Mechanics Machine

MECHANICS - MACHINES
(a) Definition of a Machine
A machine is a device used for transmitting motion, force and energy.

An ideal machine is one in which the energy input equals the energy output, ie 100%
efficient. In practice machines are never ideal because of energy losses due to friction
etc.
(b) Lifting machines
The purpose of most lifting machines is to enable a large load to be lifted with a
relatively small effort. When a machine is used to lift a load by means of an effort,
then :-
Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) = Load (N) Also Known as Force Ratio

Effort (N)
Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = movement of effort = DMBE

Also Known as Movement
movement of load DMBL
Ratio
Efficiency = work output
work input
= load × movement of load

effort × movement of effort
= mechanical advantage × ____1_____

velocity ratio
η = M.A.
V.R.
(If the efficiency were unity then MA = VR, but due to friction losses MA<VR)
SOUTH TYNESIDE COLLEGE ©Management Level (III/2) Mechanics- Machines

1
CLASSIFICATION: 2 - Internal or Non-Confidential

(i) Wheel and Axle Machine
Axle diameter d
Wheel diameter D
load load
Effort force Effort force
During 1 revolution of the arrangement,

distance moved by effort = circumference = πD
distance moved by load = circumference = πd
Velocity ratio = πD = D
πd d
[Ex1]
In a wheel-and-axle machine, the effort needed to lift a load of 400 N was 120 N. The
wheel was 200 mm diameter and the axle 50 mm diameter.
Calculate for this loading,
(i) the velocity ratio,
(ii) the mechanical advantage,
(iii) the efficiency.
i) V.R. = movement of effort = _200_ =4

movement of load 50
ii) M.A. = load = 400_ = 3.33

effort 120
iii) Efficiency = M.A. = 3.33 = 0.835 83.5%

V.R. 4

2

(ii) Pulley systems
The velocity ratio of any pulley system equals the number of ropes supporting the load.
The load will lift half the distance of effort in a two rope system; due to both ropes
being shortened and remaining taut to support the load.
Effort force Velocity ratio = 2
load
With one wheel, a pulley simply reverses the direction of

the force you apply.
With two wheels and two ropes, a pulley halves the lifting
force you need. But you have to pull the end of the rope twice as far.

3

With four wheels and four ropes, a pulley cuts the lifting
force you need to one quarter. But you have to pull the
end of the rope four times as far.
Efficiency of each pulley

The efficiency of each pulley is nt important but if required it is usual to assume that all the
pulleys in one set of block have the same efficiency. The overall efficiency of any continuos
system is the product of the efficiencies of each part hence
eff1 × eff2 × eff3 × etc. = overall efficiency
Therefore, if the efficiency of each pulley is the same, then
en = E or e = n  E
Where, e = efficiency of each pulley
n = total number of pulleys
E = overall efficiency
[Ex 2] A body of mass 40kg is lifted by an effort of 130N applied to a pulley block
arrangement whose upper and lower blocks have 3 and 2 sheaves/pulleys
respectively. Determine:-
i) the velocity ratio,
ii) the mechanical advantage and
iii) the efficiency of the system.
i) V.R. = total number of pulleys = (3+2) = 5 Ans.
ii) M.A. = load = 40 × 9.81 = 3 Ans.

effort 130

4

iii) Efficiency = M.A. = 3 = 60% Ans.
V.R. 5

5

(iii) Weston Differential Pulley Blocks
Has the advantage of requiring only a small length of rope/chain instead of the
considerable length needed if not continuous.
Axle diameter d
Wheel diameter D
Effort force
load
The rope connecting the two pulleys with the snatch block shortens by an amount equal
to the difference between the circumferences of the two pulleys, and the load is lifted
half this amount.
Velocity ratio = πD = 2D
πD – πd D-d
2
As a chain is often used instead of a rope, the pulleys will have sprockets or teeth to take the
links of the chain. The pitch of the teeth is constant, therefore the above expression can be
modified
Velocity ratio = Twice the number of teeth in the big pulley

Difference in the number of teeth in the two pulleys
[Ex 3]
A Weston differential pulley block has a large pulley of 360mm diameter and a small pulley of
345mm diameter.
Determine the effort required to lift a 4 tonne mass given that the efficiency of the machine at
this load is 56%.
6

VR = 2 × 360 = 48
360 -345
MA= VR ×  = 48 × 0.56 = 26.88
MA = L/E E = L/MA
E = 4000 × 9.81/26.88 = 1459.8 N
(iv) Screw Jack
Load
Radius r
Screw thread
Effort force
The pitch of the screw thread =p

Number of starts of screw thread = n
Lead of screw thread = n × p (distance moved in 1 rev)
During 1 revolution of screw jack,

Distance moved by effort = 2πr
Distance moved by load = np (lead of screw thread)
Velocity ratio = 2πr

np
[Ex 4]
A square-threaded screw jack, 5 mm pitch single-start, requires 30 N at the end of a handle of

radius 175 mm to lift a load of 1 kN,
Calculate,
(i) the velocity ratio,
(ii) the efficiency at this loading.
Velocity ratio = 2πr = 2 × π × 0.175 = 219.81

np 1 × 0.005

7

MA = L/E =1000/30 = 33.3
 = MA/VR = 33.3/219.81 = 15.1%
(v) Worm and Wheel Machine
Load pulley diameter d wheel
Effort pulley diameter D
worm
load
Effort force
Number of teeth in wheel = T

Number of starts of worm = n
During 1 revolution of effort pulley
Number of teeth moved on wheel = n
Distance moved by effort = π D
Movement of load pulley = n per rev
T
Distance moved by load = π d × n

T
Velocity ratio = πD = DT
πd n dn
T
[Ex 5]
A worm-and-wheel lifting machine has a load drum of 100 mm diameter keyed to the wheel
spindle and an effort drum 75 mm diameter keyed to the worm shaft. The wheel has 60 teeth

8

and the worm is single start. Determine the effort to lift a load of 3000 N at an efficiency of 40
%.
Velocity ratio = DT = 75 × 60 = 45
Dn 100 × 1
= MA/VR  MA = VR x  = 0.4 × 45 =18
MA = L/E E = L/MA = 3000/18 = 166.77N

9

(vi) GEARS
Gear trains
Gears are used to transmit rotary motion from one shaft to another. The shafts may be
parallel or inclined to one another and their speed ratio is determined by the numbers of
teeth on the gears. Spur gears have teeth which are parallel with the shaft axis but helical
gears have teeth which are cut on a helix; this gives a smoother and quieter drive as the
engagement of mating teeth is gradual instead of instantaneous. The force on the helical
tooth has a component in the axial direction which must be resisted by a thrust bearing;
alternatively, double helical gears may be used in which the axial forces in the two parts
balance each other.
Gear Teeth Definitions
Figure 1 shows two gears in mesh; the smaller one is termed the pinion and larger one the wheel
or spur.
The pitch circle diameters (p.c.d.) are the diameters of discs which would transmit the same
velocity ratio by friction as the gear wheels and the pitch point is the point of contact of the two
pitch circles.
Fig 1

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Let the numbers of teeth on the pinion and wheel be respectively t and T, the pitch circle
diameters d and D and the speeds ω and Ω
Then Ω= d = t (1)
ω D T
The circular pitch (p) is the distance between a point on one tooth and the corresponding point
on the next tooth, measured along the pitch circle,
i.e. p = πd = πD (2)
t T
The diametral pitch (P) is the number of teeth per mm of p.c.d.
i.e. P =t=T=π (3)

d D p
The module (m) is the number of millimetres of p.c.d. per tooth,
m = d = D = 1 (4)
t T P
The centre distance = d+D (5)

2
Gear teeth are normally of involute profile, the involute curves being generated from a base
circle and the angle which the generator makes with the common tangent to the pitch circles is
termed the pressure angle (ψ) since the generator is the line of contact between the mating teeth,
Figure 2.
Fig 2

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The radial depth of the tooth above the pitch circle is termed the addendum and that below the
pitch circle the dedendum. The diameter of the dedendum circle is smaller than that of the base
circle to give clearance to the tips of the mating teeth and that part of the tooth profile below the
base circle is non-involute.
The working depth is the sum of the addenda of two mating teeth.
Standard gear teeth proportions are:
addendum = I/P = m
dedendum = 1.25/P = 1.25 m
pressure angle = 20°

12

Simple Gear Trains
Fig 3
A simple gear train is one in which all the gears are mounted on separate
shafts. Figure 3(a) shows a train of two wheels and Figure 3(b) shows
a train of three wheels. In the first case, the driving and driven shafts rotate
in opposite directions and in the second case, they rotate in the same
direction.
The pitch (i.e. spacing) of the teeth must be the same on the two meshing wheels in order that
they can engage properly.
The number of teeth in each wheel is proportional to its circumference (hence to its diameter).
Let Na and Nb be the speeds of rotation of wheels A and B respectively. Then, allowing for
changes in direction of rotation,
Na = Tb = - Db in the first case
Nb Ta Da
and
Na = Tb = Db in the second case
Nb Ta Da
so for wheels A and C Na = Tc (1)

Nc Ta
For wheels C and B Nc = Tb (2)

Nb Tc
By multiplying (1) by (2) the speed of B in terms of A can be found :
Na × Nc = Tc × Tb
Nc Nb Ta Tc
Hence Na = Tb
Nb Ta

13

The number of teeth in the idler C does not affect the velocity ratio between the driving and the
driven shafts but reverses the direction. (i.e. wheel B rotates in the same direction as A);
Compound gear trains
Na
Nc
C Nd
Nb N = rotational speed
T = Number of teeth
B D
A
Fig 4
Wheels A and B
Nb = Ta
Na Tb
Wheels C and D
Nd = Tc
Nc Td
Gear ratio of train = Rotational speed of D

Rotational speed of A
Nd = Nd × Nb and since Nc and Nb have the same speed

Na Nc Na
Therefore Nd = Tc × Ta
Na Td × Tb
14

[Ex 6]
A winch requires an effort of 450N to raise a load of 3600N. It is operated by a crank

handle 450mm long which is attached to a pinion gear wheel having 25 teeth. The pinion
engages with a gear wheel having 100 teeth and is attached to a load drum of 50 mm
diameter. Calculate:-
a) the mechanical advantage,
b) the velocity ratio,
c) the efficiency.
MA = L/E = 3600/450 =8
VR = DMBE/DMBL = 2  r / ( d × 25/100) = 72
 = MA/VR = 8/72 = 0.1111 or 11.11%
(vii) Rack and Pinion

Load
Effort
sr
diu
Rack Ra
Pinion
Circular pitch of pinion = linear pitch of rack = P

Number of teeth in pinion = T
During 1 rev of pinion:- DMBE = 2πr

DMBL = TP
Velocity Ratio = 2πr

TP

15

[Ex 7]
A mandrel press has a handle 450mm long, pinion with 16 teeth, rack with 10mm pitch.
Calculate the velocity ratio and the load at an efficiency of 85% when the effort is 350N.
VR = 2πr = 2 × π × 450 = 17.67

TP 16 × 10
 = MA/VR MA =  × VR = 17.67 × 0.85 = 15.02
MA = L/E  L = MA × E = 15.02 × 350
= 5257.3 N
(viii) Warwick Screw or Turnbuckle
A common arrangement for tightening a stay wire is to make a joint in which one end of
the bar is a right hand screw thread and the other left handed. An elongated nut or bottle,
similarly threaded connects the two.
Load
Right hand thread
Effort
Left hand thread
Consider 1 revolution of the tommy bar handle

Distance moved by effort = 2πr
Distance moved by load = sum of the pitches = p1 + p2
V.R. = 2πr
p1 + p2
16

[Ex 8]
Calculate the velocity ratio and efficiency of a Warwick screw where the handle length is
200mm and the thread pitch is 5mm. An effort of 50N is required to increase the tension in
the wires of 2KN.
V.R. = 2πr = 2 ×  × 200 = 40 

P1 + p2 5+5
MA = L/E = 2000/ 50 = 40
 = MA/VR = 40/ 40 = 0.318 or 31.8%
(ix) Wheel and Differential Axle
d1
d2
Effort
Load
In 1 revolution the rope supporting the load will shorten by the difference between the
circumferences:- πd1 – πd2
Since there are 2 ropes supporting the load :-
Distance moved by the load = πd1 – πd2

2
πD
Consider 1 revolution of the system V.R. = = 2D
πd1 – πd2 d1 – d2
2
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[Ex 9]
A wheel and differential axle machine has an effort wheel diameter of 400 mm, small axle
diameter of 100 mm, and large axle diameter of 200 mm. Calculate the velocity ratio and
efficiency if an effort of 225 N in needed to lift a load of 1KN.
VR = 2D = 2 × 400 =8
d1 –d2 200 -100
MA = L/E = 1000/ 225 = 4.44
 = MA/VR = 4.44/ 8 = 0.555 or 55.5%
(x) Double Purchase or Crab winch
Used to lift relatively heavy loads using a small effort i.e when a greater velocity ratio
is required. This greater V.R is obtained by the introduction of a train of gear wheels to
increase the speed reduction.
r
d c
R Effort force
b a
load
Na = No of teeth on driver a, Nb = No of teeth on driven b, Nc = No of teeth on driver c

Nd = No of teeth on driven d
Consider 1 revolution of effort handle, “a” makes 1 complete revolution i.e 2πr,
“b” makes Na revolutions, also ‘c’
Nb
“d” makes Na × Nc revolutions, also the load drum i.e. 2πR

Nb Nd
Distance moved by load = 2πR × Na × Nc

Nb Nd

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V.R. = 2πr × Nb × Nd = r × Nb × Nd
2πR Na Nc R Na Nc
[Ex 10]
A double purchase crab winch has an effort handle 356 mm long. The diameter of the load
drum is 178 mm. The number of teeth in its followers is 78 and 95, and the number of teeth in
its drivers 12 and 20. An effort of 178 N at the handle lifts a load of 20 KN. Determine the
efficiency of the machine.
V.R. = r × Nb × Nd = 356 × 78 × 95 = 123.5

R Na Nc (178/2) 12 20
MA = L/E 20000 / 178 = 112.36
 = MA/VR = 112.36/ 123.5 = 91 %

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Tutorial Questions
1. A machine has a mechanical advantage of 22, when lifting a mass of 245Kg operates at
an efficiency of 32%. Calculate:-
i) the velocity ratio, (68.75)
ii) and effort. (109.25N)
2. A machine has an efficiency of 47% when lifting a load of 2.03tons. Calculate the
effort required to lift this load given that the velocity ratio is 210. (201.8N)
3. A rope pulley tackle has FOUR pulleys in the upper sheave and THREE pulleys in the
lower sheave. An effort of 260N is required to lift a mass of 132.5Kg. Calculate the
velocity ratio, the mechanical advantage and efficiency. (7, 5, 71.4%)
4. In a wheel and axle machine, the effort needed to lift a load of 300 N was 80 N. The
wheel was 250 mm diameter and the axle 25 mm diameter.
Calculate for this loading:-
(i) the velocity ratio, (10)
(ii) the mechanical advantage, (3.75)
(iii) the efficiency. (37.5%)
5. A body of mass 65kg is lifted by an effort of 200N applied to a pulley block

arrangement whose upper and lower blocks have 3 and 2 sheaves/pulleys respectively.
Determine:-
i) the velocity ratio, (5)
ii) the mechanical advantage, (3.19)
iii) the efficiency of the system. (63.8%)
6. Weston differential pulley block has a large pulley of 300mm diameter and a small
pulley of 200mm diameter. Determine the effort required to lift a 3 tonne mass given
that the efficiency of the machine at this load is 65%. (7.55KN)
7. A square-threaded screw jack, 3.25 mm pitch two-start, requires 45 N at the end of a

handle of radius 150 mm to lift a load of 1.25 kN,
Calculate:-
(i) the velocity ratio, (145)
(ii) the efficiency at this loading. (19.16%)
8. An effort is applied at a radius of 250mm on a screw jack. The screw has a thread pitch
(lead) of 12mm. An effort of 100N is required to raise a load of 6KN. Find:-
a) the VR, (131)
b) the MA, (60)
c) the work done on the load if it raises 48mm, (288Nm, 288J)
d) the work done by the effort if the load raises 48mm, (628.4Nm, 628.4J)
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e) the efficiency using TWO methods. (45.8%)
9. A worm and wheel lifting machine has a load drum of 150 mm diameter keyed to the
wheel spindle and an effort drum 175 mm diameter keyed to the worm shaft. The wheel
has 125 teeth and the worm is single start. Determine the effort to lift a load of 3600 N
at an efficiency of 48 %.
(51.43N)
10. A double purchase crab winch has an effort handle 300 mm long. The diameter of the
load drum is 150 mm. The number of teeth in its followers is 75 and 95, and the
number of teeth in its drivers 15 and 20. An effort of 150 N at the handle lifts a load of
10 KN. Determine the efficiency of the machine. (70.2%)
11. In a test on a machine, an effort of 20N was required to raise a load of 200N. If the
effort moves through 125mm to raise the load by 10mm, find:-
a) MA, (10)
b) VR, (12.5)
c) work done raising the load 30mm, (6Nm, 6J)
d) power needed if raising the load took 3s. (2watts)
12. A lifeboat of mass 1 tonne is supported by a pulley system comprising two upper
sheaves (pulleys) and one lower sheave. Rope from the pulleys is lead to a single winch
drum 450mm diameter attached by a gear wheel having 300 teeth. The wheel is driven
by a pinion having 10 teeth, and is rotated by a handle of 300mm radius. The efficiency
of the machine is 85%, determine:-
a) the overall velocity ratio; (120)
b) the mechanical advantage; (102)
c) the effort required to lift the boat. (96.18N)
13. A wheel and axle machine has a load drum with a small axle diameter of 153mm and
large axle diameter of 250mm. The wheel has 70 teeth and is driven by a pinion having
16 teeth. A crank handle 500mm is fixed to the pinion. An effort of 270N lifts a load of
1 tonne. Calculate:-
a) the velocity ratio, (90.2)
b) the efficiency. (40.3%)

21

(xi) LAW OF THE MACHINE
If the effort E is plotted against Load L for varying loads on a machine, a graph as shown below
will result.
Being a straight line, the relationship between effort and load will be:-
E = aL + b
This equation is known as the law of the machine, ‘a’ the slope, and ‘b’ the no load effort being
constants found from the graph. The equation can then be used to find the effort at any given
load.
Effort (N)
E = aL + b
Slope = a
Load (N)
[Ex 11]
The values of load and effort shown in the table below were recorded during an experiment on
a double purchase winch having a velocity ratio of 123.5
Load (tons) 0.45 0.91 1.36 1.82 2.27

Effort (N) 65 114 165 216 265
Load (N) 4414.5 8927.1 13341.6 17854.2 22268.2
MA 67.92 78.3 80.86 82.66 84.03
Efficiency  % 55.0 63.4 65.47 66.93 68.64
a) Draw a graph of effort against load and use it to determine the law of the machine.
b) Plot a graph showing the variation of efficiency with load.

22

Tutorial Questions
1. The velocity ratio of a Machine is 140; the law of this machine

E = 0.029L + 5
where E is the effort and L the load, in N:
Calculate:
(a) The load if the effort applied is 34 N (1000 N)
(b) The power required to raise the load at a speed of 1.5 m/min. (119 W)
2. Data recorded from an experiment on a machine produced the following attached graph
of Effort (N) against Load (kN). This graph is deemed to be representative of a linear
law E = aL + b
(a) By extending the line and using the graph, determine the values of a and b and
stating what they represent.
(b) Re-write the law given by substituting the values of a and b.
(c) The velocity ratio of the above machine is 200.

Calculate:
(i) The effort. (166 N)
(ii) the power to raise a load of 12.5 kN at a speed of 0.4 m/s.

(13.28 kW)
3. The relationship between Effort and load in a machine is E = 0.04L + 10

(E and L are in N) and the machine velocity ratio is 100 and the power required to lift a
load of 400 N is 100 W calculate the speed at which the load is lifted in m/min.
(2.31 m/min)

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(xii) Belt Drives
If there is no slipping, the linear velocity of each rim is the same, and they are equal to the
linear velocity of the belt.
Va = Wa x Ra Vb = Wb x Rb
F2 or T2 (slack side)
Driver a
Driven b
F1 or T1 (tight side)
Va = Vb (where V = ωR)
ωa × Ra = ωb × Rb (where ω = 2πN)
2πNaRa = 2πNbRb
Na × Ra = Nb × Rb
For gears the circumference will be changed to the number of teeth on the wheels (i.e. the pitch
is common). Let T = No of teeth then:- Na × Ta = Nb × Tb
Considering the belt pulley above, there is tension in all parts of the pulley belt, but there is
more in one part than the other. The side with the greatest pull (tension T1/force F1) is known
as the tight side, the other is known as the slack side (tension T2/ force F2).
From this it can be seen:- the effective force = (F1 – F2) (N)
Therefore Driving torque = (F1 – F2) r
Therefore Work done/rev = (F1 – F2) r x 2π (Nm or J)

24

And if N = No of revs/sec
Then Power = (F1 – F2) 2πrN (Watts)
2πrN is the linear speed of the belt V
Therefore Power = (F1 – F2) V i.e P = F × V
Tutorial Questions
1. By the means of a diagram explain what Effective tension is in a belt used to

transmit power from one shaft to another, clearly defining the terms used and their
units.
2. If the Effective force in a belt is 1600 N and the tension the slack side is 400 N
calculate the tension on the tight side and the ratio of the tensions between the tight and
the slack side of the 2 sides of the belt.
3. State the relationship for torque transmitted from one shaft to the other in the above
configuration stating the units for torque.
4. If the driving pulley in example 2 has a diameter of 600 mm calculate the torque
transmitted.
5. State the relationship for power (stating its unit) in terms of angular velocity and also
in terms of linear velocity.
6. If the driving and driven pulleys diameters are 500 mm and 200 mm respectively and
the linear velocity on a point on the rim of the driving pulley is 12 m/s calculate the
angular velocities of both pulleys in both rad/s and rpm.
7. If the torque generated from the driving pulley in example 6 is 800 Nm calculate the
power transmitted in kW
8. The tight and slack-side tensions of a belt drive are in the ratio of 3:1. The drive is to
transmit 4.4 kW at speed of 420 r.p.m. with a pulley 0.5 m diameter. Determine the two
tensions in the belt. (F1 = 600 N, F2 = 200 N)
9. Calculate the power that can be transmitted by a belt when driving a pulley 420 mm
diameter at a rotational speed of 400 r.p.m.. the maximum permissible pull on the belt
is not to exceed 550 N and the ratio of tight to slack tensions is 2.2:1.
(2.64 kW)

25

10. (a) Define efficiency of a machine.
(b) A 15 kW motor is driving a shaft at 1150 rev/min by means of pulley wheels

and a belt. The tensions in the belts 400 N and 50 N. The diameters of the driver and
driven pulley wheels are 500 mm and 750 mm respectively.
Determine:
(i). the efficiency of the motor. (70.27%)
(ii). The speed of the driven pulley in RPM. (767 rpm)
11. The ratio of tensions in the 2 sides of a belt drive is 4:1; calculate the two tensions in
the belt if 20 kW is transmitted at 477.46 rpm. The diameter of the driving pulley is 800
mm. (F1 = 333.37N; F2 = 1333.33 N)

26

(xiii) Hydraulic Jack
Effort
c
Fulcrum
Load ‘W’ b
Effort Plunger
=D =d Area ‘a’
Load Piston
Area ‘A’
Liquid
This is a combined machine i.e. lever and cylinder
Consider the lever, it is basically a rigid rod capable of pivoting about a fixed point called a
fulcrum. In order to use the restricted physical effort man is capable of exerting to move a large
load. The principle is similar to the principle of moments
Fulcrum
θ Distance moved
b by Load
Distance moved by Effort
c
Effort
Distance moved by Effort = c sin θ
Distance moved by Load = b sin θ
Velocity ratio V.R. = Distance moved by Effort

Distance moved by Load
V.R. = c sin θ = c
b sin θ b
If the effort plunger is depressed by ‘x’ (mm) (DMBE) then the volume of liquid displaced is
27

a × ‘x’ (mm3). Since the load ram must move up to allow for this volume, then:-
Volume of liquid displaced is the same both sides i.e. a × ‘x’ = A × ‘X’
Therefore ‘X’ = a × ‘x’

A
VR = DMBE = ‘x’ = A = πD2/4 = D2

DMBL a × ‘x’ a πd2/4 d2
A
Overall VR is therefore VR of lever × VR of Jack
VR = c × D2
b d2

28

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MECHANICS - MACHINES

(a) Definition of a Machine

A machine is a device used for transmitting motion, force and energy.

(b) Lifting machines

Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) = Load (N) Also Known as Force Ratio

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = movement of effort = DMBE

= load × movement of load

= mechanical advantage × ____1_____

SOUTH TYNESIDE COLLEGE ©Management Level (III/2) Mechanics- Machines

CLASSIFICATION: 2 - Internal or Non-Confidential

Effort force Effort force

During 1 revolution of the arrangement,

i) V.R. = movement of effort = _200_ =4

ii) M.A. = load = 400_ = 3.33

iii) Efficiency = M.A. = 3.33 = 0.835 83.5%

SOUTH TYNESIDE COLLEGE ©Management Level (III/2) Mechanics- Machines

CLASSIFICATION: 2 - Internal or Non-Confidential

Effort force Velocity ratio = 2

With one wheel, a pulley simply reverses the direction of

SOUTH TYNESIDE COLLEGE ©Management Level (III/2) Mechanics- Machines

CLASSIFICATION: 2 - Internal or Non-Confidential

Efficiency of each pulley

eff1 × eff2 × eff3 × etc. = overall efficiency

Therefore, if the efficiency of each pulley is the same, then

i) V.R. = total number of pulleys = (3+2) = 5 Ans.

ii) M.A. = load = 40 × 9.81 = 3 Ans.

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Velocity ratio = Twice the number of teeth in the big pulley

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The pitch of the screw thread =p

During 1 revolution of screw jack,

Velocity ratio = 2πr

A square-threaded screw jack, 5 mm pitch single-start, requires 30 N at the end of a handle of

Velocity ratio = 2πr = 2 × π × 0.175 = 219.81

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 = MA/VR = 33.3/219.81 = 15.1%

(v) Worm and Wheel Machine

Load pulley diameter d wheel

Effort pulley diameter D

Number of teeth in wheel = T

Distance moved by load = π d × n

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Gear Teeth Definitions

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i.e. P =t=T=π (3)

The module (m) is the number of millimetres of p.c.d. per tooth,

The centre distance = d+D (5)

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dedendum = 1.25/P = 1.25 m

pressure angle = 20°

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so for wheels A and C Na = Tc (1)

For wheels C and B Nc = Tb (2)

= mechanical advantage × 1_