
iqna Windows 95-Si axali aparaturuli uzrunvelyofis dayenebis gasamartiveblad. yvela
Tanamedrove operaciuli sistema PnP-Tan Tavsebadia. PnP-s saSualebiT operaciuli sistema
avtomaturad aRmoaCens PnP-Tavsebad aparaturul mowyobilobas da daayenebs mis draivers.
Semdeg operaciuli sistema gamarTavs mowyobilobas da ganaaxlebs reestrs, romelic
warmoadgens monacemebis bazas, sadac Sedis yvela informacia kompiuteris Sesaxeb.

SeniSvna. reestrSi Sedis informacia programebze, momxmareblebze, aparaturul

uzrunvelyofaze, qselis parametrebze da failebis tipebze.

failebisa da saqaRaldeebis marTvaFile and Folder Management

operaciuli sistema qmnis failur struqturas myar diskze, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos monacemebis
Senaxva. faili____esaa SekavSirebuli monacemebis bloki, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs saerTo
saxeli da moiazreba, rogorc erTi mTliani. programebi da monacemTa failebi dajgufebulia
katalogSi. failebi da katalogebi organizebulia iseTi saxiT, rom advili iyos maTi mopoveba da
gamoyeneba. zogi katalogi SeiZleba Seicavdes sxva katalogebs, romelTac qvekatalogebi
ewodebaT. OS Windows-Si katalogebs saqaRaldeebs uwodeben, xolo
qvekatalogebs__qvesaqaRaldeebs.

samomxmareblo interfeisiUser Interface

operaciuli sistema marTavs momxmareblis urTierTobas programul da aparaturul
uzrunvelyofasTan. arsebobs samomxmareblo interfeisis ori tipi:

 brZanebaTa velis interfeisiCommand Line Interface(CLI)____ momxmarebels

Seyavs brZanebebi sapasuxo striqonSi, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi.

 grafikuli samomxmareblo interfeisiGraphical User Interface(GUI) ____

momxmarebeli muSaobs meniusTan da piqtogramebTan(sur.).
operaciuli sistemebis umravlesobaSi, rogorebicaa Windows 2000 da Windows XP, aris rogorc
GUI, ise CLI interfeisi.

programebis marTva Application Management

operaciuli sistema poulobs danarTs(Application) da tvirTavs mas kompiuteris RAM-Si.
danarTebi(Applications)___esaa samomxmareblo programebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa teqsturi
procesorebi, monacemTa bazebi, TamaSebi da sxva mravali. operaciuli sistema uzrunvelyofs
imas, rom yovel programas qondes sakmarisi sistemuri resursi.

danarTis programuli interfeisi Application Programming Interface(API)___esaa wesebis

erToblioba, romelTac iyeneben programistebi, raTa darwmundnen imaSi, rom danarTi,
romelsac isini amuSaveben Tavsebadia operaciul sistemasTan. qvemoT moyvanilia API-s ori
magaliTi:

OpenGL(Open Graphics Library___Ria grafikuli biblioTeka)____ standartuli specifikacia

platformaTa Soris, multimediuri grafikisaTvis;

DirectX____ API-s nakrebi, romelic damokidebulia MS Windows_is multimediur

gadawyvetaze(amocanaze).

5.1.2 operaciuli sistemebis koncefcia

sanam gavigebT operaciuli sistemis SesaZleblobebs mniSvnelovania gavecnoT zogierT ZiriTad
termins. operaciuli sistemebis Sedarebisas xSirad xmaroben Semdeg terminebs:
  mravalmomxmareblianoba(Multi-user)___ or an met momxmarebels SeuZlia
erTdroulad imuSaos programebTan da gaziarebulad gamoiyenos periferiuli
mowyobilobebi, iseTi rogoricaa printerebi.
 mravalamocanianoba(Multi-tasking)___ kompiuterze SeiZleba erTdroulad
vamuSaoT ramodenime programa.
 mravalprocesoriani(Multi-processing)___ kompiuterze SeiZleba dayendes ori an
meti centraluri procesori(CPU), romlebsac erTad gamoiyeneben programebi.
 mravalnakadianoba(Multi-threading)___ programa SeiZleba daiyos mcire
nawilebad, romelTa CatvirTva SeiZleba operaciul sistemaSi maTi aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi. mravalnakadianoba saSualebas aZlevs calkeul programebs
iyvnen mravalamocaniani.

praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove operaciuli sistema aris mravalmomxmarebliani da

mravalamocaniani, aseve mravalprocesoriani da mravalnakadiani.

muSaobis reJimebiModes of Operation

yvela Tanamedrove CPU-s SeuZlia sxvadasxva reJimebSi muSaoba. muSaobis reJimSi
gulisxmoben CPU-s da operaciuli sistemis SesaZleblobebs. muSaobis reJimi gansazRvravs,
rogori saxiT marTavs CPU programebs da mexsierebas.

yvelaze metad gavrcelebulad iTvleba muSaobis oTxi reJimi:

 realuri reJimi(real mode),
 daculi reJimi(protected mode),
  virtualur-realuri reJimi(virtual real mode);
 SeTavsebuli reJimi(compatible mode).

realuri reJimiReal Mode

realur reJimSi momuSave CPU-s SeuZlia erTdroulad Seasrulos mxolod erTi programa da
erTdroulad daamisamarTos mxolod 1 mb sistemuri mexsiereba. Tumca yvela Tanamedrove
procesors SeuZlia realur reJimSi muSaoba, is gamoiyeneba DOS-is sistemisa da programebis
mier an 16 bitiani operaciuli sistemebis mier, rogoricaa Windows 3.X. Tuki muSaobis realur
reJimSi programa uSvebs Secdomas, es SeiZleba aisaxos mTel kompiuterze, vinaidan
programas aqvs pirdapiri wvdoma mexsierebasTan. Sedegad kompiuteri SeiZleba gaCerdes,
gadaitvirTos an gaiTiSos mexsierebis nawilis dazianebis gamo. suraTze warmodgenilia DOS-is
zogierTi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli brZanebebi, romlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove
operaciul sistemebSi, iseTSi rogoricaa Windows XP.

daculi reJimiProtected Mode

dacul reJimSi momuSave CPU-s aqvs wvdoma kompiuteris mTel mexsierebasTan, maT Soris
virtualur mexsierebasTan. virtualuri mexsiereba __esaa adgili myar diskze, romelic
gamoiyeneba operatiuli mexsierebis(RAM) ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi mis “dasaxmareblad”.
operaciul sistemebs, romlebic sargebloben daculi reJimiT, SeuZliaT erTdroulad marTon
ramodenime programa. dacul reJimSi uzrunvelyofilia 32-bitiani wvdoma mexsierebasTan,
draiverebTan da monacemebis gadacema Setana gamotanis(I/O) mowyobilobebs Soris. daculi
reJimi gamoiyeneba 32-bitiani operaciuli sistemebis mier, rogorebicaa Windows 2000 an
Windows XP. dacul reJimSi muSaobisas programebs ar SeuZliaT meore, paralelurad
momuSave programisaTvis rezervirebuli mexsierebis gamoyeneba.

virtualur-realuri reJimiVirtual Real Mode

virtualur-realur reJimSi momuSave procesori, saSualebas aZlevs realuri reJimis programas
imuSaos operaciul sistemaSi, romelic iyenebs dacul reJims. amaze dakvirveba SeiZleba rodesac
programa DOS muSaobs 32-bitian operaciul sistemaSi, rogoricaa Windows XP.

SeTavsebuli reJimiCompatibility Mode

SeTavsebuli reJimi qmnis wina versiis operaciuli sistemis garemos im programebisTvis,
romlebic araTavsebadia mocemuli versiis operaciul sistemasTan. magaliTad, programebi,
romlebic amowmeben operaciuli sistemis versias, SesaZloa dawerili iyos Windows NT-saTvis
da is moiTxovs ganaxlebis gansazRvrul pakets. SeTavsebul reJimSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas
gansazRvruli garemo an operaciuli sistemis versia, imisaTvis, rom programam imuSaos ise,
TiTqos is imyofebodes Sesabamis garemoSi.

5.2 operaciuli sistemebi aRwera da Sedareba daniSnulebis, SezRudvebis da Tavsebadobis

gaTvaliswinebiT

klients SeuZlia sTxovos teqnikur specialists operaciuli sistemis amorCeva da dayeneba.

amorCeuli Operaciuli sistemis(OS) tipi damokidebulia kompiuterisadmi klientis
moTxovnebze. arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli tipis operaciuli sistema: samagido operaciuli
sistemebi da qselis operaciuli sistemebi. samagido operaciuli sistemebi gankuTvnilia mcire
saofise an saxlis sistemebze(Small Office/Home Office___SOHO) dasayeneblad, romelTac
momxmarebelTa SezRuduli raodenoba yavT. qselis operaciuli sistema(NOS) gankuTvnilia
korporatiul sistemebSi samuSaod, romlebic emsaxurebian bevr momxmarebels farTo
diapazonis moTxovnebiT.
 mocemuli nawilis dasrulebisas Tqven gecodinebaT:

 samagido operaciuli sistemebis aRwera;

 qselis operaciuli sistemebis aRwera.

5.2.1 samagido operaciuli sistemebi

samagido operaciuli sistemebi(OS) floben Semdeg maxasiaTeblebs:

 aqvs erTi momxmareblis mxardaWera(Supports a single user);

 asrulebs individualuri momxmareblisaTvis gankuTvnil programebs(Runs single-user
applications);
 uzrunvelyofs failebTan da saqaRaldeebTan wvdomas mcire zomis dacul qselSi(small
network with limited security).

operaciuli sistemebis exlandel bazarze yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli operaciuli sistemebi iyofian
sam jgufad: Microsoft Windows, Apple MAC, OS da UNIX/Linux.
Microsoft Windows
drevandel dRes yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli operaciuli sistemaa Windows. samagido aris
Microsoft Windows-is Semdegi versiebi:

 Windows XP Professional ____ gamoiyeneba kompiuterebis umravlesobaze, romlebic

CarTulebi arian qselSi Windows Server-iT;
 Windows XP Home Edition____ gamoiyeneba saxlis kompiuterebSi, Zalian SezRuduli
dacviT;
 Windows XP Media Center____ gamoiyeneba garTobaze orientirebul kompiuterebSi,
filmebis sayureblad da musikebis mosasmenad;
 Windows XP Tablet PC Edition____ gamoiyeneba planSetur personalur
kompiuterebSi(Tablet PCs);
 Windows XP 64-bit Edition____ gamoiyeneba kompiuterebSi, romelTac aqvT 64-
Tanrigiani CPU;
 Windows 2000 Professional____ operaciuli sistema Windowsis Zveli versia, romlis
sanacvlodac gamovida OS Windows XP Professional;
 Windows Vista ___ Windowsis yvelaze axali versia.

Apple Mac OS
Apples kompiuterebi aris dapatentebuli da maTze yendeba operaciuli sistema Mac OS. Mac OS
aris operaciuli sistema, momxmareblisTvis sasiamovno grafikul samomxmareblo
interfeisiT(GUI). Mac OS-is mimdinare versiebi mocemul momentSi emyareba UNIX-is
dayenebul versias.

UNIX/Linux
UNIX, romelic 60-iani wlebis bolos gamoCnda, aris erTerTi uZvelesi operaciuli sistema.
amJamad arsebobs UNIX-is uamravi sxvadasxva versia. erTerTi bolo aris gansakuTrebiT
popularuli OS Linux. is SeimuSava linus torvaldsma 1991 wels. da warmoadgens operaciul
sistemas Ria kodiT(Open-source). nebismier momxmarebels SeuZlia ufasod daayenos,
gaavrcelos da Secvalos programis kodi Ria kodiT, maTi gavrceleba bevrad iafia, vidre sxva
operaciuli sistemebis.

5.2.2 qselis operaciuli sistemebis aRwera

qselis operaciuli sistemebi(OS) moicavs Semdeg maxasiaTeblebs:

 aqvs ramodenime momxmareblis mxardaWera;

 asrulebs mravalmomxmareblian programebs;
 aris mdgradi da vrceli;
 samagido operaciul sistemebTan SedarebiT ukeTes dacvas uzrunvelyofs.

yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia Semdegi qselis operaciuli sistemebi:

 Microsoft Windows____korporacia Microsoft gvTavazobs operaciul sistemebs,

rogoricaa Windows 2000 server da Windows server 2003. operaciul sistemebSi Windows
server qselis resursebis samarTavad gamoiyeneba monacemTa centraluri baza saxelad
Active Directory.
 Novell Netware____ Novell Netware iyo pirveli operaciuli sistema, romelic
akmayofilebda qselis operaciuli sistemis moTxovnebs da Tavidan dadgenili iyo personaluri
kompiuterebis safuZvelze mowyobili lokaluri qselebis(LAN) sayovelTao realizaciis dros 80-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi.
 Linux____ operaciul sistema Linux-s miekuTvneba Red Hat, Caldera, SuSE, Debian
da Slackware.
  UNIX____ sxvadasxva korporaciebi gvTavazoben dapatentebul operaciul sistemas
UNIX-is safuZvelze.

5.3 operaciuli sistemis gansazRvra kompiuteris moTxovnebis safuZvelze

operaciuli sistemis sworad amorCevisaTvis, romelic daakmayofilebs klientis moTxovnebs,
aucilebelia gavarkvioT rogor apirebs klienti kompiuteris gamoyenebas. Tqvens mier
rekomendirebuli operaciuli sistema unda iyos im programebis Sesabamisi, romelTac
gamoiyeneben, da unda hqondes yvela im aparaturis mxardaWera, romelic dayenebulia
kompiuterze. Tu kompiuteri unda CaerTos qselSi, maSin axali operaciuli sistema aseve unda
iyos Sesabamisi qselis sxva operaciuli sistemebisa.

mocemuli nawilis dasrulebisas Tqven gecodinebaT:

 operaciuli sistemebis Sesabamisi programebi da garemo;

 aparaturuli uzrunvelyofis monimaluri moTxovnebi da operaciuli sistemis platformasTan
Tavsebadobis gansazRvra.

5.3.1 operaciuli sistemis Sesabamisi programebi da garemo.

operaciuli sistema unda iyos kompiuterze dayenebuli yvela programis Sesabamisi. sanam klients
aurCevT operaciul sistemas, gaarkvieT rogori tipis programebis gamoyenebas apirebs
kompiuterze. Tu kompiuteri iqneba qselSi CarTuli, maSin operaciuli sistema aseve Sesabamisi
unda iyos qselis sxva kompiuterebze dayenebuli operaciuli sistemebis. operaciuli sistemis
Sesabamisobas gansazRvravs qselis tipi. Microsoft Windows-is qselebs SeiZleba miuerTdes
ramodenime kompiuteri, romlebzedac dayenebulia Microsoft windows-is operaciuli sistemis
sxvadasxva versiebi. qvemoT moyvanilia ramodenime wesi, romelTac SeuZliaT gansazRvron,
operaciuli sistemebidan romeli aris klientisaTvis optimaluri.

 rogori programebi dayendeba kompiuterze: seriuli Tu SekveTili, romelic damuSavebulia

specialurad klientisaTvis? Tu klientma unda imuSavos SekveTil programebTan, maSin
misma Semqmnelma programistma unda miuTiTos, romeli operaciuli sistema iqneba misi
Sesabamisi. xolo seriuli programebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi umravlesobis SefuTvis gareTa
mxareze mieTiTeba Sesabamisi operaciuli sistemebis CamonaTvali.
 erTi momxmareblisTvis aris SemuSavebuli programa Tu ramodenimesaTvis? es
informacia dagexmarebaT gadawyvitoT, samagido operaciuli sistema urCioT Tu qselis.
Tu kompiuteri unda CaerTos qselSi, aucileblad gauwieT rekomendacia imave platformis
operaciul sistemas, rogoric ayenia mocemuli qselis danarCen kompiuterebze.
 nebadarTulia Tu ara sxva kompiuterebis, magaliTad, saxlis an portatuli kompiuteris
monacemTa failebTan erToblivi wvdoma? failebis formatebis SesabamisobisaTvis,
rekomendacia gauwieT imave platformis operaciul sistemas, rogoric ayenia saerTo
monacemTa failebis Semcvel kompiuterebze.

magaliTad, klientis kompiuterebi SesaZloa iyvnen CarTuli Windows-is qselSi, dam mas unda,
rom am qselSi daamatos sxva kompiuterebi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia rekomendacia
gaewios axal kompiuterebze OS Windows-is dayenebas. Tu klients jer kidev ara aqvs
kompiuteruli arWurviloba, maSin arsebuli platformis operaciuli sistemebis arCevani
farTovdeba. imisaTvis, rom rekomendacia gavuwioT operaciul sistemas, aucilebelia gavarkvioT
biujetis raodenoba, gavigoT rogori saxiT moxdeba kompiuteris gamoyeneba, da ganvsazRvroT
rogri tipis programebi dayendeba masze.
5.3.2 aparaturuli uzrunvelyofis minimaluri moTxovnebi da operaciuli sistemis
platformasTan Tavsebadobis gansazRvra.

arsebobs monimaluri moTxovnebi, romelsac unda pasuxobdes kompiuteris aparaturuli

aRWurviloba, operaciuli sistemis dayenebisa da sworad funqcionirebisaTvis. suraTze
naCvenebia aparaturuli uzrunvelyofis minimaluri moTxovnebi operaciuli sistemebisTvis:
Windows 2000, Windows XP Pro da Windows XP Home.

minimaluri
aparaturuli Windows 2000 Windows XP Pro Windows XP Home
moTxovnebi
minimaluri: pentium 133 Mhz minimaluri: minimaluri:
233 MHz sixSiris(erTi an ori 233 MHz sixSiris(erTi an ori
procesori) procesori)
rekomendirebulia: rekomendirebulia:
procesori 300 Mhz an meti procesori 300 Mhz an meti
CPU sixSiris. sixSiris.
Intel Intel
Pentium/Celeron Family Pentium/Celeron Femily
AMD AMD
K6/Athlon/Duron Femily k6/Athlon/Duron Femily
an Tavsebadi an Tavsebadi
minimaluri: minimaluri: minimaluri:
64 MB 64 MB 64 MB
RAM
rekomendirebuli: 128 MB da rekomendirebulia: rekomendirebulia:
meti 128 MB an meti 128 MB an meti
minimaluri: minimaluri: minimaluri:
2GB, ara nakleb 650 MB 1.5 GB Tavisufali diskuri sivrce 1.5 GB Tavisufali diskuri sivrce
Tavisufali diskuri sivrce qselSi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi qselSi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi
HDD
rekomendirebulia: rekomendirebulia rekomendirebulia
6.4 GB, 2 GB Tavisufali adgili meti Tavisufali adgili. meti Tavisufali adgili.

minimaluri: minimaluri: minimaluri:

monitori videografikuli matriciT monitori Super monitori Super
video karta rekomendirebulia: VGA(garCevadoba 800-600) VGA(garCevadoba 800-600)
SVGA standartis monitori rekomendirebulia: rekomendirebulia:
ufro meti garCevadobis monitori ufro meti garCevadobis monitori

gaarkvieT, rogori aparatura aqvs klients. Tuki operaciuli sistemis minimaluri moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad saWiroa aparaturis modernizacia, gaaanalizeT xarjebi da gansazRvreT
moqmedebis saukeTeso gegma. zogierT SemTxvevaSi klientisaTvis axali kompiuteris yidva ufro
mosaxerxebelia, vidre arsebuli sistemis remonti. sxva SemTxvebSi SesaZloa ufro moxerxebuli
iyos qvemoT CamoTvlili komponentebidan romelimes ufro TanamedroveTi Secvla:

 RAM;
 myari diski(Hard disk drive);
 CPU;
 video karta(Video adapter card).

SeniSvna. zogierT SemTxvebSi operaciuli sistemis moTxovna programebisadmi ufro mkacri

SeiZleba iyos, vidre aparaturisadmi. imisaTvis, rom programam saTanado saxiT imuSavos,
aucilebelia davicvaT damatebiTi moTxovnebi.
aparaturisadmi operaciuli sistemis minimaluri moTxovnebis gansazRvris Semdeg, aucilebelia
davrwmundeT imaSi, rom kompiuterze dayenebuli yvela aparaturuli mowyobiloba Sesabamisia
klientisaTvis amorCeuli operaciuli sistemis.

aparaturuli uzrunvelyofis Sesabamisobis CamonaTvaliHardware Compatibility List(HCL)

operaciuli sistemebis umravlesobisaTvis arsebobs Sesabamisi aparaturis sia(HCL), romlis
moZiebac SeiZleba mwarmoeblis veb saitze(sur). am siebSi Sedis datestili aparaturuli
saSualebebis dawvrilebiTi CamonaTvali, romelTac SeuZliaT mocemul operaciul sistemasTan
muSaoba. Tu klientis aparaturis romelime komponenti ar aris CarTuli am siaSi, SesaZloa
saWiro gaxdes misi Secvla operaciuli sistemis Sesabamisi aparaturuli komponentiebis siidan.

SeniSvna. SeuZlebelia Sesabamisi aparaturis sia(HCL) ganuwyvetliv axldebodes, amitom is ar

SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc srulyofili cnobari.

5.4 operaciuli sistemis dayeneba

rogorc teqnikur specialists, Tqven aucileblad mogiwevT operaciuli sistemis Tavidan dayeneba.
amis gakeTeba sasurvelia Semdeg situaciebSi:
  kompiuteris erTi TanamSromlidan meoreze gadacemisas;
 operaciuli sistemis dazianebisas;
 kompiuterze axali myari diskis dayenebisas.

mocemuli nawilis dasrulebisas Tqven gecodinebaT Semdegi Temebi:

 myari diskis gamarTvis procedurebi;

 myari diskis momzadeba;
 operaciuli sistemis dayeneba sawyisi parametrebiT;
 momxmareblis angariSis Seqmna;
 dayenebis Sesruleba;
 amosarCeviDdayenebis variantebis aRwera;
 CamtvirTav failebTan da reestris failebTan gacnoba;
 operaciuli sistemis failebTan muSaobis aRwera;
 saqaRaldeebis struqturis aRwera.

5.4.1 myari diskis gamarTvis procedurebTan gacnoba

operaciuli sistemis Tavdapirvel dayenebas da CatvirTvas ewodeba operaciuli sistemis gamarTva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom operaciuli sistemis dayeneba SeiZleba qselSi serveridan an lokaluri
kompiuteris myari diskidan, yvelaze xSirad amas asruleben CD an DVD diskebidan. operaciuli
sistemis CD an DVD diskidan dasayeneblad, Tavdapirvelad BIOS-is parametrebSi aucilebelia
pirvelwamkiTxvel aparaturad avirCioT CD an DVD diski.
danayofebis Seqmna da formatirebaPartitioning and Formatting
myar diskze operaciuli sistemis dayenebamde aucilebelia misi dayofa da daformateba. myari
diskis dayofisas xdeba erTi an meti logikuri danayofis Seqmna. myari diskis formatirebisas
mimdinareobs misi momzadeba failebis da programebis Casawerad. operaciuli sistemebis
umravlesobis dayenebisas sruldeba myari diskis avtomaturi dayofa da formatireba. teqnikurma
specialistma unda icodes, rogor mimdinareobs myari diskis parametrebTan dakavSirebuli es
procesebi. myari diskis parametrebis konteqstSi ixmareba Semdegi terminologia:

 mTavari danayofi(Primary partition)____Cveulebriv es aris pirveli danayofi. mTavari

danayofis ufro mcire nawilebad dayofa ar SeiZleba. TiToeuli myari diski SeiZleba
davyoT maqsimum oTx danayofad.
 aqtiuri danayofi(Active partition)____am danayofs iyenebs operaciuli sistema
kompiuteris CasatvirTad. mxolod erTi mTavari danayofi SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri.
 damatebiTi danayofi(Extended partition)____es danayofi, rogorc wesi, iyenebs myari
diskis danarCen Tavisufal adgils an iRebs ***?mTavari danayofis adgils(nawils).
TiToeul myar diskze SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi damatebiTi danayofi, romelic SeiZleba
daiyos ufro mcire zomis danayofebad, romelTac logikuri diskebi ewodeba.
 logikuri diski(Logical drive)____es diski aris damatebiTi danayofis nawili, romlis
gamoyenebac SeiZleba monacemebis administraciul nawilebad dasayofad.
 formatireba(Formatting)____es aris danayofis failuri sistemis momzadeba failebis
Sesanaxad.
  klasteri(Cluster)____klasters aseve uwodeben failebis gasanawilel bloks. is aris
monacemTa Sesanaxad gamoyenebuli sivrcis umciresi bloki.
 biliki(Track)____esaa myari diskis firfitis erT mxares arsebuli koncentrirebuli wre,
romlis gaswvrivac inaxeba diskze Cawerili informacia. biliki dayofilia 512B zomis
jgufebad, romelTac seqtorebi (Sectors) ewodeba.
 cilindri(Cylinder)____esaa im bilikebis erToblioba, romlebic erTmaneTTan
mimarTebaSi cilindriseburad arian ganlagebuli.
 diskebis aRniSvna(Drive mapping)____esaa diskebze anbanis asos miniWeba, romelic
aRniSnavs fizikur an logikur disks.

5.4.2 myari diskis momzadeba

operaciuli sistemis axali instalacia sruldeba Tu diski aris sruliad axali; am dros ar xdeba myar
diskze arsebuli informaciis Senaxva. dayenebis pirveli etapi moicavs myari diskis dayofas da
formatirebas. es procesi amzadebs disks failuri sistemis misaRebad. failuri sisitema
warmoadgens katalogebis struqturas, romelsac sistemaSi moyavs operaciuli sistemis,
programebis konfiguraciis da monacemTa failebi, romelsac momxmarebeli iyenebs.

operaciul sistemaSi Windows XP SesaZloa gamoviyenoT ori failur sistemidan erT-erTi:

 failTa ganlagebis 32-bitiani cxrili(File Allocation Table,32-bit(FAT32))__failuri sistema,

romelsac aqvs 2 TB-mde(2048GB) danayofebis mxardaWera. failur sistema FAT32-s
mxars uWers operaciuli sistemebi Windows 9.x, Windows ME, Windows 2000 da
Windows XP.
 axali teqnologiis failuri sistema(New Technology File System (NTFS))___ failuri sistema,
romelsac Teoriulad aqvs 16 heqsabaitamde(exabytes) zomis diskebis mxardaWera. failur
sistema FAT-Tan SedarebiT NTFS moicavs ufro didi raodenobiT Tavdacvis funqciebs da
gafaroebul atributebs.

suraTze warmodgenilia moqmedebebi, romlebic sruldeba diskis dayofisa da formatirebisas

Windows XP-Si.
WINDOWS XP-is dayeneba

5.4.3 operaciuli sistemis dayeneba sawyisi parametrebiT

Windows XP-s dayenebisas dayenebis ostati(Wizard) gvaZlevs saSualebas avirCioT dayenebis
varianti sawyisi(Default) parametrebiT an arCeuli parametrebiT. standartuli parametrebis
gamoyeneba zrdis warmatebiT dayenebis albaTobas. Tumca momxmarebelma dayenebis
procesSi mainc unda miuTiTos Semdegi monacemebi:
  fuladi da ricxviTi erTeulebis ganmsazRvreli formatebi da standartebi;
 teqstis Sesatani formati(Text input language);
 momxmareblis saxeli da kompaniis dasaxeleba(Name of the user and company);
 produqtis kodi(Product key);
 kompiuteris saxeli(Computer name);
 administratoris paroli(Administrator password);
 drois da TariRis parametrebi(Date and time settings);
 qselis parametrebi(Network settings);
 cnobebi domenis an samuSao jgufis Sesaxeb(Domain or workgroup information).

rodesac kompiuteri itvirTeba Windows-is CamtvirTveli kompaqt diskidan, dayeneba iwyeba

dayenebis sami variantis SemoTavazebiT:
  parametri(Setup XP)___operaciuli sistemis dasayeneblad daaWireT klaviSs ENTER;
 SekeTeba(Repair XP)___Tu gsurT dayenebuli operaciuli sistemis aRdgena, SekeTeba,
daaWireT klaviSs R, ris Semdegac gaixsneba aRdgenis konsoli(Recovery Console).
 gamosvla(Quit)___gamosasvlelad Windows XP-s dayenebis gareSe, daaWireT klaviSs F3.

mocemuli SemTxvevisaTvis avirCioT Setup XP

5.4.4 momxmareblis angariSis Seqmna;

administratoris angariSi(Administrator account) avtomaturad iqmneba Windows XP-is
dayenebis dros. sawyisi parametriT mas mieniWeba saxeli "administrator". usafrTxoebis mizniT
rekomendirebulia am saxelis Secvla rac SeiZleba male. am privilegirebuli angariSiT sargebloba
misaRebia mxolod kompiuteris samarTavad___misi gamoyeneba ar aris saWiro yoveldRiurad.
pirebs, romlebic Cveulebrivi momxmareblis angariSis magivrad iyeneben administratoris
angariSs, SeuZliaT sistemaSi Zirfesviani cvlilebebis Setana. borotmoqmedebi eZeben
administratoris angariSs, radgan mas gaaCnia ganusazRvreli uflebebi kompiurteris
samarTavad.
SeqmeniT momxmareblis angariSi dayenebis procesSi gamosaxuli instruqciebis Sesabamisad.
administratoris angariSisgan gansxvavebiT, momxmareblis angariSis Seqmna nebismier
momentSia SesaZlebeli. momxmareblis angariSs gaaCnia mcire SesaZleblobebi kompiuteris
administratoris angariSTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, momxmarebels SeiZleba mieces failis
mxolod wakiTxvis ufleba da ar SeeZlos masSi cvlilebebis Setana.

5.4.5 OS-s dayenebis dasruleba

Windows-is dayenebis procesSi, operaciuli sistemis yvela aucilebeli failis myar diskze kopirebis
dasrulebis Semdeg kompiuteri gadaitvirTeba da SemogTavazebT daregistrirebas.
Windows XP aucilebelia davaregistriroT. suraTze naCvenebia, rom Tqven aseve unda gaiaroT
Semowmeba OS-s legaluri asliT sargeblobis garantiisaTvis. es saSualebas mogcemT, miiRoT
nebarTva ganaxlebuli da Sesworebuli paketebis gadmowerisTvis. am nabijis Sesasruleblad
saWiroa internetis qselSi CarTva.

distributivis vadis mixedviT, dayenebis momentSi SeiZleba maSinve warmoiqmnas ganaxlebebis

dayenebis aucilebloba. suraTze naCvenebia, rogor SeiZleba avirCioT Windows-is ganaxlebis
mmarTveli(Microsoft Update Manager) sastarto meniudan axali programis mosaZebnad da
SevasruloT Semdegi moqmedebebi:
  ganaxlebis yvela paketis(service packs) dayeneba;
 yvela Sesworebis(patches) dayeneba.

Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Windows Update

aucilebelia darwmundeT imaSi, rom yvela aparaturuli uzrunvelyofa sworadaa dayenebuli.

suraTze naCvenebia, rom Device Manager-is saSualebiT SesaZlebelia problemebis dadgena da
saWiro draiverebis dayeneba an ganaxleba. Device Manager-is gamosaZaxeblad SeasruleT
Semdegi moqmedebebi:
Start > Control Panel > System > Hardware > Device Manager

Device Manager-is fanjaraSi gamafrTxilebeli niSnebs aqvT yviTeli Zaxilis niSnis”!” an witeli X-
is forma. yviTeli Zaxilis niSnis arseboba niSnavs aparaturasTan dakavSirebul problemas.
problemaTa CamonaTvalis sanaxavad marjvena klaviSi daawkapeT mowyobilobis
piqtogramaze da konteqsturi meniudan airCieT Properties. wiTeli X aRniSnavs, rom
mowyobiloba gaTiSulia. mis CasarTavad marjvena klaviSiT daawkapeT mowyobilobis
piqtogramaze da konteqsturi meniudan airCieT Enable. Kategoriebis CamosaSlelad daawkapeT
“+“ niSans.

SeniSvna. sistemuri Secdomis aRmoCenisas ixsneba Windows-is Sesabamisi dialoguri fanjara.

Tu Tqven gsurT gagzavnoT moxseneba, utilita Microsoft Windows error reporting(WER)
(Setyobineba Secdomebze) Sekrebs monacemebs programaze da modulze, romelTanac aris
Secdoma dakavSirebuli, da gagzavnis am cnobebs Microsoft-Si.

angariSis Seqmna da ganaxlebis Semowmeba

5.4.6 amosarCevi Ddayenebis variantebis aRwera
erT kompiuterze operaciuli sistemis dayeneba moiTxovs gansazRvrul dros. advili
warmosadgenia, ramden dros waiRebs operaciuli sistemis erTi organizaciis ramodenime
komiuterze dayeneba, Tu amas TiToeul maTganze rig-rigobiT gavakeTebT. am amocanis
gasamartiveblad SeiZleba visargebloT kompania Microsoft-is sistemis momzadebis
utilitiT(Microsoft System Preparation (Sysprep)), erTi da igive operaciuli sistemis ramodenime
kompiuterze dasayeneblad da gasamarTad. utilita Sysprep amzadebs operaciul sistemas, romelic
dayendeba sxvadasxva aparaturuli konfiguraciis ramodenime kompiuterze. Sysprep-is da diskis
klonirebis sxva programebis saSualebiT teqnikur specialists SeuZlia swrafad daayenos operaciuli
sistema, Seasrulos operaciuli sistemis (OS) konfiguraciis bolo etapebi da daayenos programebi.

diskebis klonireba Disk Cloning

diskebis klonirebis utilita qmnis myari diskis klons kompiuterSi. klonirebisaTvis sruldeba
Semdegi moqmedebebi:
 SeqmeniT erT kompiuterze dasayenebeli kloni. is Seicavs operaciul sistemas,
programebs da sakonfiguracio parametrebs, romelic dayendeba organizaciis sxva
kompiuterebze.
 gauSviT utilita Sysprep.
 SeqmeniT dakonfigurirebuli kompiuteris diskis asli, diskis klonirebis sxva programebis
gamoyenebiT.
  daakopireT diskis kloni serverze. saWiro kompiuteris Tavdapirveli CatvirTvisas
gaeSveba Windows-is parametrebis programis Semoklebuli versia. am dros Seiqmneba
usafrTxoebis sistemis axali identifikatori (system security identifier (SID)), dayendeba
mowyobilobebis draiverebi, Seiqmneba mommareblis angariSi da gaimarTeba qselis
parametrebi operaciuli sistemis dayenebis dasasruleblad.

5.4.7 CamtvirTav failebTan da reestris failebTan gacnoba

Tqven unda icodeT, ra procesebi mimdinareobs Windows XP-is CatvirTvisas. am nabijebis
gacnoba dagexmarebaT CatvirTvis dros warmoqmnili problemebis aRmofxvraSi. suraTze
moyvanilia Windows XP-is CatvirTvis Tanamimdevroba.

Windows-is CatvirTvis procesi Windows XP Boot Process

CatvirTvis procesis dasawyebad aucilebelia CavrTaT kompiuteri; amas ewodeba civi CatvirTva.
deniT kvebis miwodebisas kompiuteri asrulebs TviTtestirebas (POST). imis gamo, rom
videoadapteri jer kidev ar aris inicializebuli, CatvirTvis procesis mocemul etapze aRmoCenili
Secdomebis Sesaxeb gvatyobinebs xmovani signalebi, e.w. Beep Codes.
POST Semowmebis Sesrulebis Semdeg BIOS poulobs da kiTxulobs konfiguraciis parametrebs,
romlebic inaxeba CMOS-Si. es konfiguraciis parametrebi gansazRvraven mowyobilobebze
operaciuli sistemis Zebnis Tanamimdevrobas. BIOS CatvirTavs kompiuters operaciuli sistemis
Semcveli pirveli diskidan,

mas Semdeg, rac aRmoaCens disks operaciuli sistemiT, BIOS poulobs mTavar CamtvirTav
kods__ Master Boot Record (MBR). MBR ipovis operaciuli sistemis CamtvirTvels(Operating
System Boot Loader). Operaciuli sistema Windows XP-is CamtvirTvels NT Loader (NTLDR)
ewodeba.

NTLDR da Windows-is CamtvirTveli meniu Windows Boot Menu

mocemul etapze NTLDR marTavs dayenebis ramodenime nabijiT. magaliTad, Tu diskze aris
ramodenime operaciuli sistema, maSin faili BOOT.INI saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels airCios
CasatvirTi OS. Tu ar aris sxva operaciuli sistemebi an momxmarebelma ar gaakeTa arCevani
gansazRvruli drois amowurvamde, sruldeba Semdegi nabijebi:

 NTLDR gauSvebs NTDETECT.COM-s raTa miiRos informacia dayenebul

aparaturul uzrunvelyofaze.
 Semdeg NTLDR iyenebs fail BOOT.INI-s mier miTiTebul gzas, raTa ipovos
CamtvirTveli ganayofi. NTLDR Catvirtavs or fails, romelic Seadgens Windows
XP-s birTvs: NTOSKRNL.EXE da HAL.DLL.
 NTLDR kiTxulobs sistemuri reestris failebs da CatvirTavs mowyobilobebis
draiverebs.

Windows-is reestri The Windows Registry

Windows-is reestris failebi CatvirTvis procesis mniSvnelovani nawilia. am failebis amocnoba
SeiZleba maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxeliT, romlebic iwyeba simboloebisagan HKEY_ (sur),
romelTa miRma figurirebs operaciuli sistemis im nawilis saxeli, romelsac isini marTaven.
Windows-is yoveli parametri, samuSao magidis fonisa da piqtogramebis feridan dawyebuli
salicenzio programis CaTvliT, inaxeba reestrSi.
When a user makes changes to the Control Panel settings, File Associations, System Policies, or
installed software, the changes are stored in the Registry

yovel momxmarebels reestrSi gamoeyofa unikaluri ganayofi, windows-is sistemaSi Sesvlisas

parametrebi moipoveba reestridan da sistemis konfiguracia yendeba iseTi, rogoric is iyo
mocemuli momxmareblis bolo samuSao seansis dros.

NT Kernel
mocemul etapze procesSi erTveba NT Kernel. operaciuli sistema Windows-is safuZveli(birTvi).
am fails ewodeba NTOSKRNL.EXE. is uSvebs saregistracio fails WINLOGON.EXE da ekranze
gamoitans misalmebis fanjaras(XP Welcome Screen).

SeniSvna. Tu kompiuteri itvirTeba SCSI diskidan, maSin dayenebisas Windows daakopirebs

fails NTBOOTDD.SYS. es faili ar dakopirdeba, Tu SCSI diskebi ar gamoiyeneba.

5.4.8 operaciuli sistemis failebTan muSaobis aRwera

Windows XP dayenebis Semdeg Tqven SesaZloa mogindeT konfiguraciaSi cvlilebebis Setana.
operaciuli sistemis dayenebis Semdeg cvlilebebis Sesatanad farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegi
programebi:
 Msconfig ___ esaa konfiguraciis CamtvirTavi utilita. igi uzrunvelyofs dayendes
programebi, romlebic gaaqtiurdebian sistemis gaSvebisas, aseve uzrunvelyofs
sakonfiguracio failebis redaqtirebas. amas garda, is aiolebs Windows-is
servisebis(Services) kontrols(sur).

 Regedit ___ es programa iZleva reestris redaqtirebis saSualebas(sur).

SeniSvna. operaciul sistemaSi Windows NT gamoiyeneba utilita REGEDT32. operaciul
sistemebSi Windows XP da Windows Server 2003 faili REGEDT32 warmoadgens arafers sxvas,
vidre iarliys REGEDIT.EXE brZanebis swrafad gamosaZaxeblad. Windows xp-Si SeiZleba
SeviyvanoT brZaneba REGEDT32.EXE an REGEDIT.EXE; orive brZaneba asrulebs erTi da
imave programas.

yuradReba! brZanebebis REGEDT32.EXE an REGEDIT.EXE, arasworad gamoyenebisas

SesaZloa warmoiqmnas konfiguraciis problemebi, da saWiro gaxdes OS-s gadayeneba.

gaSvebis reJimebi Startup Modes

windows-is CatvirTva SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis reJimebidan erT-erTiT. Catvirtvis dros F8
klaviSze daWeriT gaixsneba gaSvebis damatebiTi parametrebis meniu(Windows Advanced
Startup Options menu), romelSic SegviZlia avirCioT Windows-is CatvirTvis forma. yvelaze
farTod gamoiyeneba gaSvebis Semdegi variantebi:

 daculi reJimi(Safe Mode) ___ Windows-is gaSveba mxolod sabaziso komponentebis

draiverebiT, rogorebicaa klaviatura da ekrani.
 usafrTxo reJimi qselis draiverebiT (Safe Mode with Networking Suppor) ___ Windows-
is CatvirTva analogiur usafrTxo reJimSi, damatebiT qselis komponentebis draiverebis
CatvirTviT.
  usafrTxo reJimi brZanebaTa velis mxardaWeriT(Safe Mode with Command
Prompt)___ Windows-is gaSveba da brZanebaTa velis CatvirTva grafikuli
samomxmareblo interfeisis GUI nacvlad.
 CatvirTva ukanaskneli kargi konfiguraciiT (Last Known Good Configuration)___
saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels CatvirTos Windows-is sakonfiguracio parametrebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneboda Windows-is ukanaskneli warmatebuli CatvirTvis dros. am dros
gamoiyeneba am mizniT Seqmnili reestris asli.

SeniSvna. ukanaskneli warmatebuli konfiguraciiT(Last Known Good Configuration) CatvirTva

usargebloa, Tu mas ar SevasrulebT Secdomis warmoqmnisTanave. Tu, miuxedavad sirTuleebisa
gaSvebis dros, moxerxda sistemis CatvirTva, es niSnavs, rom ukanaskneli kargi konfiguraciis
reestris nawilSi SesaZloa Setanil iqnas araswori monacemebi.

5.4.9 saqaRaldeebis struqturis aRwera

failebis gafarToebebi da atributebi
operaciul sistema Windows-Si failebi sistematizirebulia katalogebis struqturis saxiT. Windows-is
Zireul ganayofs Cveulebriv aRniSnaven rogorc diski C:/. Semdeg modis standartizebuli
katalogebis pirveladi nakrebi, e.w. saqaRaldeebi(Folders), romlebic gankuTvnilia operaciuli
sistemis failebisTvis, programebisTvis, sakonfiguracio monacemebisa da monacemebis
failebisaTvis. Windows-is dayenebis Semdeg momxmareblebs SeuZliaT mravali programa da
monacemi Caweron maTTvis sasurvel saqaRaldeSi.

katalogebis struqturaSi failebs Semdegi wesebis mixedviT erqmeva saxelebi:

 SeiZleba gamoviyenoT maqsimum 255 simbolo.

 iseTi simboloebi, rogoricaa period (.) an daxrili xazi__slash( \ / ) ar daiSveba.
 failis tipis amosacnobad mis saxels emateba gafarToeba sami an oTxi asoTi.
 failebs saxels arqmeven registris(Case Sensitive) gauTvaliswineblad.

yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegi gafarToebis failebi:

 .doc – Microsoft Word

 .txt – ASCII text only
 .jpg __ grafikuli formati (Graphics format);
 .ppt – Microsoft PowerPoint
 .zip __ arqivis formati (Compression format).

katalogebis struqturas aqvs yoveli failisaTvis rigi atributebis mxardaWera, romlebic

gansazRvravs, rogori saxiT SeiZleba misi naxva an Secvla. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia Semdegi
atributebi:

 R __ faili gankuTvnilia mxolod wasakiTxad(Read-only).

 A __ faili daarqivdeba diskis sarezervo aslis Semdgomi Seqmnisas
  S__ faili daniSnulia, rogorc sistemuri(System File), da misi Secvlis an modifikaciis
mcdelobisas gamova gamafrTxilebeli Setyobineba
 H __ faili damalulia saqaRaldis daTvalierebisas.

swored failebis gafarToebebis da atributebis naxva SeiZleba DOS-is fanjaraSi, romlis

gamoZaxebac ATTRIB brZanebiT xdeba(sur). SeasruleT Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > Run > cmd

gadadiT saqaRaldeSi, romelSic TqvenTvis saintereso failia moTavsebuli. SeiyvaneT ATTRIB,

Semdeg failis saxeli. didi raodenobis failebis erTdroulad daTvalierebisaTvis gamoiyeneT jgufuri
simboloebi, rogoricaa *.* ekranis marcxena svetSi miTiTebuli iqneba yoveli failis atributi.
imisaTvis, rom miiRoT informacia brZanebaze ATTRIB, sabrZanebo striqonSi SeitaneT:

ATTRIB/?

Windows-Si igive monacemebis misaRebad, rac warmogvidgina brZanebam ATTRIB, Windows

Explorer-is fanjaraSi failze daawkapeT marjvena klaviSi da konteqsturi meniudan amoirCieT
Properties.

SeniSvna. imisaTvis rom vnaxoT failis Tvisebebi Windows Explorer-is fanjaraSi, Tavidan
Windows Explorer-Si aucilebelia gamovaCinoT damaluli failebi. SeasruleT Semdegi
moqmedebebi:
mausis marjvena klaviSiT daawkapeT brZanebaze Start > Explore > Tools > Folder Options >
View

NTFS da FAT32
Windows XP da Windows 2000-Si gamoiyeneba failuri sistemebi FAT32da NTFS. am or failur
sistemas Soris mTavari gansxvaveba mdgomareobs usafrTxoebis realizaciaSi. NTFS-s SeuZlia
ufro meti raodenobis da didi moculobis failebis mxardaWera FAT32-sagan gansxvavebiT, aseve
uzrunvelyofs failebis da saqaRaldeebis moxerxebul dacvas. suraTebze naCvenebia failTa
gafarToebis Tvisebebi NTFS da FAT32-is sistemis failebisaTvis.
ganayofis gardaqmna SeiZleba FAT32-dan NTFS_Si utilita CONVERT.EXE daxmarebiT. aseTi
saxiT SeiZleba NTFS-s usafrTxoebis damatebiTi upiratesobebis realizeba. NTFS danayofis
ukanve FAT32danayofad aRsadgenad daaformateT danayofi da aRadgineT monacemebi
sarezervo aslis saSualebiT.

yuradReba! failuri sistemis gardaqmnis win ar dagaviwydeT monacemTa sarezervo aslis

Seqmna.

5.5 navigacia grafikul samomxmareblo interfeisSi

operaciuli sistema uzrunvelyofs samomxmareblo interfeiss, romelic gvaZlevs kompiuterTan
urTierTobis saSualebas. arsebobs ori xerxi, romelTa gamoyenebac SeiZleba failur sistemaSi
gadasaadgileblad da operaciul sistemaSi moqmedebebis Sesasruleblad.
  grafikuli samomxmareblo interfeisi(Graphical User Interface (GUI))uzrunvelyofs yvela
failis, saqaRaldis da programis grafikul warmodgenas(piqtogramebi__Icons)
kompiuterSi. momxmarebeli muSaobs am piqtogramebTan maCveneblis saSualebiT,
romlisaTvisac gamiyeneba mausi an sxva mowyobiloba. maCvenebeli uzrunvelyofs
piqtogramebis gadaadgilebas gadatanis saSualebiT, aseve programebis gaSvebas mausis
dawkapebiT.
 brZanebaTa velis interfeisi(Command Line Interface(CLI)) aris teqsturi(Text-based).
failebis samarTavad da programebis gasaSvebad aucilebelia brZanebebis Seyvana.

mocemuli nawilis dasrulebis Semdeg Tqven aiTvisebT Semdeg Temebs:

 samuSao magidis elementebTan muSaoba;

 marTvis panelis apletebi(Control Panel applets);
 administraciuli instrumentebis Seswavla(Administrative Tools);
 programis dayeneba, gadatana da waSla(Install, Navigate, and Uninstall);
 operaciuli sistemis ganaxlebis(Upgrading Operating Systems) procesis aRwera.

5.5.1 samuSao magidis elementebTan muSaoba

operaciuli sistemis dayenebis Semdeg SegiZliaT samuSao magida moawyoT sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr. kompiuteris samuSao magida ___ esaa grafikulad warmodgenili samuSao
garemo. failebis samarTavad samuSao magidaze ganlageblia piqtogramebi(Icons),
instrumentebis paneli(Toolbar) da meniu(menu). samuSao magidaze SeiZleba movaTavsoT
gamosaxuleba, davayenoT xmovani signalebi da ferebi, raTa miiRos individualuri saxe.

samuSao magidis TvisebebiDesktop Properties

samuSao magidis grafikuli samomxmareblo interfeisis(GUI) mosawyobad daawkapeT samuSao
magidaze mausis marjvena RilakiT da airCieT Properties konteqstur meniuSi(sur). fanjaraSi
Display Properties aris xuTi CanarTi(tabs): Temebi(Themes), samuSao magida(Desktop),
ekranis dasvenebis reJimi(Screen Saver), gaformebebi(Appearance), parametrebi(Settings).
ekranis parametrebis Sesacvlelad nebismier maTganze SeiZleba dawkapeba.

samuSao magidis elementebiDesktop Items

samuSao magidaze aris ramodenime elementi, romelTa gawyobac SeiZleba, magaliTad,
amocanaTa paneli(Taskbar) da nagvis yuTi(Recycle Bin). romelime elementis samarTavad
daawkapeT masze marjvena klaviSiT da airCieT Properties konteqstur meniuSi.

saStarto meniu Start Menu

samuSao magidaze sastarto menius gamosaZaxeblad daaWireT Rilaks Start. suraTze gamosaxul
sastarto meniuSi, naCvenebia kompiuterSi dayenebuli yvela programa, ukanasknelad
gamoZaxebuli 15 failis sia(Recently Documents) da mTeli rigi sxva elementebi, rogoricaa Zebnis
funqcia(Search), sistemuri parametrebis Zebnisa da daxmarebis funqcia(Help Center). sastarto
meniu aseve SeiZleba SevcvaloT. arsebobs sastarto menius ori stili: XP da klasikuri (Classic).
mocemul saswavlo kursSi brZanebaTa Tanamimdevrobis demonstraciisaTvis gamoyenebuli
iqneba XP stilis sastarto meniu.
My Computer
kompiuterze arsebul sxvadasxva diskebze gadasasvlelad, orjer daawkapeT samuSao magidaze
moTavsebul piqtogramas My Computer. gansazRvruli parametrebis Sesacvlelad daawkapeT
mausis marjvena RilakiT am piqtogramas da airCieT konteqsturi meniudan Properties. sxva
brZanebebTan erTad aq SeiZleba Semdegi parametrebis marTva:

 kompiuteris saxeli(Computer name);

 mowyobilobebis marTvis parametrebi(Hardware settings);
 virtualuri mexsiereba(Virtual memory);
 avtomaturi ganaxleba(Automatic updates);
 daSorebuli wvdoma(Remote access).

programebis gaSveba Launching Applications

programebis gaSvebis ramodenime xerxi arsebobs:

 programis saxelze dawkapeba sastarto meniuSi (Start menu);

 samuSao magidaze(Desktop) ganTavsebul programis iarliyze(shortcut) orjer dawkapeba;
 orjer dawkapeba programis gamSveb failze(executable file) fanjaraSi My Computer;
 programis gaSveba swrafi gaSvebis fanjridan Run an sabrZanebo velidan (Command
Line).

qselis garemo My Network Places

qseluri garemocvis sanaxavad da samarTavad mausis marjvena klaviSiT samuSao magidaze
daawkapeT pqtogramas My Network Places. fanjaraSi My Network Places SeiZleba qseluri
diskebis(network drives) SeerTeba an gamorTva. arsebuli qseluri SeerTebis samarTavad,
magaliTad, sakabelo(wired) an ukabelo(wireless) SeerTebis(LAN connection), airCieT punqti
Properties.

brZanebebis gaSveba

5.5.2 marTvis panelis apletebi

Windows centralizebas ukeTebs bevri funqciis parametrebs, romlebic aregulireben kompiuteruli
elementebis qcevas da gaformebas. es parametrebi sistematizirebulia apletebSi, an mcire zomis
programebSi, romlebic marTvis panelSia(Control Panel) warmodgenili(sur). marTvis panelis
daxmarebiT SeiZleba programebis dayeneba(Adding) da waSla(removing), qselis parametrebis,
usafrTxoebis parametrebis Secvla, da parametrebSi sxvadasxva cvlilebis Setana.

marTvis panelis apletebi Control Panel Applets

marTvis panelis sxvadasxva apletis saxelwodebebi dayenebuli operaciuli sistemis mixedviT
mcired gansxvavebulia. Windows XP-Si piqtogramebi dajgufebulia Semdegi kategoriebis
mixedviT:

 gaformebebi da Temebi Appearance and Themes ___ apletebi, romlebic aregulireben

fanjris garegnul saxes:
o ekrani__ Display;
o amocanaTa paneli da sastarto meniu__ Taskbar and Start menu;
 o saqaRaldeebis Tvisebebi__ Folder options.
 qseli da internetTan SeerTeba Network and Internet Connections ___ apletebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen yvela tipis kavSiris gamarTvas:
o brauzeris Tvisebebi__ Internet options;
o qseluri SeerTeba__ Network connections;
 programebis dayeneba da waSla Add or Remove Programs ___ apleti, windows-is
komponentebisa da programebis usafrTxo Casawerad da wasaSlelad
 bgera, xma da audio mowyobiloba Sounds, Speech, and Audio Devices ___ apletebi,
romlebic aregulireben yvela bgeriT parametrs:
o bgera da audiomowyobiloba__ Sounds and audio devices;
o mosaubre__ Speech;
o portatuli multimediuri mowyobilobebi__ Portable Media Devices;
 swrafqmedeba da momsaxureba Performance and Maintenance ___ apletebi, romlebic
gankuTvnilia informaciis mosaZieblad Tqvens kompiuterSi an teqnikuri momsaxurebis
Sesasruleblad:
o administrireba__ Administrative tools;
o eleqtruli kveba__ Power options;
o gegmiuri samuSaoebi__ Scheduled tasks;
o sistema__ System.

 printerebi da sxva mowyobilobebi Printers and Other Hardware ___ apletebi

kompiuterze SeerTebuli mowyobilobebis samarTavad:
o saTamaSo mowyobilobebi__ Game controllers;
o klaviatura__ Keyboard;
o mausi__ Mouse;
o telefoni da modemi__ Phone and modem options;
o printerebi da faqsebi__ Printers and faxes;
o skanerebi da kamera__ Scanners and cameras;
 momxmareblis angariSi User Accounts ___ apletebi momxmareblis da misi eleqtronuli
fostis parametrebis samarTavad:
o eleqtronuli fosta__ E-mail;
o momxmareblis angariSi__ User accounts.
 TariRi, dro, ena da regionaluri standartebi Date, Time, Language, and Regional
Options____apletebi, adgilmdebareobisa da enis mixedviT parametrebis Sesacvlelad:
o TariRi da dro__ Date and time;
o ena da regionaluri standartebi__ Regional and language options.
 specialuri SesaZleblobebi Accessibility Options ___ ostati(wizard), romelic gamoiyeneba
parametrebis samarTavad im momxmareblebisaTvis, romelTac problemebi aqvT
mxedvelobasTan, smenadobasTan da sayrdenmamoZravebel aparatTan.
 usafrTxoebis centri Security Center ___ apleti, romelic gamoiyeneba usafrTxoebis
parametrebis samarTavad:
o brauzeris Tvisebebi__ Internet options;
o avtomaturi ganaxleba__ Automatic updates;
o Windows-is brandmauzeri__ Windows firewall.
ekranis parametrebi Display Settings
ekranis parametrebis Secvla SeiZleba Display Settings apletis daxmarebiT. samuSao magidis
garegnuli ieris Sesacvlelad SeiZleba SevcvaloT garCevadoba(Resolution) da ferebis
simravle(Color Quality)(sur). damatebiTi parametrebis amosarCevad, rogoricaa
foni(Wallpaper), ekranis dasvenebis reJimi(Screen Saver), eleqtro kveba(Power Settings) da sxv.,
SeasruleT Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > Control Panel > Display > Settings tab > Advanced

5.5.3 administraciuli instrumentebis Seswavla

mowyobilobaTa mmarTveli Device Manager

mowyobilobaTa mmarTveli(Device Manager), romlis fanjarac gamosaxulia suraTze,

uzrunvelyofs kompiuteruli mowyobilobebis yvela parametris daTvalierebas. yvelaze xSirad
teqnikur specialistebs uwevT IRQ–s mniSvnelobebis, Setana-gamotanis misamarTebis(I/O
address) da mexsierebasTan pirdapiri wvdomis parametrebis(DMA) naxva kompiuteris yvela
mowyobilobisaTvis. mowyobilobaTa mmarTvelis fanjaraSi sistemuri resursebis sanaxavad
SeasruleT Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > Control Panel > System > Hardware > Device Manager > View > Resources

amocanaTa mmarTveli Task Manager

amocanaTa mmarTveli, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze, saSualebas gvaZlevs vnaxoT mocemul

momentSi gaSvebuli yvela programa da davxuroT programebi, romlebic ar gvWirdeba. Task
Manager saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakontroloT CPU-s swrafqmedeba da virtualuri
mexsiereba(Virtual memory), davaTvalieroT mocemul momentSi mimdinare procesebi da
vnaxoT informacia qselSi CarTvis Sesaxeb. Task Manager-is fanjaraSi informaciis
dasaTvaliereblad SeasruleT Semdegi moqmedebebi:

CTRL-ALT-DEL > Task Manager

Setyobinebebis daTvalierebaEvent Viewer
fanjaraSi Event Viewer, romelic warmodgenilia suraTze, Cans programebTan, usafrTxoebasTan
da sistemasTan dakavSirebuli Setyobinebebis Canawerebi. Canawerebis es failebi sasargeblo
instrumentebia gaumarTaobebis armofxvrisas. Event Viewer-is gamosaZaxeblad SeasruleT
Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Event Viewer
daSorebuli samuSao magida Remote Desktop
gamoyenebiTi programa Remote Desktop uzrunvelyofs erTi kompiuteridan meore kompiuteris
daSorebul marTvas. gaumarTaobebis aRmosafxvreli es programa gvxvdeba mxolod Windows
XP Professional-Si. Remote Desktop fanjris ekranze gamosatanad SeasruleT Semdegi
moqmedebebi:

Start > All Programs > Accessories > Communications > Remote Desktop Connection

swrafqmedebis parametrebi Performance Settings

operaciuli sistemis swrafqmedebis gasazrdelad SeiZleba SevcvaloT kompiuteris garkveuli
parametrebi, iseTebi rogoricaa virtualuri mexsierebis konfiguraciis parametrebi(Virtual
memory configuration settings)(sur). virtualuri mexsierebis parametrebis Sesacvlelad SeasruleT
Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > Control Panel > System > Advanced > Performance area > Settings button
5.5.4 programis dayeneba, gadatana da waSla
teqnikuri specialistis rangSi Tqven mogiwevT klientis kompiuterSi programebis damateba an
waSla(Adding and Removing software). programebis umravlesobisaTvis gamoiyeneba
avtomaturi dayenebis procesi, rodesac Tqven aTavsebT Sesabamis kompaqt-disks CD-ROM-Si.
dayenebis procesSi xdeba damxmare programis(Add or Remove Programs) ganaxleba.
momxmarebelma unda isargeblos dayenebis ostatiT(wizard) da, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi,
miuTiTos esa Tu is monacemebi.

Add or Remove Programs

kompania Microsoft rekomendacias iZleva, rom programebis dayenebisa da waSlis dros
momxmarebelma yovelTvis gamoiyenos utilita Add or Remove Programs
(sur). programis Add or Remove Programs gamoyenebis dros programebis dasayeneblad es
utilita inaxavs dasayenebel failebs, raTa survilis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyos programis srulad
waSla. am apletis gasaxsnelad SeasruleT Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > Control Panel > Add or Remove Programs

programebis damateba Add an Application
Tu programa ar yendeba avtomaturad kompaqt-diskis CadebisTanave, maSin programis
dasayeneblad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT utilita Add or Remove Programs (sur). daawkapeT Rilaks
Add New Programs da airCieT programis mdebareoba. Windows Seasrulebs mis dayenebas.
programis dayenebis Semdeg misi gaSveba SeiZleba sastarto meniudan an samuSao magidaze
ganTavsebul programis iarliyze(Shortcut) orjeradi dawkapebiT. darwmundiT, rom programa
sworad muSaobs. programasTan dakavSirebuli problemis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi,
gaasworeT gaumarTaobebi an waSaleT programa. zogierTi programis dayenebisas, iseTebis,
rogoricaa Microsoft Office, momxmarebels SeuZlia airCios Secdomebis gamosworebis varianti.
am funqciis gamoyeneba SeiZleba programis gamosworebis mcdelobisas, romelic ar muSaobs
saTanadod.

programis waSla Uninstall an Application

Tu programa ar iqneba sworad waSlili, maSin myar diskze SeiZleba darCes usargeblo failebi,
xolo reestrSi___usargeblo Canawerebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aman SeiZleba ar gamoiwvios
problemebi, usargeblo failebi daikaveben myar diskze adgils, sistemur resursebs da es
Seamcirebs reestris monacemebis kiTxvis siswrafes. suraTze naCvenebia, rogor gamoiyeneba
apleti Add or Remove Programs im programis wasaSlelad, romelic Tqven aRar gWirdebaT. am
ostatis saSualebiT Sesruldeba programis waSlis procesi da waiSleba yvela aqamde dayenebuli
faili.
5.5.5 operaciuli sistemis ganaxlebis procesis aRwera
xandaxan SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes operaciuli sistemis ganaxleba(Upgrade an operating system.)
operaciuli sistemis ganaxlebamde SeamowmeT operaciuli sistemis dasayeneblad saWiro
minimaluri moTxovnebi da darwmundiT imaSi, rom kompiuteri maT akmayofilebs.
SeamowmeT Tavsebadi aparaturis sia(HCL) da darwmundiT imaSi, rom kompiuteris
aparaturuli uzrunvelyofa Tavsebadia axal operaciul sistemasTan. operaciuli sistemis
ganaxlebamde SeasruleT monacemTa sarezervo kopireba im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu dayenebis
dros warmoiqmneba problemebi.

kompiuteruli sistemis Windows 2000-dan Windows XP-ze ganaxleba mimdinareobs ufro

swrafad, vidre Windows XP-s xelaxali dayeneba. ganaxlebis procesSi Windows XP-s marTvis
utilita cvlis Windows 2000-is arsebul failebs Windows XP -s failebiT. amasTanave arsebuli
programebi da parametrebi Seinaxeba.

operaciuli sistemis ganaxleba Upgrading the Operating System

1. imisaTvis, rom daiwyos ganaxlebis procesi, CadeT diskwamyvanSi Windows XP-is

kompaqt-diski. airCieT Start > Run.
 2. Tuki kompaqt-diskisaTvis gankuTvnili diskwamyvani aRniSnulia D asoTi,
fanjaraSi(Run box) SeiyvaneT D:\i386\winnt32 da daaWireT klaviSs Enter. gaixsneba
Windows XP-s dayenebis ostatis(Windows XP Setup Wizard) sawyisi fanjara.
3. airCieT parametri Upgrade to Windows XP da daaWireT Rilaks Next. gaixsneba
gverdi salicenzio xelSekrulebis(License agreement) pirobebiT.
4. waikiTxeT salicenzio xelSekruleba da daaWireT Rilaks Accept pirobebis Tanxmobis
dasadastureblad.
5. daaWireT Rilaks Next. gaixsneba failuri sistemis NTFS -ze ganaxlebis fanjara Windows
XP -saTvis.
6. miyeviT miTiTebebs da rCevebs da SeasruleT ganaxleba. Ganaxlebis dasrulebis
Semdeg kompiuteri gadaitvirTeba.

SeniSvna. Windows XP-s dayenebis ostati Windows XP Setup Wizard SeiZleba avtomaturad
gaeSvas diskwamyvanSi kompaqt-diskis Cadebis Semdeg.

5.6 operaciuli sistemis profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli meTodebi da

maTi gamoyeneba
operaciuli sistemebis profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis procedurebs miekuTvneba sistemis
organizacia, myari diskis defragmentacia, mimdinare programebis mxardaWera, arasaWiro
programebis waSla da sistemis Semowmeba Secdomebis arsebobaze.

mocemuli nawilis dasrulebisas Tqven aiTvisebT Semdeg Temebs:

 profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis gegmis Sedgena(Create a preventive maintenance plan);

 gegmiuri samuSaoebi (Schedule a task);
 myari diskis sarezervo kopireba (Backup the hard drive).
5.6.1 profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis gegmis Sedgena
operaciuli sistemis profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis gegma(System preventive maintenance plan)
dgeba imisaTvis, rom aviciloT SemdegSi problemebi. profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis Catareba
aucilebelia regularulad. amas garda, aucilebelia CaviweroT yvela ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba da
dakvirvebebi. profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis zogierTi operacia aucilebelia Sesruldes im dros, roca
isini yvelaze naklebad awuxebs momxmarebels. Cveulebriv aseTi samuSaoebi sruldeba Ramis
saaTebSi, diliT adre an uqmeebze. arsebobs instrumentebi da meTodebi, romlebic saSualebas
gvaZlevs avtomatizirebuli gavxadoT profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis bevri amocanis Sesruleba.

profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis dagegmva Preventive Maintenance Planning

profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis gegmaSi aucilebelia Sediodes dawvrilebiTi informacia yvela
kompiuterisa da qselis mowyobilobis Sesaxeb, aqcentiT im mowyobilobebze, romlebic yvelaze
did gavlenas axdens organizaciis muSaobaze. profilaqtikur momsaxurebas miekuTvneba
Semdegi mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesruleba:

 operaciuli sistemisa da programebis ganaxleba(Updates to the operating system and

applications);
  antivirusuli da sxva damcavi programebis ganaxleba(Updates to anti-virus and other
protective software);
 myar diskze Secdomebis Semowmeba (Hard drive error checking);
 myari diskis sarezervo kopireba (Hard drive backup);
 myari diskis defragmentacia (Hard drive defragmentation).

profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis programas, romelic SemuSavebulia gaumarTaobebis

aRmosafxvrelad, iqamde, sanam isini migviyvanen konfliqtamde, da aseve mcire problemebis
gadasawyvetad, SeiZleba gaaCndes momxmareblebisa da organizaciebisaTvis Semdegi
upiratesobebi:

 amcirebs drois danakargis(Downtime);

 zrdis Mswrafqmedebas (Performance);
 zrdis saimedoobas (Reliability);
 amcirebs remontis xarjebs (Repair costs).

propilaqtikuri momsaxurebis kidev erTi Semadgeneli nawilia dokumentacia. saremonto

samuSaoebis Canawerebi dagexmarebaT gansazRvroT, romeli mowyobiloba aris yvelaze metad
an naklebad saimedo. amas garda, Tqven SeZlebT gaigoT, rodis da rogor mimdinareobda
kompiuteris bolo remonti da raSi mdgomareobda problema.

5.6.2 gegmiuri samuSaoebi Schedule a task

profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis zogierTi procedura Seicavs gawmendas(Cleaning), patara
gaumarTaobebis aRmofxvras. profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis zogierT procedurebSi gamoiyeneba
damxmare utilitebi(Application tools), romlebic ukve aris operaciul sistemaSi an SeiZleba
CavtvirToT momxmareblis kompiuteris myar diskze. profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis programebis
umravlesoba SeiZleba movmarToT avtomatur Sesrulebaze grafikis Sesabamisad.

Windows-Si aris Semdegi utilitebi, romlebic inicireben amocanebis Sesrulebas dagegmil dros:

 brZaneba DOS AT aktivirebas ukeTebs amocanebis Sesrulebas, miTiTebul droSi

brZanebaTa velis interfeisis saSualebiT(Command line interface);
 Windows-is amocanebis mgegmavi(Windows Task Scheduler) aqtivirebas ukeTebs
amocanebis Sesrulebas miTiTebul droSi grafikuli samomxmareblo interfeisis
saSualebiTGUI.

informaciis miReba brZanebaze AT SeiZleba brZanebaTa Semdegi Tanamimdevrobis

SesrulebiT:

Start > Run > cmd

Semdeg sabrZanebo striqonSi SegyavT AT /?

Windows-is amocanaTa mgegmavis(Task Scheduler) gmosaZaxeblad SeasruleT brZanebaTa

Semdegi Tanamimdevroba:
Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Scheduled Tasks

es orive instrumenti saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels gasces ama Tu im amocanis Sesasrulebeli

brZanebebi erTjeradad an mravaljeradad amorCeul dResa Tu saaTs. Windows Task
Scheduler(sur)ufro martivia Sesaswavlad da gamosayeneblad brZaneba AT-sTan SedarebiT,
gansakuTrebiT es exeba ganmeorebadi amocanebis Sesrulebas da ukve dagegmili amocanebis
waSlas.

sistemuri utilitebi System Utilities

sistemis mTlianobis SenarCunebaSi gvexmareba operaciul sistema DOS-Si da WindowsSi
Semavali ramodenime utilita. profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis Sesasrulebeli sasargeblo
instrumentebia Semdegi ori utilita:

 ScanDisk da CHKDSK. utilita ScanDisk (Windows 2000) da CHKDSK (Windows XP)

amowmebs failebis da saqaRaldeebis mTlianobas da skanirebas ukeTebs myari diskis
zedapirs fizikur Secdomebze. sasurvelia misi gamoyeneba Tundac TveSi erTxel, aseve,
moulodneli eleqtro konfliqtiT sistemis gaTiSvis SemTxvevaSi.
 Defrag. didi zomis failebis SemTxvevaSi zogierTi monacemi iwereba diskis sxva Tavisufal
adgilas. droTa ganmavlobaSi monacemebi xdeba fragmentirebuli an gabneuli mTlianad
 myar diskze. yoveli fragmentis moZebnaze ixarjeba dro. defragmentaciisas gabneuli
monacemebi ikribeba erTad, raTa gaadvildes failebis moZebna.

orive utilitis gamosaZaxeblad saWiroa Semdegi moqmedebebis Sesruleba:

Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmenter

avtomaturi ganaxleba Automatic Updates

teqnikuri momsaxurebis yoveli amocanis dagegmva rom misi yoveli Sesrulebisas gviwevdes,
maSin kompiuteris gaumarTaobebis aRmofxvra gacilebiT Zneli iqneboda, vidre amis gakeTeba
dResaa SesaZlebeli. sabednierod, iseTi instrumentebi, rogoricaa amocanaTa dagegmvis ostati
(Scheduled Task Wizard), uzrunvelyofen bevri funqciis avtomatizacias. magram rogor
movaxdinoT programisis ganaxlebis avtomatizacia, romelic ar dawerila?

operaciuli sistemebi da programebi ganuwyvetliv axldebian usafrTxoebis da funqcionaluri

SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis mizniT. mniSvnelovania, rom kompania Microsoft da sxva
kompaniebi gvTavazoben ganaxlebis momsaxurebas (Update service)(sur). ganaxlebis
momsaxurebas SeuZlia Seamowmos sistema aucilebeli ganaxlebis saWiroebaze, xolo Semdeg
rekomendacia gauwios ganaxlebebs, romelTa gadmowera da dayenebac sasurvelia. ganaxlebis
momsaxurebas SeuZlia gadmoweros da daayenos ganaxlebebi, rogorc ki isini xelmisawvdomi
iqneba an gadmoweros ganaxlebebi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi da daayenos isini kompiuteris
Semdgomi gadatvirTvis dros. MMicrosoft-is ganaxlebis ostatTan(Microsoft Update Wizard)
wvdomisaTvis SeasruleT Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > Control Panel > System > Automatic Updates

antivirusuli programebis umravlesobas aqvs sakuTari ganaxlebis saSualeba. mas SeuZlia, rogorc
TviTon programis, aseve misi monacenTa bazebis avtomaturi ganaxleba. es funqcia saSualebas
gvaZlevs uzrunvelyos dauyoneblivi dacva axali virusis gamoCenisTanave.

aRdgenis wertiliRestore Point

xandaxan ganaxlebis Sedegad SesaZloa warmoiqmnas seriozuli problemebi. sistemaSi SesaZloa
dayenebulia Zveli programa, romelic ar aris operaciuli sistemis mocemuli versiis Sesabamisi.
avtomaturi ganaxlebis dros SeiZleba dayendes kodi, romelic muSaobs sxva kompiuterebis
umravlesobaze, magram Tqvensaze __ara.

problemis gadawyvetaa Windows-is aRdgenis wertili(Windows Restore Point) (sur). Windows

XP_Si SeiZleba davafiqsiroT kompiuteris mimdinare parametrebi, anu, SevqmnaT aRdgenis
wertili. Semdeg, kompiuteruli problemis SemTxvevaSi an ganaxlebis Semdeg problemis
warmoqmnisas, SeiZleba davubrundeT kompiuteris winandel konfiguracias.

ganaxlebis win an operaciuli sistemis Secvlisas teqnikurma specialistma yovelTvis unda Seqmnas
aRdgenis wertili. aRdgenis wertilis Seqmna aseve sasurvelia Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:

 programebis dayenebis Semdeg;

 draiverebis dayenebis Semdeg.

SeniSvna. aRdgenis wertilis Seqmnisas mimdinareobs draiverebis, sistemuri failebis da reestris

parametrebis, magram ara programuli monacemebis sarezervo kopireba.
sistemis aRdgenisaTvis an aRdgenis wertilis Sesaqmnelad SeasruleT Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > System Restore

ERD da ASR
Windows 2000-Si aris avariuli aRdgenis diskis(Emergency Repair Disk (ERD)) Seqmnis
SesaZlebloba, romelSic inaxeba kritikulad mniSvnelovani CamtvirTavi failebi da konfiguraciis
monacemebi, romelic aucilebelia windows-Si problemebis aRmosafxvrelad. Windows xp-Si igive
funqciebs asrulebs sistemis avtomaturi aRdgenis ostati(Automated System Recovery
(ASR)wizard). miuxedavad imisa, rom ERD da ASR arian gaumarTaobebis aRmofxvris
mniSvnelovani saSualebebi, maT ar SeuZliaT Secvalon kargi sarezervo asli(Backup).

aRsadgen kompaqt-diskze aris mniSvnelovani failebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sistemis

aRsadgenad seriozuli problemis warmoqmnisas, rogorebicaa myari diskis meqanikuri
dazianeba(Hard drive crash). aRsadgen kompaqt-diskze SeiZleba Cawerili iyos Windows-is
originaluri versia, mowyobilobebis draiverebi da gamoyenebiTi programebi. kompaqt-diskis
gamoyenebisas Asistemis aRsadgenad aRdgeba kompiuteris sawyisi standartuli
koniguracia(Original default configuration).

aRdgenis wertili

5.6.3 myari diskis sarezervo kopireba

zustad iseve, rogrc sistemis aRdgenis wertilebi uzrunvelyofen OS-s sakonfiguracio failebis
aRdgenas, sarezervo kopirebis saSualebebi uzrunvelyofen monacemebis aRdgenas. aucileblobis
SemTxvevasi sarezervo kopirebis Sesasruleblad SeiZleba visargebloT Microsoft-is sarezervo
kopirebis saSualebiT(Microsoft Backup Tool)(sur). mniSvnelovania sarezervo kopirebis
strategiis SemuSaveba, romelic iTvaliswinebs monacemebis aRdgenas. Sesrulebuli sarezervo
kopirebis perioduloba da tipi damokidebulia organizaciis moTxovnaze.
sarezervo kopirebas SesaZloa didi dro daWirdes. sarezervo kopirebis strategiis sworad
gansazRvriT Tqven ar dagWirdebaT TiToeuli failis sarezervo aslis Seqmna. aucilebeli iqneba
mxolod im failebis sarezervo aslebis Seqmna, romelTac cvlileba ganicades ukanasneli kopirebis
Semdeg. amasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sarezervo kopirebis ramodenime gansxvavebuli tipi.

Cveulebrivi sarezervo kopirebaNormal Backup

Cveulebriv sarezervo kopirebas aseve uwodeben sruls(full backup). Cveulebrivi sarezervo
kopirebis dros diskze amorCeuli yvela faili arqivirdeba sarezervo matarebelze. es failebi
Senaxvisas aRiniSnebian, rogorc (путем сброса бита архива) daarqivebulebi.

rezervireba kopirebiT???Copy Backup

kopirebiT rezervirebis dros xdeba yvela amorCeuli failis kopireba. es failebi Senaxvis dros ar
aRiniSnebian rogorc daarqivebulebi.

****( diferencialuri ) sarezervo kopirebaDifferential Backup

diferencialuri sarezervo kopirebis dros arqivdeba yvela faili, Seqmnili an modificirebuli an
ukanaskneli Cveulebrivi sarezervo kopirebis(full backup) momentidan, an
inkrementuli(Incremental Backup) sarezervo kopirebis momentidan(ix. qvemoT). diferencialuri
sarezervo kopirebis dros failebi ar aRiniSneba Senaxvisas, rogorc daarqivebuli. aslebi iqmneba
erTi da imave sawyisi wertilidan iqamde, sanam ar Sesruldeba Semdegi
inkrementuli(Incremental Backup) an sruli sarezervo kopireba(full backup). diferencialuri
sarezervo kopirebis Sesruleba aris mniSvnelovani amocana, radgan yvela monacemis
aRsadgenad aucilebelia mxolod ukanaskneli sruli an diferencialuri asli.

inkrementuli sarezervo kopireba Incremental Backup

inkrementuli sarezervo kopirebis dros iqmneba yvela failis da saqaRaldis asli, romlebic Seiqmna
an modificirda ukanaskneli Cveulebrivi an inkrementuli sarezervo kopirebis momentidan. failebi
aRiniSnebian Senaxvis dros rogorc daarqivebulebi. amis wyalobiT diferencialuri sarezervo
kopirebis sawyisi wertili gadaadgildeba diskis Semcvelobis ganmeorebiTi arqivaciis aucileblobis
gareSe. Tu Tqven asrulebT sistemis aRdgenas, maSin pirvelad unda aRadginoT ukanaskneli
sruli sarezervo asli(the last full backup), Semdeg aRadginoT yoveli inkrementuli sarezervo
asli(every incremental backup) TanamimdevrobiT, xolo Semdeg aRadginoT yvela diferencialuri
sarezervo asli(differential backups), romlebic miRebul iqna ukanasneli inkrementuli sarezervo
kopirebis momentidan (Incremental backup).

yoveldRiuri sarezervo kopireba Daily Backup

sarezervo kopireba mxolod im failebis, romlebSic Sevida cvlilebebi sarezervo kopirebis dReebis
ganmavlobaSi. yoveldRiuri sarezervo kopirebisas arqivis biti ar modificrdeba.

Windows XP Professional-Si yoveldRiuri sarezervo kopirebis utilitis gamosaZaxeblad SeasruleT

Semdegi moqmedebebi:

Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Backup

sarezervo aslebis matareblebi Backup Media

arsebobs rigi monacemTa matareblebisa sarezervo aslis Casawerad:

 damgroveblebi magnitur lentaze(Tape drives)___esaa mowyobilobebi, romlebic

gamoiyeneba monacemebis sarezervo kopirebisaTvis qselis serveris diskze.
damgroveblebi magnitur lentaze__ es didi raodenobiT monacemebis Senaxvis
SeRavaTiani saSualebaa.
 cifruli audiokaseta(Digital Audio Tape (DAT))___esaa standarti, romelSic monacemebis
Sesanaxad gamoiyeneba 4mm cifruli audiofirebi. monacemebi inaxeba monacemTa
Senaxvis cifrul formatSi (Digital Data Storage (DSS)).
 cifruli lenta xazovani CaweriT(Digital Linear Tape (DLT))___esaa teqnologia, romelic
uzrunvelyofs maRal tevadobas da Sesabamisad arqivaciis maRal siswrafes.
 USB fleS-mexsiereba(USB flash memory)___SeiZleba Seicavdes asjer met monacemebs
disketasTan SedarebiT. Gamodis sxvadasxva tevadobis USB fleS-mexsierebebis
mowyobilobebi. isini uzrunvelyofen monacemTa gadacemis ukeTes siswrafes lentian
mowyobilobebTan SedarebiT.

Windows-is reestris arqivacia da aRdgena

5.7 operaciul sistemebSi warmoqmnili gaumarTaobebis moZieba da aRmofxvra
operaciuli sistemebis umravlesoba Seicavs damxmare programebs(Utilities), romlebic
gvexmareba gaumarTaobebis aRmofxvraSi. isini exmarebian teqnikur specialists imis
gansazRvraSi, Tu ratom gamovida kompiuteri wyobidan da ar itvirTeba Cveuli saxiT. amas
garda, es utilitebi gvexmarebian problemis garkvevaSi da misi gadawyvetaSi.

problemis zustad amosacnobad, aRmosafxvrelad da dasasabuTeblad SeasruleT moqmedebebi,

romlebic am nawilSia aRwerili. gaumarTaobebis moZiebisa da armofxvris procesi
warmodgenilia suraTze.

mocemuli nawilis dasrulebisas Tqven aiTvisebT Semdeg Temebs:

 gaumarTaobebis moZiebisa da aRmofxvris procesis (roubleshooting process) mimoxilva;

 yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli problemebis da maTi gadawyvetebis mimoxilva.

5.7.1 gaumarTaobebis moZiebisa da armofxvris procesisi mimoxilva

operaciuli sistemis problemebi SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos aparaturuli, programuli da
parametrebis problemebis kombinaciiT. kompiuteris teqnikur specialists unda SeeZlos
problemebis gaanalizeba da warmoqmnili Secdomis mizezis dadgena, raTa aRadginos operaciuli
sistemis muSaoba. am process ewodeba gaumarTaobebis moZieba da aRmofxvra.
gaumarTaobebis aRmofxvris procesis pirveli etapi mdgomareobs klientisagan informaciis
SekrebaSi. suraTebze CamoTvlilia araerTgvarovani da erTgvarovani kiTxvebi, romelic
sasurvelia klients davusvaT.
klientTan saubris Semdeg Tqven unda SeamowmoT martivi problemebis arseboba. suraTze
CamoTvlilia operaciuli sistemis zogierTi problema.
martivi problemebis Semowmebis Semdeg scadeT efeqturi moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba.
suraTze CamoTvlilia operaciuli sistemis zogierTi efeqturi moqmedeba
Tu efeqturi moqmedebebiT problemas ar eSvela, maSin SeasruleT gaumarTaobebis moZiebisa
da aRmofxvris meToTxmete nabiji, romelic mdgomareobs kompiuteridan monacemebis
SekrebaSi. suraTze warmodgenilia kompiuteridan informaciis Sekrebis sxvadasxva gzebi.
mocemul etapze Tqven gaqvT sakmarisi informacia problemebis Sesafaseblad, da aseve maTi
moZiebisa da SesaZlo gadawyvetebis realizaciisaTvis. suraTze naCvenebia SesaZlo
gadawyvetebis resursebi.
operaciuli sistemis problemis gadawyvetis Semdeg aucilebelia muSaobis Sedegebis klientisaTvis
wardgena. suraTze warmodgenilia amocanebis CamonaTvali, romlis Sesrulebac aucilebelia am
etapze.
5.7.2 operaciuli sistemis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli problemebi da maTi gadawyvetebis
mimoxilva
operaciuli sistemis problemebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aparaturul, programul an parametrebis
problemebs, an am sami tipis problemebis nakrebs. operaciuli sistemis zogierTi tipis problemis
gadawyveta ufro xSirad gviwevs, vidre sxvebis. suraTze CamoTvlilia operaciuli sistemis yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli problemebi da maTi gadawyvetebi.
5.8 reziume
am TavSi mimoxiluli iyo kompiuterebis operaciuli sistema(OS). teqnikur specialists unda SeeZlos
operaciuli sistemis dayeneba, gamarTva da problemebis gadawyveta. mocemuli Tavis Seswavlis
Semdeg mniSvnelovania daimaxsovroT Semdegi momentebi:

 arsebobs operaciuli sistemebis ramodenime tipi, da operaciuli sistemis amorCevisas

saWiroa klientis moTxovnebis da SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswineba.
 klientis kompiuteris gamarTvis ZiriTadi etapebi Seicavs myari diskis momzadebas,
operaciuli sistemis dayenebas, momxmareblis angariSis Seqmnas da dayenebis
parametrebis amorCevas.
 grafikul samomxmareblo interfeisSi GUI warmodgenilia kompiuterSi arsebuli yvela
faili, saqaRalde da programa. grafikuli samomxmareblo interfeisis samuSao magidaze
navigaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba manipulatori, iseTi, rogoricaa mausi.
 Tqven unda SeimuSavoT sarezervo kopirebis strategia, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis
monacemebis aRdgenas. operaciul sistema windows-Si monacemTa sarezervo kopirebis
Semdegi xerxebi arsebobs: Cveulebrivi(Normal), makopirebeli????(Copy), ??????
(Differential), damatebiTi(SekrebiTi)??//(Incremental) da yoveldRiuri(Daily) sarezervo
kopireba.
 profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis procedurebi uzrunvelyofs operaciuli sistemis optimalur
reJimSi muSaobas.
 operaciul sistemaSi gaumarTaobebis moZiebisa da aRmofxvrisaTvis SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT Windows-is iseTi saSualebebi, rogoricaa damatebiTi parametrebis
meniu(Windows Advanced Options menu), Setyobinebebis Jurnali(Event logs),
mowyobilobaTa mmarTveli(Device Manager) da sistemuri failebi(System files).