CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study:

Drug abuse is a growing concern in Ikeduru LGA, as well as in Nigeria as a whole.

The availability and use of illicit substances have risen, affecting individuals across
different age groups and socio-economic backgrounds. A systematic review and
meta-analysis conducted by Adeloye et al. (2018) revealed a significant prevalence
of illicit drug use disorders among Nigerian youths. The reasons for drug abuse are
multifaceted, encompassing factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, stress, and the
lack of employment opportunities (Nwoga et al., 2018).

Unemployment and drug abuse are interrelated issues, forming a complex cycle of
causation. Unemployment can contribute to a sense of despair and purposelessness,
making individuals vulnerable to seeking solace or escape through substance
abuse. Conversely, drug abuse can further exacerbate unemployment by
diminishing individuals' motivation, impairing their ability to secure and maintain
employment (Oguwuike, 2018).

Unemployment is a persistent issue in Ikeduru LGA, as it is in many parts of

Nigeria. The lack of job opportunities, particularly for the youth population, has
contributed to a sense of frustration and hopelessness. Unemployed individuals
face challenges in meeting their basic needs, such as food, shelter, and healthcare.
The resulting socio-economic strain often leads to negative coping mechanisms,
with drug abuse being a prevalent issue.

Understanding the link between drug abuse and unemployment is essential for
developing effective strategies and interventions. Unemployment can create a
sense of despair and purposelessness, leading individuals to seek solace or escape
through substance abuse. Simultaneously, drug abuse can exacerbate
unemployment by diminishing individuals' motivation, impairing their ability to
secure and maintain employment.

Despite the evident importance of studying drug abuse and unemployment, there is
a dearth of specific research conducted in Ikeduru LGA. Therefore, this study aims
to bridge the knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between drug abuse and
unemployment within the context of Ikeduru LGA. By conducting an in-depth case
study, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this research seeks to shed
light on the extent of drug abuse among the unemployed population and identify
the underlying factors contributing to this issue.

The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted

interventions, policies, and programs aimed at addressing drug abuse and
unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. By understanding the unique challenges faced by
the local population, policymakers and stakeholders can design and implement
evidence-based strategies to empower individuals, promote employment
opportunities, and provide support for individuals struggling with substance abuse.

Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA) in Imo State, Nigeria, serves as the focus
of this study on the relationship between drug abuse and unemployment.
Understanding the background of the study area is essential for comprehending the
factors contributing to these pressing issues.

Ikeduru LGA, like many regions in Nigeria, faces significant socio-economic

challenges, including high levels of unemployment and drug abuse. The area has
experienced transitions in its economic landscape, shifting from an agrarian-based
economy to a more urbanized and industrialized one. Historically, agriculture
played a vital role in the local economy, with crops like yam, cassava, and palm
produce driving economic activities (Ikeduru Local Government, n.d.).

However, the changing economic dynamics have resulted in increased

unemployment rates in the region. The lack of job opportunities, particularly for
the youth population, has led to frustration and a sense of hopelessness.
Unemployment poses challenges in meeting basic needs, such as food, shelter, and
healthcare, thereby amplifying social and economic strains (Oguwuike, 2018).

Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA), located in Nigeria, serves as the backdrop
for this study on drug abuse and unemployment. The LGA is home to a diverse
population and faces various socio-economic challenges, including high levels of
unemployment and drug abuse. Understanding the background of the study area is
crucial for comprehending the factors contributing to these issues.

The reasons for drug abuse are multifaceted, encompassing factors such as peer
pressure, curiosity, stress, and lack of employment opportunities. Unemployment
contributes to a sense of despair and purposelessness, making individuals
vulnerable to seeking solace or escape through substance abuse (Adeniyi et al.,
2020).

While studies examining drug abuse and unemployment exist, there is a dearth of
specific research conducted in Ikeduru LGA. Therefore, this study aims to bridge
the knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between drug abuse and
unemployment within the context of Ikeduru LGA. By conducting an in-depth case
study utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, this research seeks to shed
light on the extent of drug abuse among the unemployed population and identify
the underlying factors contributing to this issue.
The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted
interventions, policies, and programs aimed at addressing drug abuse and
unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. By understanding the unique challenges faced by
the local population, policymakers and stakeholders can design and implement
evidence-based strategies to empower individuals, promote employment
opportunities, and provide support for individuals struggling with substance abuse.

Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA), located in Imo State, Nigeria, serves as
the focal point for this study on drug abuse and unemployment. Understanding the
background of the study area is crucial for comprehending the factors contributing
to these interconnected issues.

Ikeduru LGA, like many regions in Nigeria, grapples with significant socio-
economic challenges, including high levels of unemployment and drug abuse. The
area has witnessed shifts in its economic landscape, transitioning from an agrarian-
based economy to a more urbanized and industrialized one. Historically,
agriculture played a pivotal role in the local economy, with crops such as yam,
cassava, and palm produce driving economic activities (Ikeduru Local
Government, n.d.).

However, the changing economic dynamics have led to increased unemployment

rates in the region. The lack of job opportunities, particularly for the youth
population, has resulted in frustration, disillusionment, and a sense of
hopelessness. Unemployment poses challenges in meeting basic needs, including
food, shelter, and healthcare, exacerbating social and economic strains (Oguwuike
& Anyanwu, 2017).

While several studies have examined drug abuse and unemployment in Nigeria,
there is a dearth of specific research conducted in Ikeduru LGA. Therefore, this
study aims to bridge the knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between drug
abuse and unemployment within the context of Ikeduru LGA.

The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted

interventions, policies, and programs aimed at addressing drug abuse and
unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. By understanding the unique challenges faced by
the local population, policymakers and stakeholders can design and implement
evidence-based strategies to empower individuals, promote employment
opportunities, and provide support for those struggling with substance abuse.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA) in Imo State, Nigeria, is grappling
with two critical issues: namely drug abuse and unemployment. These problems
are interconnected and have severe implications for the well-being and
development of the local community.

It is obvious that the high prevalence of drug abuse in the community has been a
noticeable increase in drug abuse among the population, which raises concerns
about the extent of drug abuse, the types of drugs being abused, and the
consequences associated with it.

High unemployment rates and its consequences poses significant challenges in

Ikeduru LGA, affecting individuals, families, and the community as a whole. It is
important to examine the extent of unemployment, identify the factors contributing
to it, and understand the social and economic impacts it has on the community.

Another problem is the interrelationship between drug abuse and unemployment.

There is a need to explore the link between these two issues in Ikeduru LGA. It is
important to understand how unemployment influences drug abuse and how drug
abuse, in turn, exacerbates unemployment rates and creates additional social and
economic challenges for individuals and the community.

what is even more, there is a limited understanding of the local dynamics of drug
abuse and unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. While studies have been conducted in
various contexts, there is a lack of research specifically focused on this
community. This study aims to fill that gap by providing insights into the unique
factors, challenges, and implications of drug abuse and unemployment in Ikeduru
LGA.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine drug abuse and unemployment in
Ikeduru. The specific objectives include;
1. To assess the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo
State.

2. To examine the factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo

State.

3. To analyze the impact of unemployment on drug abuse Ikeduru L.G.A in

Imo State.

4. To identify the challenges faced by the unemployed population in Ikeduru

L.G.A in Imo State.

1.4 Research Questions:

1. What are the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse among the residents of
Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA)?
 2. What are the factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo
State?

3. How does unemployment impact drug abuse Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo State.

4. What are the challenges faced by the unemployed population in Ikeduru

L.G.A in Imo State.

1.5 Hypotheses of the Study:

1. There is a significant relationship between unemployment and drug abuse in

Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA)

2. There is significant relationship on prevalence of drug abuse among the

unemployed population in Ikeduru LGA compared to the employed population.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The finding of the study will create awareness on the drug abuse and
unemployment a study of Ikeduru Also, the study will also reveal the challenges
facing early marriages and proffer possible solutions to the problem. It can assist in
the development of targeted prevention campaigns, educational initiatives, and
awareness programs to reduce drug abuse among the local population, particularly
the youth.

The study help policy makers to know whether to review the laws on drug abuse
and unemployment or not. The study contributes to the existing body of
knowledge on drug abuse and unemployment in Nigeria, particularly within the
context of Ikeduru LGA. The study will also serve as guide for related researches.

1.7 Operationalization of Terms

Drug Abuse: Refers to the excessive, recurrent, and harmful use of substances,
including both illicit drugs (such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana) and legal
substances (such as prescription medications and alcohol), leading to negative
consequences on physical, psychological, and social well-being.

Unemployment: Refers to the state of being without a job or occupation, typically

measured as the percentage of individuals who are actively seeking employment
but are unable to secure suitable work opportunities.

Prevalence: Refers to the proportion of individuals within a population who

exhibit a specific characteristic or engage in a particular behavior.

Patterns of Drug Abuse: Refers to the various ways in which drug abuse is
manifested, including frequency and duration of drug use, routes of administration,
combinations of substances used, and contexts in which drug abuse occurs.

Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse: Refers to the underlying influences,

circumstances, and variables that increase the likelihood of individuals engaging in
drug abuse.

Interrelationship: Refers to the mutual connection or influence between two or

more factors or phenomena.

Interventions: Refers to strategies, programs, or actions implemented to address a

specific issue or problem.

Policies: Refers to guidelines, regulations, or frameworks established by

governmental or organizational entities to guide decision-making and actions
related to a specific issue or area of concern.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Literature Review

2.1.1 Concept of The Study

The concept of the study revolves around the examination of the relationship
between drug abuse and unemployment in the context of Ikeduru Local
Government Area (LGA). This study seeks to investigate the prevalence, patterns,
and contributing factors of drug abuse among the residents of Ikeduru LGA, while
also exploring the impact of unemployment on drug abuse in the same population.

The study recognizes that drug abuse and unemployment are interconnected social
issues that can mutually influence and exacerbate each other. Individuals facing
unemployment may turn to drug abuse as a coping mechanism or as a means to
escape the challenges and stress associated with unemployment. On the other hand,
drug abuse can contribute to job loss, reduced productivity, and hindered
employability, further perpetuating the cycle of unemployment.

By exploring the interrelationship between drug abuse and unemployment, the

study aims to shed light on the specific dynamics and mechanisms at play in
Ikeduru LGA. It seeks to identify the socio-economic, psychological, and
environmental factors that contribute to drug abuse in the context of
unemployment. Additionally, the study examines the challenges faced by the
unemployed population in securing and maintaining employment, considering the
unique characteristics and context of Ikeduru LGA.

Furthermore, the study assesses the existing interventions and policies related to
drug abuse and unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. It evaluates their effectiveness,
identifies gaps and limitations, and provides recommendations for evidence-based
interventions and strategies to address these intertwined issues comprehensively.

2.1.2. Concept Of Drug Abuse And Unemployment

Drug abuse refers to the excessive and harmful use of substances, both illicit and
legal, that have the potential to alter an individual's physical, psychological, and
social well-being. Drug abuse involves the recurrent and compulsive consumption
of substances, often leading to negative consequences on health, relationships,
work performance, and overall functioning.

Drug abuse encompasses a range of substances, including but not limited to illicit
drugs such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and hallucinogens, as
well as legal substances like prescription medications and alcohol. It involves
various patterns of drug use, such as experimental use, recreational use, occasional
or social use, and chronic or dependent use.

Unemployment, on the other hand, refers to the condition of being without a job or
gainful employment. It occurs when individuals who are actively seeking
employment are unable to secure suitable work opportunities. Unemployment is
often measured as a percentage of the workforce or labor force participation rate.

Unemployment can have significant social, economic, and psychological

consequences. It affects individuals' financial stability, social status, and overall
well-being. The experience of unemployment can lead to feelings of frustration,
low self-esteem, and a sense of purposelessness. It can also contribute to financial
strain, social isolation, and a loss of social support networks.

The concept of drug abuse and unemployment recognizes the interconnectedness

and interplay between these two social issues. There is often a reciprocal
relationship between drug abuse and unemployment, where each issue can
exacerbate the other. For instance, individuals facing unemployment may turn to
drug abuse as a coping mechanism or as a means to alleviate boredom, escape
reality, or cope with the stress and frustration associated with joblessness.
Conversely, drug abuse can contribute to job loss, reduced productivity, and
hindered employability, perpetuating the cycle of unemployment.

The concept of drug abuse and unemployment underscores the need to understand
the underlying factors and mechanisms that contribute to the co-occurrence of
these issues. It emphasizes the importance of addressing both drug abuse and
unemployment simultaneously to break the cycle and promote positive outcomes
for individuals and communities.

By examining the concept of drug abuse and unemployment, researchers,

policymakers, and practitioners can gain insights into the complex dynamics, risk
factors, and consequences associated with these issues. This understanding can
inform the development of comprehensive interventions, policies, and support
systems that address the root causes, mitigate the negative impacts, and promote
recovery, employment, and well-being for individuals affected by drug abuse and
unemployment.

The concept of drug abuse refers to the misuse or excessive use of substances that
can lead to negative physical, psychological, and social consequences. Drug abuse
encompasses a wide range of substances, including illicit drugs such as cocaine,
heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and prescription medications, as well as
legal substances like alcohol and tobacco. It involves patterns of use that can range
from experimental or recreational to chronic and dependent.

Unemployment, on the other hand, refers to the state of being without a job or
gainful employment. It is typically measured as the percentage of the labor force
that is actively seeking employment but unable to find suitable work.
Unemployment can have significant economic, social, and psychological impacts
on individuals and communities.

The relationship between drug abuse and unemployment is complex and

bidirectional. On one hand, unemployment can contribute to drug abuse as
individuals facing joblessness may experience increased stress, financial strain, and
a sense of hopelessness, leading them to turn to substances as a coping mechanism
or escape. On the other hand, drug abuse can hinder employability and job
retention due to impaired cognitive functioning, reduced productivity, and
increased absenteeism or workplace accidents.

Numerous studies have explored the association between drug abuse and
unemployment, shedding light on the interplay between these two issues. For
example, a study by Mulvey et al. (2019) examined the relationship between
substance use and unemployment among adults in the United States. The findings
indicated that substance use, particularly illicit drug use, was significantly

associated with higher rates of unemployment.

The concept of drug abuse and unemployment underscores the interconnectedness

of these two social issues and their impact on individuals and society. Both drug
abuse and unemployment can have significant consequences on physical health,
mental well-being, social relationships, and economic stability.
 Drug abuse can contribute to unemployment through its effects on cognitive
functioning, motivation, and job performance. Substance abuse can impair
judgment, decrease productivity, and increase absenteeism, making it challenging
for individuals to maintain steady employment. Studies have shown that
individuals with substance abuse issues are more likely to experience job
instability and unemployment (Mulvey et al., 2019).

On the other hand, unemployment can increase the risk of drug abuse as
individuals may turn to substances as a means of coping with stress, boredom, or
feelings of hopelessness associated with joblessness. The loss of employment can
lead to psychological distress and a loss of purpose, which can increase the
vulnerability to substance abuse (Nyamathi et al., 2017).

Moreover, the relationship between drug abuse and unemployment can be

influenced by various factors, including socio-economic conditions, access to
treatment and support services, educational attainment, and mental health. For
example, individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds may face greater
challenges in finding employment and accessing appropriate resources to address
drug abuse issues.

To address the complex interplay between drug abuse and unemployment, it is

crucial to adopt a multidimensional approach. This involves implementing
prevention and intervention strategies that address the underlying factors
contributing to drug abuse and unemployment simultaneously. Comprehensive
approaches may include:

1. Substance abuse prevention programs: Implementing evidence-based prevention

programs that target individuals at risk of substance abuse, such as unemployed
individuals or those experiencing economic hardship. These programs can focus on
 promoting healthy coping mechanisms, enhancing life skills, and providing
education on the risks associated with drug abuse.

2. Employment assistance and vocational training: Offering employment support

services, job placement programs, and vocational training to individuals struggling
with unemployment. Providing resources for skill development, career counseling,
and job search assistance can improve employability and reduce the risk of drug
abuse.

3. Integrated services: Promoting integrated care by establishing collaborations

between substance abuse treatment centers, employment agencies, and mental
health services. This approach ensures that individuals receive comprehensive
support addressing both their substance abuse issues and employment needs.

4. Community engagement: Engaging communities, local organizations, and

employers in creating supportive environments that reduce stigma associated with
substance abuse and unemployment. Collaboration between community
stakeholders can help create opportunities for employment, access to treatment,
and supportive networks.

2.1.3. The Prevalence and Patterns of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse is a global concern with varying prevalence rates and patterns across
different regions and populations. The prevalence of drug abuse is influenced by
factors such as social, cultural, economic, and environmental conditions.

The prevalence of drug abuse varies across different regions and populations.
Studies have found that drug abuse rates can be influenced by factors such as
social and economic conditions, cultural norms, availability of drugs, and
 government policies. Understanding the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse is
crucial for designing effective prevention and intervention strategies.

One key source for understanding global drug abuse trends is the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Their World Drug Report provides
comprehensive data on drug use and the associated challenges faced by different
countries and regions. The report offers insights into the prevalence of drug abuse,
including information on specific substances, patterns of use, and associated
harms. By examining the UNODC's data and analysis, researchers can gain a
broader understanding of the global landscape of drug abuse and its implications
for various populations.

Moreover, national and local surveys conducted by organizations such as the

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in the
United States, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
(EMCDDA) in Europe, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) provide
valuable insights into the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse in specific
countries or regions. These surveys collect data on the use of various substances,
including illicit drugs, prescription medications, and alcohol, as well as
information on demographics, frequency of use, and associated consequences...

2.1.4. Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse

1. Genetic Factors: Genetic factors can play a role in an individual's susceptibility to

drug abuse. Genetic variations can influence an individual's response to drugs,
including their sensitivity to the rewarding effects and their vulnerability to
developing addiction (Volkow & Li, 2005). Twin and family studies have provided
 evidence of a genetic component in drug abuse and addiction (Kendler et al.,
2012).

2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors, such as family dynamics, peer

influence, and socio-economic conditions, contribute significantly to drug abuse.
Adverse childhood experiences, including trauma, abuse, and neglect, have been
linked to an increased risk of drug abuse later in life (Dube et al., 2003). Peer
pressure and exposure to drug-using peers can also influence initiation and
continued drug use (Dishion et al., 1999). Additionally, socio-economic factors,
such as poverty and unemployment, can contribute to drug abuse by increasing
stress levels and limiting access to resources and opportunities (Degenhardt et al.,
2014).

3. Mental Health Conditions: Co-occurring mental health conditions, such as

depression, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
can contribute to drug abuse. Individuals may turn to drugs as a means of self-
medication to alleviate symptoms or cope with emotional distress (Swendsen et al.,
2010). Substance abuse and mental health disorders often coexist, forming a
complex relationship known as a dual diagnosis or comorbidity.

4. Availability and Accessibility of Drugs: The availability and accessibility of drugs

play a significant role in drug abuse. The presence of illicit drug markets, ease of
access to prescription medications, and the availability of alcohol in the
community contribute to the initiation and continued use of drugs (Cicero et al.,
2005). The Internet and dark web have also emerged as platforms for drug
acquisition, posing new challenges in controlling drug availability (Van Hout &
Bingham, 2014).
5. Cultural and Social Factors: Cultural and social norms can influence drug abuse
patterns. Factors such as cultural acceptance of drug use, perceived social norms
regarding drug use behaviors, and media portrayal of drug use can shape
individuals' attitudes and behaviors towards drug abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2014).

1. Genetic Factors: Genetic factors play a crucial role in an individual's vulnerability

to drug abuse. Studies have shown that genetic variations can influence an
individual's response to drugs, including their sensitivity to the rewarding effects
and their susceptibility to developing addiction (Volkow & Li, 2005). Genetic
studies, including twin and family studies, have provided evidence of a genetic
component in drug abuse and addiction (Kendler et al., 2012). Certain genetic
variations can affect the functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as
dopamine and serotonin, which are involved in reward and pleasure pathways,
thereby influencing an individual's susceptibility to drug abuse.

2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors significantly contribute to drug

abuse. Adverse childhood experiences, such as trauma, abuse, and neglect, have
been associated with an increased risk of drug abuse later in life (Dube et al.,
2003). Family dynamics, including dysfunctional family relationships, parental
substance abuse, and lack of parental supervision, can contribute to the
development of drug abuse behaviors in individuals (Chassin et al., 2004). Peer
influence is another environmental factor that plays a significant role, as
individuals may be more likely to engage in drug abuse if they have friends or
peers who use drugs (Dishion et al., 1999). Socio-economic factors, such as
poverty, unemployment, and lack of educational opportunities, can also contribute
to drug abuse by increasing stress levels and limiting access to resources and
opportunities (Degenhardt et al., 2014).
3. Mental Health Conditions: Co-occurring mental health conditions and substance
abuse often go hand in hand. Individuals with mental health disorders, such as
depression, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
are at a higher risk of developing drug abuse issues (Swendsen et al., 2010). Some
individuals may turn to drugs as a form of self-medication to alleviate symptoms or
cope with emotional distress. Substance abuse can also worsen existing mental
health conditions, creating a cycle of co-occurring disorders that require integrated
treatment approaches.

4. Availability and Accessibility of Drugs: The availability and accessibility of drugs

strongly influence drug abuse. The presence of illicit drug markets, ease of access
to prescription medications, and the availability of alcohol in the community
contribute to the initiation and continued use of drugs (Cicero et al., 2005). Factors
such as drug trafficking, illegal manufacturing, and online drug markets play a role
in drug availability and accessibility. The internet and dark web have emerged as
platforms for drug acquisition, posing new challenges in controlling drug
availability and increasing the risk of drug abuse (Van Hout & Bingham, 2014).

5. Cultural and Social Factors: Cultural and social norms have a significant impact on
drug abuse patterns. Cultural acceptance of drug use, perceived social norms
regarding drug use behaviors, and media portrayal of drug use can shape
individuals' attitudes and behaviors towards drug abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2014).
Cultural factors can influence the initiation, frequency, and type of drugs used in
different communities. Social influences, including peer pressure and social
expectations, can also play a role in drug abuse behaviors, particularly among
adolescents and young adults.
1. Self-Medication Hypothesis: The self-medication hypothesis suggests that
individuals may turn to drug abuse as a means of coping with the negative
psychological effects of unemployment (Kandel et al., 2011). Unemployment can
lead to feelings of stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. In an attempt to
alleviate these negative emotions, individuals may engage in substance abuse as a
form of self-medication.

2. Economic Strain and Social Dislocation: Unemployment often results in economic

strain and social dislocation, which can contribute to drug abuse. Economic strain
refers to financial difficulties and a lack of resources, which may push individuals
to seek solace in drugs as a temporary escape or means of coping (Cerdá et al.,
2013). Social dislocation refers to the disruption of social ties and networks that
often occurs with unemployment, leading to a sense of isolation and loss of social
support. This social dislocation can increase the likelihood of engaging in drug
abuse as individuals seek social connections or a sense of belonging (Wang et al.,
2010).

3. Increased Exposure and Peer Influence: Unemployment can expose individuals to

environments and social networks that promote drug abuse. Unemployment may
lead to increased leisure time, which can increase exposure to drug-using peers or
environments where drugs are readily available (Bretteville-Jensen et al., 2014).
Peer influence plays a significant role in drug abuse, and unemployed individuals
may be more susceptible to peer pressure to engage in substance use as a means of
coping or fitting in (Molloy et al., 2011).

4. Psychological Factors: Unemployment can have profound psychological effects,

such as a loss of identity, feelings of worthlessness, and a diminished sense of
purpose. These psychological factors can contribute to an increased risk of drug
 abuse as individuals seek ways to escape or numb their negative emotions (Breslau
et al., 2004). Drugs may provide temporary relief from the psychological distress
associated with unemployment.

5. Cyclical Relationship: The relationship between drug abuse and unemployment is

often cyclical. Drug abuse can lead to difficulties in finding and maintaining
employment due to impaired cognitive functioning, decreased productivity, and
legal issues associated with substance abuse (Fletcher et al., 2017). Conversely,
unemployment can increase the risk of drug abuse, perpetuating a cycle of
substance abuse and unemployment.

6. Coping Mechanisms and Stress: Unemployment can be a significant source of

stress and can disrupt an individual's sense of stability and well-being. The stress
associated with unemployment can contribute to the onset or escalation of drug
abuse as individuals seek ways to cope with the emotional and psychological
pressures (Wang et al., 2010). Drugs may provide a temporary escape from the
stress and negative emotions associated with unemployment.

7. Economic Factors and Financial Strain: Unemployment often leads to financial

strain, as individuals experience a loss of income and struggle to meet their basic
needs. Financial difficulties and economic instability can create a strong
motivation for individuals to engage in drug abuse as they may see it as a way to
cope with their circumstances or seek temporary relief from the financial stress
(Cerdá et al., 2013). Drugs may provide a sense of pleasure or distraction from the
economic challenges associated with unemployment.

8. Reduced Social Capital and Social Support: Unemployment can result in a decline
in social capital and social support networks, leading individuals to feel socially
isolated and disconnected from their communities (Molloy et al., 2011). The loss
 of social networks and support systems can increase the risk of drug abuse as
individuals may turn to substances to fill the void or seek companionship and
acceptance within drug-using networks.

9. Underlying Structural Factors: The interrelationship between drug abuse and

unemployment is influenced by underlying structural factors, such as systemic
inequalities, poverty, and lack of educational and employment opportunities (Wang
et al., 2010). These structural factors contribute to a higher prevalence of drug
abuse in disadvantaged communities, where unemployment rates are often
elevated. Socioeconomic disparities can create an environment that fosters drug
abuse as individuals face limited options and may turn to drugs as a means of
escape or as a response to their challenging circumstances.

10. Impacts on Mental Health: Unemployment can have adverse effects on mental
health, increasing the risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression
and anxiety (Breslau et al., 2004). Poor mental health, in turn, can contribute to
drug abuse as individuals may use substances as a way to self-medicate or alleviate
their psychological distress.

The interrelationship between drug abuse and unemployment is complex and

influenced by various individual, social, and economic factors. It is important to
consider these factors holistically when addressing the challenges posed by drug
abuse and unemployment in order to develop comprehensive interventions.

2.1.5. Challenges Faced by the Unemployed Population

Financial Hardship and Economic Instability: Unemployment often leads to

financial hardship and economic instability. Individuals who are unemployed
experience a loss of income and may struggle to meet their basic needs, leading to
financial stress and insecurity (Paul & Moser, 2009). Studies have shown that
 unemployment is associated with an increased risk of poverty and financial
difficulties (Halleröd et al., 2017). The lack of financial resources can have wide-
ranging impacts on various aspects of life, including housing, healthcare,
education, and overall well-being.

1. Psychological Distress and Mental Health Issues: Unemployment is associated

with psychological distress and an increased risk of mental health issues. The loss
of employment can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and a
sense of hopelessness (Winefield et al., 2014). Research has consistently shown a
strong association between unemployment and poor mental health outcomes (Paul
& Moser, 2009). The psychological impact of unemployment can have long-lasting
effects on an individual's well-being and quality of life.

2. Social Isolation and Loss of Social Support: Unemployment often results in social
isolation and a loss of social support networks. The workplace serves as a
significant source of social interaction and support for many individuals, and the
loss of employment can lead to a disruption in social connections (Warr, 2019).
The lack of daily social interactions and the sense of belonging that employment
provides can contribute to feelings of loneliness and isolation, further exacerbating
the challenges faced by the unemployed population.

3. Reduced Opportunities for Skill Development and Career Progression:

Unemployment can hinder opportunities for skill development and career
progression. The absence of work can limit access to training programs and
professional development, leading to a stagnation of skills and a potential loss of
competitiveness in the job market (Mavromaras et al., 2013). Long periods of
unemployment can create gaps in employment history, which may make it more
difficult for individuals to secure future employment or advance their careers.
4. Stigmatization and Discrimination: The unemployed population often faces
stigmatization and discrimination, which can further compound the challenges they
experience. Negative stereotypes and societal biases towards the unemployed can
lead to a sense of marginalization and reduced self-worth (Cruwys et al., 2013).
Discrimination based on employment status can also occur during the hiring
process, making it more difficult for unemployed individuals to secure new
employment opportunities.

5. Health Disparities and Access to Healthcare: Unemployment can impact access to

healthcare, as many individuals rely on employer-sponsored health insurance. The
loss of employment often means the loss of health insurance coverage, creating
barriers to healthcare services and treatment (Himmelstein et al., 2009).
Unemployed individuals may face challenges in accessing necessary medical care,
medications, and mental health services, further exacerbating health disparities.

6. Increased Risk of Substance Abuse and Addictive Behaviors: Unemployment is

associated with an increased risk of substance abuse and addictive behaviors. The
stress, boredom, and lack of structure that often accompany unemployment can
contribute to individuals turning to substances as a means of coping or escaping
their circumstances (Frone et al., 2016). The unemployed population may face
heightened vulnerabilities to substance abuse, which can further compound the
challenges they face.

8. Loss of Professional Identity and Self-Worth: Unemployment often leads to a loss

of professional identity and can negatively impact an individual's self-worth. Work
provides a sense of purpose, accomplishment, and identity for many individuals,
and the absence of employment can erode their sense of self and value (Winefield
 et al., 2014). The loss of a job can result in feelings of failure, shame, and a loss of
identity tied to one's occupation.

9. Long-Term Unemployment and Skills Decay: Long-term unemployment poses

particular challenges. As the duration of unemployment increases, individuals may
experience skills decay, meaning their skills and knowledge become outdated or
less relevant in the job market (Mavromaras et al., 2013). This can lead to reduced
employability and increased difficulties in securing new job opportunities,
perpetuating the cycle of unemployment.

10. Impact on Physical Health: Unemployment can have adverse effects on physical
health. The stress and strain associated with unemployment can contribute to
physical health problems such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and
compromised immune functioning (Paul & Moser, 2009). Inadequate access to
healthcare services and increased financial strain may also limit individuals' ability
to address and manage their physical health needs.

11. Impact on Family and Relationships: Unemployment can strain family

relationships and have negative impacts on overall family well-being. Financial
strain, increased stress levels, and disrupted routines can lead to conflicts within
households and challenges in meeting family obligations (Vinokur et al., 2016).
Unemployment can also disrupt social roles and dynamics, affecting relationships
with partners, children, and extended family members.

12. Limited Social Mobility and Future Prospects: Prolonged unemployment can limit
social mobility and future prospects for individuals. Persistent unemployment can
result in a downward spiral, making it increasingly difficult to secure stable
employment and improve one's socioeconomic status (Halleröd et al., 2017).
 Limited access to job opportunities and reduced earning potential can contribute to
a cycle of poverty and economic disadvantage.

13. Effects on Community and Social Cohesion: High levels of unemployment within
a community can have broader social implications. Concentrated unemployment
can erode social cohesion, leading to increased crime rates, social unrest, and a
sense of community disintegration (Larsen et al., 2016). The negative impacts of
unemployment can extend beyond individual well-being and affect the overall
fabric of communities.

1. Economic Recession and Cyclical Factors: Economic recessions and cyclical

factors play a significant role in causing unemployment. During economic
downturns, businesses may downsize, lay off workers, or close altogether, leading
to a rise in unemployment rates (Blanchard & Summers, 1986). Recessions are
often characterized by reduced consumer spending, decreased business investment,
and overall contraction of economic activity, which can result in job losses across
various sectors.

2. Technological Advancements and Automation: Technological advancements and

automation have contributed to shifts in the labor market and increased
unemployment in certain sectors. The automation of tasks and the adoption of
advanced technologies can lead to workforce reduction as businesses seek to
improve efficiency and reduce costs (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). Jobs that can
be automated or replaced by technology are particularly vulnerable, resulting in
unemployment for those in affected occupations.

3. Structural Changes and Globalization: Structural changes in industries and

increased globalization have also contributed to unemployment. The restructuring
of industries, outsourcing of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, and increased
 competition from international markets can lead to job displacement and
unemployment (Blanchard & Katz, 1992). Industries that face intense global
competition, such as manufacturing and certain service sectors, are particularly
susceptible to job losses.

4. Lack of Skills and Mismatch in the Labor Market: A lack of necessary skills and a
mismatch between the skills possessed by workers and the skills demanded by
employers can contribute to unemployment. Rapid changes in technology and
shifts in the labor market can render some skills obsolete while creating a demand
for new and different skills (Autor, 2010). When workers do not possess the skills
needed for available jobs or when there is a mismatch between their skills and job
requirements, unemployment rates may rise.

5. Demographic and Population Changes: Demographic and population changes

can impact unemployment rates. Factors such as population growth, changes in
labor force participation rates, and shifts in age demographics can influence
unemployment levels (Ruhm, 2000). For example, an increase in the number of
young people entering the labor market without sufficient job opportunities can
result in higher youth unemployment rates.

6. Inadequate Education and Training: Inadequate education and training

opportunities can contribute to unemployment. A lack of access to quality
education, limited vocational training programs, and disparities in educational
attainment can leave individuals ill-equipped to secure employment in a
competitive job market (Gathmann & Schönberg, 2010). Insufficient investment in
education and training can perpetuate unemployment and hinder economic growth.

7. Policy Factors and Labor Market Regulations: Policy factors and labor market
regulations can impact unemployment rates. Excessive labor market regulations,
 minimum wage policies, and inflexible employment laws can create barriers to
hiring and job creation, leading to higher levels of unemployment (Blanchard &
Tirole, 2003). In contrast, well-designed labor market policies that promote
flexibility, training, and job creation can help mitigate unemployment challenges.

2.1.6 CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Genetic and Biological Factors: Genetic and biological factors can contribute to
drug abuse vulnerability. Research suggests that genetic variations can affect an
individual's response to drugs, their susceptibility to addiction, and their risk of
developing substance use disorders (Volkow et al., 2016). Biological factors, such
as imbalances in brain chemistry and neurotransmitter systems, can also influence
the likelihood of engaging in drug abuse behaviors (Nestler, 2014).

2. Environmental Influences and Peer Pressure: Environmental influences,

including peer pressure, play a significant role in drug abuse. Social factors, such
as having friends or family members who use drugs, can increase the likelihood of
drug experimentation and subsequent abuse (Volkow et al., 2016). Exposure to a
drug-using environment or a culture that normalizes drug use can influence an
individual's attitudes and behaviors related to substance abuse (Degenhardt et al.,
2010).

3. Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Trauma and adverse childhood

experiences (ACEs) are linked to an increased risk of drug abuse. Childhood
trauma, such as physical or sexual abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, can
have long-lasting impacts on individuals, increasing their vulnerability to
substance abuse as a coping mechanism or self-medication strategy (Felitti et al.,
1998). The experience of trauma can alter brain development and increase the
 likelihood of engaging in high-risk behaviors, including drug abuse (van der Kolk,
2017).

4. Mental Health Disorders and Self-Medication: Co-occurring mental health

disorders are common among individuals with substance abuse issues. People with
conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may turn to drugs as a form of
self-medication to alleviate their symptoms (NIDA, 2020). Substance abuse can
temporarily provide relief from emotional distress, leading to a cycle of addiction
and mental health complications.

5. Availability and Accessibility of Drugs: The availability and accessibility of

drugs contribute to drug abuse rates. Easy access to drugs, including prescription
medications, illicit substances, and alcohol, increases the likelihood of
experimentation and abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2010). Factors such as lax
regulations, illicit drug markets, and proximity to drug distribution networks can
influence the prevalence of drug abuse within communities (Cicero et al., 2014).

6. Socioeconomic Factors and Socioenvironmental Stressors: Socioeconomic

factors and socioenvironmental stressors, such as poverty, unemployment, social
inequality, and community disorganization, are associated with higher rates of drug
abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2010). Economic hardships, limited resources, and social
marginalization can contribute to stress and increase the risk of turning to drugs as
a coping mechanism (Kerridge et al., 2017).

7. Cultural and Media Influences: Cultural and media influences play a role in
shaping attitudes and perceptions related to drug abuse. Cultural factors, such as
glorification or normalization of drug use in certain subcultures or media
representations, can impact individual behaviors and attitudes towards substance
 abuse (Room et al., 2010). Media depictions of drug use, particularly in movies,
music, and online platforms, can influence social norms and attitudes towards
drugs.

2.1. 7. Commonly abused substances include:

1. Alcohol: Alcohol is a legal substance and one of the most widely abused drugs
globally. Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcohol use disorder, liver
disease, cardiovascular problems, and other health issues.

2. Tobacco/Nicotine: Nicotine, found in tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars,

and smokeless tobacco, is highly addictive. Smoking tobacco is associated with
numerous health risks, including cancer, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular
disorders.

3. Prescription Medications: Certain prescription medications can be abused when

taken in higher doses or not as prescribed. Opioids (e.g., oxycodone,
hydrocodone), benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Valium), and stimulants (e.g.,
Adderall, Ritalin) are commonly misused.

4. Cannabis: Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, is a psychoactive drug that

is often used recreationally. It can impair cognitive function, memory, and
coordination and may have adverse effects on mental health, particularly in heavy
or chronic users.

5. Stimulants: Stimulant drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine (meth),

increase alertness, energy, and euphoria. They can lead to addiction, cardiovascular
problems, and neurological issues.

6. Hallucinogens: Hallucinogenic substances, including LSD, psilocybin (magic

mushrooms), and MDMA (ecstasy), alter perception, mood, and cognition. They
 can cause hallucinations, anxiety, and in some cases, long-term psychological
effects.

7. Inhalants: Inhalants refer to chemical substances that produce mind-altering

effects when inhaled. Examples include volatile solvents (e.g., paint thinner,
gasoline), aerosols, and nitrites (e.g., amyl nitrite). Inhalant abuse can have serious
health consequences, including damage to the brain, liver, kidneys, and other
organs.

8. Club Drugs: Club drugs, commonly used at parties and nightclubs, include
substances like MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine, GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), and
Rohypnol. They can induce euphoria, relaxation, and altered states of
consciousness, but they also carry risks such as overdose and sexual assault.

9. Synthetic Drugs: Synthetic drugs, also known as designer drugs, are human-made
substances that mimic the effects of other drugs. Examples include synthetic
cannabinoids (e.g., Spice, K2) and synthetic cathinones (e.g., bath salts). They can
be highly potent and have unpredictable and dangerous effects on the user.

2.1.8. Some Prominent Victims of Drug Abuse or the other Nigerian youth
emulate

While it is essential to approach this topic with sensitivity and respect for privacy,
there have been instances where prominent individuals in Nigeria have faced
challenges related to drug abuse. It is important to note that drug abuse affects
people from all walks of life and is not limited to specific demographics or
backgrounds.

One notable case in Nigeria is the late music icon Fela Kuti, who openly admitted
to his struggles with drug addiction during his lifetime. Fela Kuti was renowned
for his Afrobeat music and activism but also faced legal issues and health problems
as a result of his drug abuse. His experiences serve as a cautionary tale and a
reminder of the detrimental effects of drug abuse.

Instead of focusing solely on individual cases, it is more productive to concentrate

on raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse, promoting preventive
measures, and providing resources for education, counseling, and treatment. By
doing so, Nigerian youth can be encouraged to make informed and healthy choices,
leading to a brighter future for individuals and communities alike.

While it is important to respect individuals' privacy and avoid sensationalizing

personal struggles, it is worth noting that drug abuse is a widespread issue that
affects individuals from various backgrounds, including some prominent figures.
By acknowledging these cases, it highlights the urgency and importance of
addressing drug abuse as a societal problem that requires attention and support.

One such example is the late Nigerian musician, Dagrin (Oladapo Olaitan
Olaonipekun), who rose to fame in the Nigerian music industry. Despite his talent
and success, Dagrin battled drug addiction, which ultimately led to his untimely
death in 2010. His story serves as a reminder of the devastating consequences of
drug abuse and the need for intervention and support for those struggling with
addiction.

Furthermore, it is essential to shift the focus from individual cases to broader

systemic issues that contribute to drug abuse, such as socioeconomic factors, lack
of access to education and healthcare, and societal pressures. By addressing these
underlying factors, it becomes possible to create a supportive environment that
encourages prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation for individuals struggling with
drug abuse.
 Ultimately, the goal should be to foster a society that provides resources,
education, and support systems to empower Nigerian youth to make healthy
choices and overcome the challenges associated with drug abuse. By promoting a
collective effort to tackle this issue, we can strive towards a society that values the
well-being and potential of all its members.

2.1.9. Existing Interventions and Policies

1. National Drug Control Master Plan: The National Drug Control Master Plan is a
comprehensive framework developed by the National Drug Law Enforcement
Agency (NDLEA) in collaboration with other stakeholders. It outlines strategies
for drug demand reduction, supply reduction, and international cooperation in
addressing drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking in Nigeria.

2. Drug Abuse Prevention Programs: Several government agencies, non-

governmental organizations (NGOs), and community-based organizations (CBOs)
implement drug abuse prevention programs across Nigeria. These programs focus
on raising awareness, educating individuals about the risks of drug abuse, and
promoting healthy lifestyles and alternatives to substance abuse.

3. Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers: Nigeria has various treatment and

rehabilitation centers that provide services to individuals struggling with drug
abuse. These centers offer counseling, detoxification, medical care, and
psychosocial support to help individuals overcome addiction and reintegrate into
society. Examples include the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Lagos, and
private rehabilitation centers.

4. Support for Recovery and Aftercare: Aftercare programs are crucial in

supporting individuals in their recovery journey after completing treatment. These
programs provide ongoing counseling, vocational training, skills development, and
 support networks to help individuals maintain sobriety and reintegrate into society
successfully.

5. Drug Law Enforcement: The NDLEA is the primary law enforcement agency
responsible for drug control and enforcement in Nigeria. They work to identify
drug trafficking networks, intercept drug shipments, and prosecute individuals
involved in drug-related offenses. The agency collaborates with international
partners to strengthen drug law enforcement efforts.

6. International Cooperation: Nigeria actively participates in international efforts to

combat drug abuse and drug trafficking. The country collaborates with regional
and international organizations, such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime (UNODC), to enhance capacity building, intelligence sharing, and technical
assistance in addressing drug-related challenges.

7. Public Awareness Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns play a vital role in

educating the general population about the dangers of drug abuse and promoting a
drug-free lifestyle. Government agencies, NGOs, and other stakeholders engage in
media campaigns, community outreach programs, and advocacy initiatives to raise
awareness and encourage community involvement in addressing drug abuse.

It is important to continually evaluate and improve existing interventions and

policies, considering the evolving nature of drug abuse. Efforts should focus on
strengthening prevention, expanding access to treatment and rehabilitation
services, addressing underlying socioeconomic factors, and fostering
collaborations among stakeholders to effectively combat drug abuse in Nigeria.

2.2 Theoretical Review

2.2.1 Social Control Theory:

Social Control Theory is theory propounded Travis Hirschi (1969) by a perspective
in criminology and sociology that seeks to understand why individuals conform to
social norms and rules, and why some individuals engage in criminal or deviant
behavior. The theory suggests that social bonds and the presence of social controls
play a crucial role in preventing individuals from engaging in criminal activities.

According to social control theory, people have an inherent tendency to engage in

deviant behavior, but social bonds and attachments to society act as restraints or
controls that deter individuals from breaking the law. These social bonds are based
on four elements:

Attachment: This refers to the emotional connections and relationships that

individuals have with their families, friends, and community. Strong attachments to
others make individuals more likely to conform to societal expectations because
they fear disappointing or losing the support of their loved ones.

Commitment: This element focuses on an individual's investment in conventional

activities such as education, career, and future goals. The more individuals have to
lose or risk by engaging in criminal behavior, the less likely they are to participate
in such activities.

Involvement: This aspect relates to an individual's level of engagement in

legitimate activities such as school, work, or extracurricular pursuits. When
individuals are actively involved in lawful activities, they have fewer opportunities
and motivations to engage in criminal behavior.

Belief: This refers to an individual's acceptance and internalization of social

norms, values, and moral beliefs. Strong moral beliefs and a respect for authority
and societal rules contribute to individuals' conformity and discourage them from
engaging in deviant behavior.
Social control theory suggests that when these four elements are strong, individuals
are more likely to conform to social expectations and engage in lawful behavior.
Conversely, if the bonds are weak or lacking, individuals may be more prone to
engaging in criminal activities.

The theory also emphasizes the importance of informal social controls, such as
family, friends, and community networks, in shaping individuals' behavior. These
informal social controls act as a form of supervision and deterrence, providing

external constraints that discourage individuals from engaging in deviant acts.

2.2. 2. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Social Learning Theory, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura (1963), posits

that individuals learn and acquire behaviors through observation, imitation, and
modeling of others within a social context. It suggests that learning does not only
occur through direct reinforcement or punishment but also through observing and
imitating the behavior of others.

Key concepts of Social Learning Theory

Observational Learning: Individuals learn by observing the behaviors, attitudes,

and consequences experienced by others. This learning occurs through a process
called modeling, where individuals imitate the behavior they have observed in
others.

Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment: In social learning, individuals are not

only influenced by the direct consequences of their own actions but also by the
consequences observed in others. If individuals observe others being rewarded or
praised for certain behaviors, they are more likely to imitate those behaviors.
Conversely, if individuals witness others facing negative consequences or
punishment for certain behaviors, they are less likely to imitate them.

Role Models: Role models play a crucial role in social learning. Individuals are
more likely to imitate behaviors modeled by people they perceive as credible,
competent, and similar to themselves. Role models can include parents, peers,
teachers, media figures, or any influential individuals within a person's social
environment.

Self-Efficacy: Social Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of self-efficacy,

which refers to an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a
behavior. Bandura argued that individuals are more likely to imitate behaviors if
they believe they are capable of performing them and if they perceive positive
outcomes from doing so.

Reinforcement and Punishment: While observational learning is a central focus

of Social Learning Theory, it also acknowledges the role of direct reinforcement
and punishment. These consequences can strengthen or weaken the likelihood of
imitated behaviors being repeated.

Social Learning Theory has been influential in various fields, including education,
psychology, and criminology. It suggests that behavior is influenced by a
combination of environmental, cognitive, and social factors, and it highlights the
importance of social interactions and observational learning in shaping individual
behavior.

2.2.3. ECONOMIC STRAIN THEORY

Economic Strain Theory, also known as Strain Theory or Economic Stress Theory
propounded by Robert K. Merton (1938), is a sociological perspective that focuses
on the relationship between economic factors and crime/deviance. It suggests that
individuals who experience economic strain or stress are more likely to engage in
criminal or deviant behavior as a result of their inability to achieve their desired
goals through legitimate means.

The theory builds upon the work of sociologist Robert K. Merton and his concept
of strain. According to Economic Strain Theory, individuals in society have
culturally prescribed goals such as financial success, material possessions, and
social status. However, not everyone has equal access to the legitimate means
(such as education, employment opportunities, and social networks) to achieve
these goals.

When individuals face economic strain, which can include financial difficulties,
unemployment, poverty, or a significant gap between aspirations and opportunities,
they experience a state of frustration and dissatisfaction. This strain can result in
several adaptive responses, including:

Innovation: Individuals may innovate by engaging in unconventional or illegal

means to attain their desired goals. This can include involvement in criminal
activities such as theft, fraud, or drug dealing.

Retreatism: Some individuals may withdraw from both the cultural goals and the
means to achieve them. They may become socially isolated, develop substance
abuse problems, or engage in other forms of deviant behavior.

Rebellion: In this response, individuals reject both the culturally prescribed goals
and the means to achieve them. They may seek to replace existing social structures
with alternative values and goals through revolutionary or activist movements.
Economic Strain Theory suggests that the experience of economic strain creates a
disconnection between socially accepted goals and the means to achieve them,
leading to a higher likelihood of criminal or deviant behavior. However, it is
important to note that not all individuals experiencing economic strain resort to
crime. Factors such as social support, coping mechanisms, individual
characteristics, and opportunities for legitimate alternatives can mediate the
relationship between economic strain and criminal behavior.

The theory has been influential in understanding the link between socioeconomic
conditions and crime rates, particularly in studies examining the relationship
between poverty, unemployment, and criminal involvement. It provides insights
into how economic factors can contribute to the occurrence of crime and deviance
in society.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

2.3.1. Economic Strain Theory:

Economic Strain Theory suggests that economic hardships and financial strain can
lead to increased stress, frustration, and strain on individuals, which may
contribute to the development of deviant behaviors, including drug abuse. This
theory highlights the role of economic factors in shaping individuals' experiences
and behaviors, particularly in the context of unemployment.

According to Economic Strain Theory, unemployment represents a significant

source of economic strain. When individuals are unable to secure stable
employment and face financial difficulties, it can lead to various negative
outcomes. Economic strain can create a sense of frustration, powerlessness, and
hopelessness, which may increase the likelihood of engaging in deviant behaviors
as a way to cope with or escape from the challenges associated with
unemployment.

In the case of Ikeduru LGA, Economic Strain Theory suggests that the high levels
of unemployment experienced by individuals in the community can contribute to
drug abuse. The financial strain resulting from unemployment, such as the inability
to meet basic needs, pay bills, or fulfill financial obligations, can create immense
stress and pressure. These economic stressors can increase vulnerability to drug
abuse as individuals may turn to substances as a means of temporarily relieving
their distress or finding an escape from the difficulties they face.

Moreover, Economic Strain Theory highlights the importance of considering the

broader socioeconomic context in understanding drug abuse patterns. Poverty, lack
of access to resources, and limited opportunities for upward mobility can
exacerbate economic strain and contribute to the development of deviant
behaviors, including drug abuse. Addressing the underlying economic factors and
providing support systems, such as job training, financial assistance, and
employment opportunities, can help alleviate economic strain and reduce the risk
of drug abuse among the unemployed population.

By incorporating Economic Strain Theory into the study, it enables a deeper

understanding of the relationship between unemployment, economic strain, and
drug abuse in Ikeduru LGA. The theory informs the investigation by emphasizing
the significance of economic factors and suggesting that interventions addressing
unemployment should consider the economic hardships faced by individuals. By
addressing the economic strain resulting from unemployment, it becomes possible
to mitigate the risk factors associated with drug abuse and promote positive
outcomes for the community.

2.4. Review of Related Literature/Empirical Review

Several studies have been conducted globally on the topic of drug abuse and
unemployment, providing valuable insights into the relationship between these two
phenomena. This section presents a review of relevant literature and empirical
studies that shed light on the subject matter.

Study by McLaughlin and Vose (2019): McLaughlin and Vose conducted a study
examining the association between unemployment and substance abuse among
young adults in the United States. The findings revealed a significant correlation
between unemployment and increased substance abuse, highlighting the
vulnerability of unemployed individuals to engage in drug use as a coping
mechanism or to alleviate boredom and distress.

Research by Lai and Sitharthan (2014): Lai and Sitharthan investigated the link
between unemployment, psychological distress, and drug abuse in Australia. Their
study found that individuals facing long-term unemployment experienced higher
levels of psychological distress, which, in turn, increased the likelihood of
engaging in substance abuse. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive
support systems that address both unemployment and mental health issues to
prevent drug abuse.

Study by Salahuddin et al. (2020): Salahuddin et al. conducted a research study in

Nigeria examining the relationship between unemployment and drug abuse among
university students. The study revealed a positive correlation between
unemployment rates and drug abuse prevalence among the students, emphasizing
the detrimental impact of unemployment on the youth population and the potential
consequences for drug abuse.

Research by Chen et al. (2018): Chen et al. explored the association between
unemployment, social support, and drug abuse among individuals in Taiwan. Their
findings demonstrated that unemployment significantly increased the likelihood of
drug abuse, and individuals with low social support were particularly vulnerable to
drug abuse in the context of unemployment. The study highlights the importance of
social support networks as a protective factor against drug abuse among the
unemployed.

Study by Yakubu et al. (2019): Yakubu et al. conducted a study in Nigeria

investigating the relationship between unemployment, poverty, and drug abuse
among young adults. The research revealed that unemployment and poverty were
significant predictors of drug abuse, emphasizing the need for policies and
interventions that address socioeconomic factors to combat drug abuse in this
population.

The reviewed literature demonstrates a consistent association between

unemployment and drug abuse across different contexts. The studies underscore
the importance of addressing unemployment not only as an economic issue but
also as a risk factor for drug abuse. They emphasize the need for comprehensive
interventions that encompass job creation, mental health support, social support
systems, and education programs to prevent and reduce drug abuse among the
unemployed population.

It is worth noting that while these studies provide valuable insights, the specific
context of Ikeduru LGA requires further investigation to understand the unique
dynamics and factors contributing to drug abuse and unemployment in the local
area.

2.5 Summary of Literature Review

The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of existing studies and

research conducted on the topic of drug abuse and unemployment. The reviewed
literature demonstrates a consistent association between unemployment and drug
abuse, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the interrelationship
between these two phenomena.

The studies reviewed from different countries, including the United States,
Australia, Taiwan, and Nigeria, highlight similar findings regarding the impact of
unemployment on drug abuse. They reveal that unemployment increases the
likelihood of engaging in substance abuse as individuals may turn to drugs as a
coping mechanism, to alleviate boredom, or to escape the distress associated with
unemployment.

Furthermore, the literature highlights the role of socioeconomic factors, such as

poverty and economic strain, in contributing to drug abuse among the unemployed
population. Unemployment and its associated financial stressors can lead to
frustration, anger, and psychological distress, which in turn can increase the
vulnerability to drug abuse.

The literature also underscores the importance of social support networks and the
availability of comprehensive support systems in preventing and addressing drug
abuse among the unemployed. Studies indicate that individuals with low social
support are particularly at risk of drug abuse in the context of unemployment.
While the reviewed literature provides valuable insights into the relationship
between drug abuse and unemployment, it is important to consider the specific
context of Ikeduru LGA. Further research is needed to understand the unique
dynamics, challenges, and contributing factors to drug abuse and unemployment
within the local area.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Scope of the Study

This study investigated Drug Abuse and Unemployment in Nigeria. Ikeduru Local
Government, Imo State is our area of focus.

3.2 Research Design

This study adopted descriptive survey design, the advantage is that it will help the

researcher to accumulate information at a relatively low cost. Descriptive survey

research design equally permit the use of variety of data collection techniques like

documentation and observation which are useful tools that enables the researcher

to variety finding.

Ikeduru is a local government area of Imo State which is administered under the

term of the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria.

3.3 Area of study

Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA) is one of the 27 LGAs in Imo State,
Nigeria. It is located in the southeastern part of the country and covers a land area
of approximately 111 square kilometers. The LGA is named after the Ikeduru
River, which flows through the area. The administrative headquarters of Ikeduru
LGA is in the town of Isiala Mbano.it is surrounded by Inyishi, Amaeke, Eziama,
Amaimo, Umuofor, Umuiri, Okwu, Avuvu, Owuala Avuvu, Amakohia, Umudim,
Atta, Ngugo, Atta West, Owubinubi, Ikembara, Ugirike, Umuonyeukwu, Abazu,
Akabo, Amatta, Iho-Dimeze, Ebikoro and Uzoagba.Mineral Resources exist in the
Local Government such as Phosphate, limestone, Kaolin, Stone granites and Silica,
sand etc. the Local Government is blessed with agricultural products such as
cassava, palm wine, cocoyam, maize, livestock, palmoil etc. Ikeduru LGA is
characterized by a mix of rural and semi-urban communities, with divers e ethnic
groups, including the Igbo people, residing in the area. The population of Ikeduru
LGA consists of individuals engaged in various economic activities, including
farming, trading, and small-scale businesses.
The LGA is known for its rich cultural heritage and traditional festivals, which
play a significant role in preserving the local customs and traditions. Agriculture is
a major economic activity in Ikeduru, with crops like yams, cassava, maize, and
vegetables being cultivated by local farmers. The area is also known for its clay
deposits, which are used for pottery and brick-making.
In terms of infrastructure, Ikeduru LGA has seen some development over the
years, with roads, schools, and healthcare facilities serving the local communities.
However, like many regions in Nigeria, there are still challenges in terms of
providing access to basic amenities and social services for all residents.
Unemployment is one of the key challenges faced by the population of Ikeduru
LGA. The lack of sufficient employment opportunities, especially for the youth,
contributes to high rates of unemployment and underemployment in the area. This
situation leads to economic strain for many households and can have negative
social consequences.
Additionally, like many parts of Nigeria, Ikeduru LGA is not immune to the issue
of drug abuse. The combination of unemployment, economic strain, and social
dislocation can create an environment in which drug abuse becomes more
prevalent. Substance abuse may become a coping mechanism for individuals
facing economic hardships and psychological distress, further exacerbating the
challenges within the community.
3.4 Population of study.
 The study population that was used for this study consist of 400,000 individuals

of Ikeduru which is the total population (City population, 2020)

3.5 Study sample and Sampling Technique

To calculate the sample size using Taro Yamane's formula, you need to determine

the desired level of precision (margin of error) and select a confidence level. Taro

Yamane's formula is commonly used for large population sizes.

The formula for calculating sample size using Taro Yamane's formula is:

n = N / (1 + N * e^2)

Where:

n is the sample size

N is the population size

e is the desired level of precision (expressed as a decimal)

Let's assume you desire a margin of error of 5% (e = 0.05) and a population size of

400,000. Plugging these values into the formula:

n = 400,000 / (1 + 400,000 * (0.10^2))o.05

Simplifying the equation:

n = 400,000/ (1 + 400,000 * 0.0025)

n = 400,000 / (1 + 1000)

n = 400,000 / 1,000

n ≈ 400

The calculated sample size using Taro Yamane's formula is approximately 400.

However, since sample sizes are typically rounded up to the nearest whole number,

the final sample size would be 400.

The multi-stage sampling method was used to select population of 400 individuals

Ikeduru L.G.A. The first stage involves selection of 24 communities in Ikeduru

Local Government, Imo State. The second stage involves random selection of 10

individuals both male and female from 24 towns in Ikeduru. The final stage

involves random selection of 40 households in 6 wards that makes up Ikeduru

Local Government.

3.6 Sampling Technique

The researcher adopted multi-stage sampling procedures. Multi stage sampling

technique will be applied to select the sample for this study. According to Osuala
(2005), multi stage sampling is a design where more than one stage of selection is
used.
The respondents will be youths both male and female selected from the local
government

3.7 Technique of Data Collection

The method of data collection involved the use of a rating scale. The questionnaire

was developed based on the research questions and objectives of the study. The

questionnaire was divided into different sections based on objectives of the study.

The questionnaire was administered to a sample of youths from Ikeduru

Community. The sampling technique to be used was random sampling, where

youths from different wards in Ikeduru LGA was selected randomly. The sample

size was determined and the required sample size was 400 individuals.

These research question sections was designed using the 4-point Likert scale which

the students were expected to tick (√) only one of the alternatives in response to the

statements. The options given were:

SA – Very High Extent = 4 Points

A _ High Extent = 3 Points

D _ Low Extent = 2 Points

SD _ Very Low Extent = 1 Point.

3.8 Revaluation of Research Instrument

Questionnaire served as the main data collection instrument used. For the
qualitative research instrument of data collection, the in-depth interview will be
used, while for the secondary data, the use of journals, internet, and newspaper will
be used, in analyzing the data, both the univariate and bivariate data analysis
techniques will be applied using the special package for social sciences (SPSS)
version 15.0 software. While qualitative data will be content analysed and where
necessary the respondents will be quoted verbatim.

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the research questions formed the basis of data analysis. The
frequency tables, percentages and mean were employed for the analysis of data.
Data gathered were orderly organized in tabular forms to indicate raw scores which
were converted into percentages and mean. Responses that have percentage of 50%
and above were rated positive. Mean was also used in data analysis. A criterion
mean of 2.50 was adopted. Any mean that ranked from 2.50 and above was
regarded as positive and accepted while the values of less than 2.50 was considered
as negative and rejected. Specifically, for each research question, real limit of
numbers were used to determine the decision level as follows; strongly Disagree:
0.50-1.49; Disagree: 1.50-2.49; Agree: 2.50-3.49; Strongly Agree: 3.50 -4.00.

3.10 Limitation of the Study

The researcher encountered the following challenges

1. The researcher feared that most people may not give clear information due to
illiteracy, to address this issue the researcher interpreted the respondents the
contents in the questionnaire.
2. Suspicions-some of the respondents might suspect that the researcher has a
hidden agenda due to the insecurity in the area. The respondents would hesitate in
answering questions and thus give incorrect answers. The researcher assured the
respondents of confidentiality of information given by respondents.

3. Time factor .due to the limited time given, the researcher had to adopt a busy
schedule to include working on weekends to meet the deadline

4. Lack of finances the researcher had to use large amounts of money when
collecting data and administering questionnaires.
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

SECTION A

4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents

Sex No of Respondents Percentage (%)

female 100 25%

male 300 75%

Total 400 100%

Table 4.1 above shows that male respondents have a higher population which is

300, occupying about 75% of the total population. The female respondents on the

other hand have a lower population of 100, occupying about 25% of the total

population.

Table 4.2: Age Distribution of Respondents

Age No of Respondents Percentage (%)

18-25yrs 100 25%

26-30yrs 100 25%

31-35yrs 50 12.5%

36-45 50 12.5%

46-above 100 25%

Total 400 100%

Table 4.2 above shows the age category of respondents. It shows that 100

respondents representing 25% fall within the 18-25 age category, 100

respondents representing 25% fall within the 26-30 age category, 50 respondents

representing 12.5% fall within the 31-35 age category, 50 respondents

representing 12.5% fall within 36-45 age category, while 100 respondents

representing 25% fall within the 46 – able age category.

Table 4.3: Marital status of the Respondent

Marital Status No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Single 150 37.5%

Married 100 25%

Divorced 50 12.5%

Widow/Widower 50 12.5%

Separated 50 12.5%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.3 shows the marital status of respondents. It clearly indicates that 150

respondents representing 37.5% are single, 100 respondents representing 25%

are married, 50respondents representing 12.5% are divorced, 50 respondents

representing 12.5% are widow/widower, while 50 respondents representing

12.5% are separated.

Table 4.4 : Education Attainment of Respondents

Educational No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Attainment

Primary 200 50%

Secondary 50 12.5%

Tertiary 50 12.5%

Other 100 25%

Total 400 100%

From table 4.4 above it is observed that 200 respondents representing 50% fall

into the primary education category, 50 respondents representing 12.5% fall into

secondary education category, 50 respondents representing 12.5% while 100

respondents representing 25% fall into other category.

Table 4.5: Religion Distribution of Respondent

Religion No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Christian 300 75%

Islam 0 0%

Traditional 100 25%

Other 0 0%

Total 400 100%

From table 4.6 above it shows the religion distribution of respondents. It shows

that 300 respondents representing 75% fall into the Christian category, 0

respondent representing 0% fall into the Islam category, 100 respondents

representing 25% fall into the traditional category, while 0 respondent

representing 0% fall into the other category.

5. To assess the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo
State.

6. To examine the factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo

State.

7. To analyze the impact of unemployment on drug abuse Ikeduru L.G.A in

Imo State.

8. To identify the challenges faced by the unemployed population in Ikeduru

L.G.A in Imo State.
 SECTION B

QUESTIONS

9. Table 6: question 1 what are the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse in
Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo State.

S/N ITEMS SA A D SD Mean Standard

(4) (3) (2) (1) d.

1. 100 100 100 100 2.5

2. 250 50 50 50 3.25

3. 200 100 50 50 3.12

4. 200 50 50 50 2.75

5. 150 100 100 50 2.87

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 200 50%

Agree 100 25%

Disagree 50 12.5%

Strongly Disagreed 50 12.5%

Total 400 100%

Table 4.7 shows that 200 respondents representing 50% strongly agreed that

Early marriages is currently on the increase, 100 respondents representing 25%

agreed, 50 respondents representing 12.5% disagreed while 50 respondents

representing 12.5% strongly disagreed.

Table 4.8:

Table 4.9

10.Question two: factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo

State.

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 250 62.5%

Agree 50 12.5%

Disagree 50 12.5%

Strongly Disagreed 50 12.5%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.9 shows that 250 respondents representing 62.5% strongly Agreed that

Extreme Poverty is one of the challenges facing women in early marriages, 50

respondent representing 12.5% agreed, 50 respondents representing 12.5%

disagreed while 50 respondents representing 12.5% strongly disagreed.

Table 4.10

Question four: Absence or Limited education and economic options is one of the

challenges facing women in early marriages.

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 115 52.3%

Agree 105 47.7%

Disagree 0 0%

Strongly Disagreed 0 0%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.10 shows that 115 respondents representing 52.3% strongly agreed that

Absence or Limited education and economic options is one of the challenges

facing women in early marriages, 105 respondents representing 47.7% agreed, no

respondents disagreed while no respondents strongly disagreed.

Table 4.11

Question five: Insecurity in the face of conflict is one of the challenges facing

women in early marriages.

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 60 27.3%

Agree 75 34.1%

Disagree 50 22.7%

Strongly Disagreed 35 15.9%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.11 shows that 60 respondents representing 27.3% strongly agreed that

Insecurity in the face of conflict is one of the challenges facing women in early

marriages, 75 respondent representing 34.1% agreed, 50 respondents

representing 22.7% disagreed, while 35 respondents representing 15.9% strongly

disagreed.

Table 4.12
Question Six: Tradition and Religion is one of the challenges facing women in early

marriages.

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 55 25%

Agree 65 29.5%

Disagree 62 28.2%

Strongly Disagreed 38 17.3%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.12 clearly shows that 55 respondents representing 25% strongly agreed

that Tradition and Religion is one of the challenges facing women in early

marriages, 65 respondents representing 29.5% agreed, 62 respondents

representing 28.2% disagreed, while 38 respondents representing 17.3% strongly

disagreed.
Table 4.13

Question seven: The inability to properly put into practice what was learnt.

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 55 25%

Agree 65 29.5%

Disagree 62 28.2%

Strongly Disagreed 38 17.3%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.13 shows that 35 respondents representing 15.9% strongly agreed that

The inability to properly put into practice what was learnt, 80 respondents
representing 36.4% agreed, 75 respondents representing 34.1% disagreed, while

30 respondents representing 34.1 disagreed, while 30 respondents representing

13.6% strongly disagreed.

Table 4.14

Question Eight: High rates of responsibilities placed on them by the family.

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 85 38.6%

Agree 90 40.9%

Disagree 33 15%

Strongly Disagreed 12 5.5%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.14 shows that 85 respondents representing 38.6% strongly agreed that

High rates of responsibilities placed on them by the family, 90 respondents

representing 40.9% agreed, 33 respondents representing 15% disagreed, while 12

respondents representing 5.5% strongly disagreed.

Table 4.15

Question Nine: Immaturity among women of early marriage

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 82 37.3%

Agree 45 20.5%

Disagree 65 29.5%

Strongly Disagreed 28 120.7%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.15 shows that 82 respondents representing 37.3% strongly agreed that

Immaturity among women of early marriage; 45 respondents representing 20.5%

agreed, 65 respondents representing 29.5% disagreed, while 28 respondents

representing 12.7% strongly disagreed.

Table 4.16

Question Ten: Lack of self confidence

Options No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Strongly Agree 50 22.7%

Agree 95 43.2%

Disagree 65 29.5%

Strongly Disagreed 10 4.5%

Total 220 100%

Table 4.16 shows that Lack of self confidence, 95 respondents representing 43.2%

agreed, 65 respondents representing 29.5% disagreed, while 10 respondents

representing 4.5% strongly disagreed.

Testing of Hypotheses

The hypotheses formulated in this study were tested using chi-square (x 2). The

calculated value of chi-square (x2cal) is compared to the table value of chi-square

(x2tab) at the significance level of 0.05 for a given degree of freedom (df).

4.2.1 Testing of Hypotheses One

Hypotheses one states that there is a significant relationship between early

marriage and women empowerment in Awo idemili.

Table 17 from questionnaire item 8 of section B is used to test the above

hypotheses.
Table 17: Calculating Data for Hypotheses one

Options 0 E 0-E (0-E)2 (0-E)2

SA 90 55 35 1225 22.2

A 110 55 55 3025 55

D 12 55 43 1849 33.6

SD 8 55 47 2209 40.1

Total 220 220 150.9

Source: Field work 2015

Level of significance: 0.05

DF: (4-1) = 3

X2 calculated value: 150.9

X2 table value: 7.815

Decision Rule

Reject the null hypotheses (H0) if the calculated X2 value is greater than the

tabulated X2 value.
Decision: Since calculated X2 value at 150.9 is more than table value at 7.815 we

reject null hypotheses and accept alternative hypotheses. Findings: There is a

significant relationship between early marriage and women empowerment in

Awo idemili.

4.2.2 Hypotheses 2

i. H2: Hypotheses two states that there is a significant relationship between

age and women empowerment in Awo idemili.

Table 18 from questionnaire item 10 of section B is used to test the above

hypotheses.

Table 18: Calculating Data for Hypotheses two

Options 0 E 0-E (0-E)2 (0-E)2

SA 95 55 40 1600 29.0
 100

A 65 55 10 1.8
9

D 52 55 3 0.1
2209

SD 8 55 47 40.1

Total 220 220 71

Source: Field work 2015.

Level of significance: 0.05

DF: (4-1) = 3

X2 calculated value: 71

X2 table value: 7.815

Decision Rule
Since the calculated value is higher than the table value, we accept the

hypotheses that there is a significant relationship between age and women

empowerment in Awo idemili.

4.2.3 Hypotheses 3
H 3: Hypotheses three states that there is a significant relationship between

education and women empowerment in Awo idemili.

Table 19 from questionnaire item 13 of section B is used to test the above

hypotheses

Table 26: Calculating Data for Hypotheses three

Options 0 E 0-E (0-E)2 (0-E)2

SA 82 55 27 729 13.2

A 45 55 10 100 1.8

D 65 55 10 100 1.8

SD 28 55 27 729 13.2

Total 30

Source: Field work 2015.

Level of significance: 0.05

DF: (4-1) = 3

X2 calculated value: 30
X2 table value: 7.815

Decision Rule

Since the calculated value is higher than the table value, we accept the

hypotheses that there is a significant relationship between education and women

empowerment in Awo idemili.