TYPES OF POLLINATION

CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
2.WHAT IS POLLINATION ?
3. Parts of flower
 Whorl 1
 Whorl 2
 Whorl 3
 Whorl 4
4.TYPES OF POLLINATION
 Cross pollination
 Self pollination
5.Agents of pollination
 Biotic agents: ornithophily, Entomophily
 Abiotic agents : Anemophily , Hydrophily
6.Methods for cross pollination
7. Artificial hybridization
8.Advantages and disadvantages of cross pollination
9.bibliography
INTRODUCTION
• Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male
anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living
organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next
generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by
making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a
new plant. Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their
seeds.Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred
between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a
population of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one
another but because of geographic, reproductive, or other barriers,
they do not interbreed with members of other species.
 WHAT IS POLLINATION ?
• ‘POLLINATION’ is the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther of the
flower to the stigma of flower .It is the act of transferring pollen grains from male
anther of a flower to the female stigma . The goal of every living organism
,including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways
that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds
• ABIOTIC POLLINATION : Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred
between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a population of
individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one another but because of
geographic, reproductive, or other barriers, they do not interbreed with members
of other species
• BIOTIC POLLINATION :Biotic pollination relies on living pollinators to move the
pollen from one flower to another. Abiotic pollination relies on wind, water or
even rain
FLOWER: It is the reproductive part of the plant (angiosperm)
PARTS OF FLOWER
 PARTS OF FLOWER
• There are 4 whorls of a flower as follows :
• Corolla: The corolla is the second whorl, located inside the calyx. It consists of petals,
which are often colorful and fragrant. The petals attract pollinators and are usually larger
and more visually appealing than the sepals
• Androecium: The androecium is the third whorl and represents the male reproductive
organs of the flower. It is composed of stamens, which consist of a filament and an
anther. The anther produces pollen grains, which contain the male gametes (sperm
cells).
• Gynoecium:The gynoecium is the innermost whorl and represents the female
reproductive organs of the flower. It is composed of one or more carpels, which may be
separate or fused. Each carpel consists of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary. The
stigma receives pollen, the style connects the stigma to the ovary, and the ovary
contains ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilization.
• Calyx: The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower. It consists of sepals, which are
usually green and protect the developing bud. The sepals may be separate or fused
together, forming a cup-like structure.
TYPES OF POLLINATION
• Cross-Pollination: Cross-pollination is defined as the deposition of
pollen grains from a flower to the stigma of another flower.
Commonly, the process is done by insects and wind. By insects, the
process takes place in several plants like strawberries, grapes,
raspberries, tulips, apples, plums, pears, daffodils, and more.
Pollination by the wind is observed in different grasses, maple trees
• Self Pollination: In this process, the pollen grains transfer from the
stigma of the same or genetically similar flower. Self-pollination can
be observed in legumes such as orchids, sunflowers, peas, peanuts,
oats, peaches, potatoes, wheat, and others. Accordingly self
pollination is of two types i.e., autogamy and geitogamy
 POLLINATION
• SELF POLLINATION • CROSS POLLINATION
AUTOGAMY: It is a self pollination is which an intersexual or
a perfect flower is pollinated by its own pollen . It can be of
two methods which are homogamy and cleistogamy.

GEITONOGAMY: It is a type of pollination in which pollen

grains of one flower are transferred to the stigma of other
flower belonging to either the same plant or genetically
similar plant . In geitonogamy flowers often show
modification
 AGENTS OF POLLINATION

Plants utilise both biotic and abiotic agents for pollination

• BIOTIC AGENTS • ABIOTIC AGENTS

Animals, insects, butterflies, etc. Wind and water. Wind pollination
Pollination by insects is called is known as anemophily and
entomophily and pollination by pollination by water is called
birds is called ornithophily hydrophily.
VARIOUS MATHEODS FOR POLLINATION
• Various methods of pollination are
1. Entomophily (insect pollination)
2. Anemophily (wind pollination)
3. Hydrophily (water pollination)
4. Ornithophily(birds pollination)
1)METHODS OF POLLINATION

ENTOMOPHILY ORNITHOPHILY
2)METHODS OF POLLINATION

HYDROPHILY ANEMOPHILY
• Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby
pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is
distributed by insects.
• Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen
is distributed by wind. Almost all gymnosperms are anemophilous, as
are many plants including grasses, sedges, and rushes.
• Hydrophily is a type of pollination in which pollen is dispersed by the
flow of water, especially in rivers and streams. Example- Vallisneria
and Hydrilla
• Ornithophily is defined as the process of pollination by birds. Birds
which come to feed on flower material and fruits often allow dispersal
of pollen grains with them to other nearby flowers.
ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION
• Artificial hybridization is the process of crossing two genetically
diverse individuals with desirable qualities in order to produce
offspring with superior traits to the parents.
• During the artificial hybridization process, just the desired pollen
grains are manufactured to be introduced to the stigma by
pollination.
• This method helps to avoid pollen rejection while also saving time.
This method aids in the development of plants with the desired
features.
ARTIFICILA HYBRIDIZATION CAN BE ACHIVED BY :
• The removal of anthers from a bisexual flower to prevent self-
pollination is known as emasculation.
• To prevent pollination, this bloom is bagged.
• The male flower's mature pollen grains are gathered, the bag is
opened, and the pollens are dusted on the blossom.
• Flowers are bagged after pollination until fruits form.
• The fruit is a hybrid and of excellent quality.
The advantage of cross pollination are:
-Unisexual plants can reproduce with the help of cross
pollination.
- It helps in the introduction of new genes into a sequence of
species.
- It helps in improving the immunity of offspring against
environmental stress and diseases.
The disadvantage of cross pollination are:
- Huge amounts of pollen grains are wasted.
- There is a chance of genetic recombination which can
lead to elimination of good qualities of the parent.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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