Answers

Chapter 1 4. a) D 5 5xPR 0 22 # x # 26, f ) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5yPR 0 y # 06;

R 5 5yPR 0 0 # y # 26 This is a function because every
Getting Started, p. 2 b) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 2196 element in the domain produces
51 c) D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 06, exactly one element in the range.
1. a) 6
16
c) 2 R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06 2. a) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR 0 y # 236;
b) 26 d) a 2 1 5a d) D 5 5xPR6, This is a function because every
R 5 5 yPR 0 23 # y $ 36 element in the domain produces exactly
e) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 06
2. a) (x 1 y) (x 1 y)
one element in the range.
b) D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 236;
b) (5x 2 1) (x 2 3)
5. a) This is not a function; it does not pass
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06; This is a function
c) (x 1 y 1 8) (x 1 y 2 8)
the vertical line test.
d) (a 1 b) (x 2 y)
b) This is a function; for each x-value, there because every element in the domain
3. a) horizontal translation 3 units to the right, is exactly one corresponding y-value. produces exactly one element in the
vertical translation 2 units up; c) This is not a function; for each x-value range.
y greater than 0, there are two c) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 06;
10 corresponding y-values. This is a function because every
8 d) This is a function; for each x-value, there element in the domain produces exactly
6 is exactly one corresponding y-value. one element in the range.
4 e) This is a function; for each x-value, there d) D 5 5xPR6;
2
is exactly one corresponding y-value. R 5 5 yPR 0 0 # y # 26; This is a
x 6. a) 8 function because every element in the
0
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 b) about 2.71 domain produces exactly one element
–2
7. If a relation is represented by a set of ordered in the range.
pairs, a table, or an arrow diagram, one can e) D 5 5xPR 0 23 # x # 36;
R 5 5yPR 0 23 # y # 36; This is not
b) horizontal translation 1 unit to the right,
determine if the relation is a function by
vertical translation 2 units up;
checking that each value of the independent a function because (0, 3) and (0, 3) are
y
variable is paired with no more than one both in the relation.
f ) D 5 5xPR6;
10
value of the dependent variable. If a relation
8 is represented using a graph or scatter plot, R 5 5yPR 0 22 # y # 26; This is a
6 the vertical line test can be used to determine function because every element in the
4 if the relation is a function. A relation may domain produces exactly one element
2 also be represented by a description/rule or in the range.
x by using function notation or an equation. 3. a) function; D 5 51, 3, 5, 76;
R 5 52, 4, 66
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 In these cases, one can use reasoning to
b) function; D 5 50, 1, 2, 56;
–2
determine if there is more than one value of
the dependent variable paired with any value R 5 521, 3, 66
c) function; D 5 50, 1, 2, 36; R 5 52, 46
c) horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, vertical
of the independent variable.
d) not a function; D 5 52, 6, 86;
stretch by a factor of 2, reflection across

R 5 51, 3, 5, 76
the x-axis;
Lesson 1.1, pp. 11–13
e) not a function; D 5 51, 10, 1006;
y

1. a) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 50, 1, 2, 36
6

R 5 5yPR 0 24 # y # 226; This is a f ) function; D 5 51, 2, 3, 46;

4

R 5 51, 2, 3, 46
2
function because it passes the vertical
a) function; D 5 5xPR6;
x
–270° –90° 0 90° 270° line test. 4.
–2 b) D 5 5xPR 0 21 # x # 76; R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 26.
–4 R 5 5 yPR 0 23 # y # 16; This is a b) not a function; D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 26;
–6 function because it passes the vertical R 5 5 yPR6
line test. c) function; D 5 5xPR6;
d) horizontal compression by a factor c) D 5 51, 2, 3, 46; R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 20.56
1
of 2 , vertical stretch by a factor of 2, R 5 525, 4, 7, 9, 116; This is not a d) not a function; D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 06;
reflection across the x-axis; function because 1 is sent to more than R 5 5 yPR6
one element in the range. e) function; D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 06;
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06
y
d) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5yPR6; This is a
f ) function; D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR6
6
4
function because every element in the
domain produces exactly one element 5. a) y 5 x 1 3 c) y 5 3(x 2 2)
2
x in the range. b) y 5 2x 2 5 d) y 5 2x 1 5
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10 e) D 5 524, 23, 1, 26; R 5 50, 1, 2, 36;
–2
This is a function because every element
–4 of the domain is sent to exactly one
–6 element in the range.

612 Answers NEL

 6. a) The length is twice the width. 12. a)f (6) 5 12; f (7) 5 8; f (8) 5 15 c) The absolute value of a number is always
3 b)Yes, f (15) 5 f (3) 3 f (5) greater than or equal to 0. There are no
b) f (l ) 5 l
2 c)Yes, f (12) 5 f (3) 3 f (4) solutions to this inequality.
c) f(B) d)Yes, there are others that will work. d)
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f (a) 3 f (b) 5 f (a 3 b) whenever a
5. a) 0 x 0 # 3 c) 0 x 0 $ 2
8

b) 0 x 0 . 2 d) 0 x 0 , 4
6 and b have no common factors other
4
than 1.
13. Answers may vary. For example: 6. y
2
8
B
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10 independent numerical
–2 model 6
variable
domain
d) length 5 8 m; width 5 4 m mapping 4
7. a) y
model
10 FUNCTION
2
8
Height (m)

algebraic
6 range x
model
4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
function
2 notation
x graphical a) The graphs are the same.
dependent
0 50 100 150 200 250 model b) Answers may vary. For example,
variable
Time (s) x 2 8 5 2 (2x 1 8), so they are
b) D 5 50, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120,
vertical line
negatives of each other and have the
test
140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 2406 same absolute value.
c) R 5 50, 5, 106 14. y 7. a)
d) It is a function because it passes the 4

vertical line test. 2

x
e) y 0
–4 –2 2 4
250 –2
200 –4
Time (s)

150
100 y
6 b)
50
x 4
0 2 4 6 8 10 2
Height (m) x
–4 –2 0 2 4
f ) It is not a function because (5, 0) and
(5, 40) are both in the relation. The first is not a function because it fails the
8. a) 5(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)6 vertical line test:
b) 5(1, 2), (3, 2), (5, 6)6 D 5 5xPR 0 25 # x # 56;
c) 5(2, 1), (2, 3), (5, 6)6 R 5 5yPR 0 25 # y # 56. c)

Answers
9. If a vertical line passes through a function The second is a function because it passes
and hits two points, those two points have the vertical line test:
identical x-coordinates and different D 5 5xPR 0 25 # x # 56;
y-coordinates. This means that one R 5 5yPR 0 0 # y # 56.
x-coordinate is sent to two different 15. x is a function of y if the graph passes the
elements in the range, violating the horizontal line test. This occurs when any
definition of function. horizontal line hits the graph at most once.
10. a) Yes, because the distance from (4, 3) to d)
(0, 0) is 5.
b) No, because the distance from (1, 5) to Lesson 1.2, p. 16
(0, 0) is not 5. 1. 0 25 0 , 0 12 0, 0 215 0 , 0 20 0 , 0 225 0
c) No, because (4, 3) and (4, 23) are 2. a) 22 c) 18 e) 22
both in the relation. b) 235 d) 11 f ) 22
11. a) g(x) 5 x 2 1 3 3. a) 0 x 0 . 3 c) 0 x 0 $ 1
b) g(3) 2 g(2) 5 12 2 7 b) 0 x 0 # 8 d) 0 x 0 2 5
55
4. a) 8. When the number you are adding or
g(3 2 2) 5 g(1) –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
subtracting is inside the absolute value signs,
54 b)
–20–16 –12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16 20 it moves the function to the left (when
So, g(3) 2 g(2) 2 g(3 2 2).
adding) or to the right (when subtracting)
of the origin. When the number you are

NEL Answers 613

 adding or subtracting is outside the b) sin (x), because the heights are periodic 14. y
absolute value signs, it moves the function c) 2x, because population tends to increase
2
down (when subtracting) or up (when exponentially
adding) from the origin. d) x, because there is $1 on the first day, x
The graph of the function will be the $2 on the second, $3 on the third, etc. 0
7. a) f (x) 5 !x
–2 2
absolute value function moved to the left c) f (x) 5 x 2
3 units and up 4 units from the origin. b) f (x) 5 sin x d) f (x) 5 x –2
9. This is the graph of g(x) 5 0 x 0 8. a) f (x) 5 2x 2 3
horizontally compressed by a factor of
D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 f (x) PR6;
y
1 1
and translated 2 unit to the left. 8
2
6
interval of increase 5 (2 `, ` ), no
y
interval of decrease, no discontinuities,
6 4
x- and y-intercept at (0, 0), odd, x S `,
4 2
x y S `, and x S 2 `, y S 2 `. It is very
2 similar to f (x) 5 x. It does not, however,
x –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 have a constant slope.
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –4 15. No, cos x is a horizontal translation of sin x.
–4 16. The graph can have 0, 1, or 2 zeros.
–6 b) g(x) 5 sin x 1 3 0 zeros:
y
y

This is the graph of g(x) 5 0 x 0

2
10. 4

horizontally compressed by a factor of 3

1 1 1
2
2
, reflected over the x-axis, translated 22
1
units to the right, and translated 3 units up. x
x
y –4 –2 0 2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
6 –1

4 1 zero:
2 1 16 2 3x y
x c) h(x) 5 235
x25 x25 2
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 y
4 1
–4
2
–6
x x
–2 0 2 4 6 8 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–2
Lesson 1.3, pp. 23–25 –4
2 zeros:
1. Answers may vary. For example, domain 9. y
y
because most of the parent functions have 12
2
all real numbers as a domain.
8
2. Answers may vary. For example, the end 1
4
behaviour because the only two that match x
are x 2 and 0 x 0 . –12 –8 –4 0 4 8 x
3. Given the horizontal asymptote, the –4 –4 –2 0 2
function must be derived from 2x. But the –8
asymptote is at y 5 2, so it must have been –1
–12
translated up two. Therefore, the function
is f (x) 5 2x 1 2. 10. a) f (x) 5 (x 2 2) 2
4. a) Both functions are odd, but their b) There is not only one function. Mid-Chapter Review, p. 28
3
a) function; D 5 50, 3, 15, 276,
domains are different. f (x) 5 4 (x 2 2) 2 1 1 works as well. 1.
R 5 52, 3, 46
b) Both functions have a domain of all real c) There is more than one function that
b) function; D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5yPR6
numbers, but sin (x) has more zeros. satisfies the property.
c) Both functions have a domain of all real f (x) 5 0 x 2 2 0 1 2 and
f (x) 5 20 x 2 2 0 both work.
c) not a function;
D 5 5xPR 0 25 # x # 56,
numbers, but different end behaviour.
d) Both functions have a domain of all real 11. x 2 is a smooth curve, while 0 x 0 has a sharp, R 5 5yPR 0 25 # y # 56
d) not a function; D 5 51, 2, 106,
numbers, but different end behaviour. pointed corner at (0, 0).
R 5 521, 3, 6, 76
5. a) even d) odd 12. See next page.
b) odd e) neither even nor odd 13. It is important to name parent functions in 2. a) Yes. Every element in the domain gets
c) odd f ) neither even nor odd order to classify a wide range of functions
6. a) 0 x 0 , because it is a measure of distance
sent to exactly one element in the range.
according to similar behaviour and b) D 5 50, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 106
c) R 5 510, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 506
from a number characteristics.

614 Answers NEL

 NEL
12.

1
Parent Function f(x) 5 x g(x) 5 x 2 h(x) 5 p(x) 5 2x r(x) 5 sin x
x
k(x) 5 0 x 0 m(x) 5 !x

y y y y y y y
Sketch 1.0 r(x) = sin x
2 4
4 4
3
4
1 2 0.5

2
x x 2 2 x
0 0 2
–2 –1 1 2 –4 –2 2 4 –270° –90° 0 90° 270°
1
x –0.5
–1 –2 x x
x –4 –2 0 2 4
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
–2 –1 0 1 2
–2 –4 –1.0

Domain 5xPR6 5xPR6 5xPR 0 x 2 06 5xPR6 5xPR 0 x $ 06 5xPR6 5xPR6

Range 5f(x) PR6 5f(x) PR 0 f(x) $ 06 5f(x) PR 0 f(x) 2 06 5f(x) PR 0 f(x) $ 06 5f(x) PR 0f(x) $ 06 5f(x) PR 0 f(x) . 06 5f(x) PR 0 21 # f(x) # 16

Intervals of Increase (2 `, `) (0, `) None (0, ` ) (0, ` ) (2 `, ` ) 390(4k 1 1), 90(4k 1 3) 4

KPZ

Intervals of Decrease None (2 `, 0) (2 `, 0) (0, ` ) (2 `, 0) None None 390(4k 1 3), 90(4k 1 1) 4

KPZ

Location of None None y50 None None y50 None

Discontinuities and x50
Asymptotes

Zeros (0, 0) (0, 0) None (0, 0) (0, 0) None 180k KPZ

y-Intercepts (0, 0) (0, 0) None (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 0)

Symmetry Odd Even Odd Even Neither Neither Odd

End Behaviours x S `, y S ` x S `, y S ` x S `, y S 0 x S `, y S ` x S `, y S ` x S `, y S ` Oscillating

x S 2 `, y S 2 ` x S 2 `, y S ` x S 2 `, y S 0 x S 2 `, y S ` x S 2 `, y S 0

Answers
615
Answers
3. a) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 f (x) PR6; b) This if f (x) 5 sin x translated down 2; 5. a) f (x) 5 x 2, translated left 1
function continuous y
b) D 5 5xPR 0 23 # x # 36,
3
y
R 5 5yPR 0 23 # y # 36; not a
4 2
2 1
function x
c) D 5 5xPR 0 x # 56,
x
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 0
R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 06; function
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–2 –1
d) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 226; –4 –2
function c) This is f (x) 5 2x translated down 10; –3
2 0 3 0, 0 0 0 , 0 23 0 , 0 24 0 , 0 5 0
b) f (x) 5 0 x 0 , vertical stretch by 2
4. continuous
5. a) y y
12 y
8 3
8
6 2
4
4 x 1
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 x
2
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x
–1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8
–2
–12
b) y –3
9. y
8 4 c) f (x) 5 sin x, horizontal compression
6 3 1
of 3 , translation up 1
4 2
y
2 1 3
x x 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 –1 1
x
–4 –2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–3 –1
c) y
–4
8 1
d) f (x) 5 x , translation up 3
6 y
7
4 Lesson 1.4, pp. 35–37
6
2
x 1. a) translation 1 unit down 5
1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 b) horizontal compression by a factor of 2 , 4
–2
translation 1 unit right 3
c) reflection over the x-axis, translation 2
d) y 2
units up, translation 3 units right
8 d) reflection over the x-axis, vertical stretch 1
x
6 by a factor of 2, horizontal compression 0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
1 –1
4 by a factor of 4
2 e) reflection over the x-axis, translation 3
x e) f (x) 5 2x, horizontal stretch by 2
units down, reflection over the y-axis,
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 4
y
–2 translation 2 units left
1 3
f ) vertical compression by a factor of 2 ,
6. a) f (x) 5 2x translation 6 units up, horizontal 2
1 stretch by a factor of 4, translation 5 1
b) f (x) 5 units right x
x 0
c) f (x) 5 "x 1 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
2. a) a 5 21, k 5 , d 5 0, c 5 3 –1
2
f ) f (x) 5 "x, horizontal compression by
7. a) even c) neither odd nor even
1
b) even d) neither odd nor even b) a 5 3, k 5 , d 5 0, c 5 22 1
1 2 , translation right 6
8. a) This is f (x) 5 x translated right 1 and 3. (2, 3), (1, 3), (1, 6), (1, 26), (24, 26), 2
up 3; discontinuous y
(24, 210) 4
y
12 4. a) (2, 6), (4, 14), (22, 10), (24, 12) 3

8 b) (5, 3), (7, 7), (1, 5), (21, 6) 2

4
c) (2, 5), (4, 9), (22, 7), (24, 8) 1
x d) (1, 0), (3, 4), (23, 2), (25, 3) x
0
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 e) (2, 5), (4, 6), (22, 3), (24, 7) 2 4 6 8 10
–4 –1
f ) (1, 2), (2, 6), (21, 4), (22, 5)
–8
–12

616 Answers NEL

 6. a) D 5 5xPR6, 12. y 4. a) (4, 129)
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) $ 06 8 b) (129, 4)
b) D 5 5xPR6, D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5yPR6
h(x)
6 c)
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) $ 06 4
d) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5yPR6
c) D 5 5xPR6,
g(x)
e) Yes; it passes the vertical line test.
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 0 # f (x) # 26
2
x 5. a) (4, 248)
d) D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 06, –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 b) (248, 4)
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) 2 36 –2
c) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 286
e) D 5 5xPR6, –4 d) D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 286 R 5 5 yPR6
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) . 06 –6 e) No; (248, 4) and (248, 24) are both
f ) D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 66, f(x)
–8 on the inverse relation.
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) $ 06 6. a) Not a function
7. a) y 13. a) a vertical stretch by a factor of 4 y
12 6
8 b) a horizontal compression by a factor 4
1
4
of 2 2
x c) (2x) 2 5 22x 2 5 4x 2 x
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 14. Answers may vary. For example: –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4 –2
–8 horizontal stretch or compression, –4
–12 based on value of k –6

b) The domain remains unchanged at b) Not a function

D 5 5xPR6. The range must now vertical stretch or compression, y
2p
be less than 4: based on value of a
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) , 46. It p
changes from increasing on (2 `, `) x
to decreasing on (2 `, `). The end reflection in x-axis if a , 0; 0
–2p –p p 2p
behaviour becomes as x S 2 `, y S 4, reflection in y-axis if k , 0
–p
and as x S `, y S 2 `.
c) g(x) 5 22(23(x21) 1 4) horizontal translation based on –2p

8. y 5 23"x 2 5 value of d c) Function

y y
6
2
x vertical translation based on 4
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 value of c 2
–2 x
–4 15. (4, 5) –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
1 –2
–6 16. a) horizontal compression by a factor of 3 ,
–4
–8 translation 2 units to the left
–6
–10 b) because they are equivalent expressions:
3(x 1 2) 5 3x 1 6 d) Not a function

Answers
9. a)
(3, 24) d) (20.75, 28) c) y y
12
(20.5, 4)
b) e) (21, 28) 8
4
(21, 9)
c) f ) (21, 7) 2
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 26,
4 x
10. a) x
R 5 5 g(x) PR 0 g(x) $ 06 –4 –2 0 2 4
–6 –4 –2 0 2
b) D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 16,
–2
–4

R 5 5h(x) PR 0 h(x) $ 46
–4

c) D 5 5xPR 0 x # 06,
R 5 5k(x) PR 0 k(x) $ 16 Lesson 1.5, pp. 43–45 5
7. a) C 5 9 (F 2 32); this allows you to
d) D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 56, 1. a) (5, 2) c) (28, 4) e) (0, 23) convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
R 5 5 j(x) PR 0 j(x) $ 236 b) (26, 25) d) (2, 1) f ) (7, 0) b) 20 °C 5 68 °F
a) r 5 $p ; this can be used to determine
11. y 5 5(x 2 2 3) is the same as A
y 5 5x 2 2 15, not y 5 5x 2 2 3. 2. a) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5yPR6 8.
b) D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 26 the radius of a circle when its area is
c) D 5 5xPR 0 x , 26, known.
R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 256 b) A 5 25p cm2, r 5 5 cm
d) D 5 5xPR 0 25 , x , 106, 9. k52
R 5 5yPR 0 y , 226 10. a) 13 c) 2 e) 1
1
3. A and D match; B and F match; C and E b) 25 d) 22 f)
2
match

NEL Answers 617

11. No; several students could have the same y e) y
6
grade point average. 32
4
1 24
12. a) f 21 (x) 5 (x 2 4) 2
3 x 16
b) h 21 (x) 5 2x –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
c) g 21 (x) 5 " x
3 –2
x11 0
x –4 4 8
d) m 21 (x) 5 2 2 5 –8
2 –6
13. a) x 5 4( y 2 3) 2 1 1 The graphs are reflections over the line f) y
6
x21 y 5 x.
Å 4
b) y 5 6 13 4
17. f (x) 5 k 2 x works for all kPR.
2
c) y5k2x x
Switch variables and solve for y: x 5 k 2 y –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
y5k2x
So the function is its own inverse. –4
18. If a horizontal line hits the function in two –6
locations, that means there are two points 2. a) Discontinuous at x 5 1
with equal y-values and different x-values. b) Discontinuous at x 5 0
When the function is reflected over the c) Discontinuous at x 5 22
d) (2.20, 3.55), (2.40, 2.40), (3.55, 2.20), line y 5 x to find the inverse relation, d) Continuous
(3.84, 3.84) those two points become points with equal e) Discontinuous at x 5 4
e) x $ 3 because a negative square root is x-values and different y-values, thus f) Discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 0
undefined. violating the definition of a function.
3. a) f(x) 5 e
f ) g(2) 5 5, but g 21 (5) 5 2 or 4; the x2 2 2, if x # 1
inverse is not a function if this is the x 1 1, if x . 1
Lesson 1.6, pp. 51–53
domain of g. 0 x 0, if x , 1
b) f (x) 5 e
14. For y 5 2"x 1 2,
1. a)
6
y
!x, if x $ 1
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 226 and 4 4. a) D 5 5xPR6; the function is
R 5 5yPR 0 y # 06. For y 5 x 2 2 2, 2 discontinuous at x 5 1.
D 5 5xPR6 and R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 226.
b) D 5 5xPR6; the function is
x
The student would be correct if the –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 continuous.
domain of y 5 x 2 2 2 is restricted to
D 5 5xPR 0 x # 06. –4 5. a) y
6
Yes; the inverse of y 5 "x 1 2 is
–6
15. 4
y 5 x 2 2 2 so long as the domain of this b)
6
y
2
second function is restricted to x
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 06.
4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
2 –2
16. John is correct. x
x3 x3 –4
Algebraic: y 5 1 2; y 2 2 5 ; –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
4 4 –2 –6
4(y 2 2) 5 x 3; x 5 " 3
4(y 2 2). –4

Numeric: Let x 5 4. –6 The function is discontinuous at

x 5 21.
D 5 5xPR6
43 64 c) y
y5 125 1 2 5 16 1 2 5 18;
R 5 52, 36
6
4 4
x5" 4(y 2 2) 5 "
3 3
4
4(18 2 2) b) y
2 6
5 "4(16) 5 "64 5 4. x
3 3
4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
Graphical: –2 2
x
y –4
6 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–6 –2
4
d) –4
y
2
x 6 –6
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 4 The function is continuous.
D 5 5xPR6
–2
2
R 5 5f (x) PR 0 f (x) $ 06
–4 x
–6 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–4
–6

618 Answers NEL

 c) y 10. Answers may vary. For example: 16. Answers may vary. For example:
12 x 1 3, if x , 21
a) f (x) 5 • x2 1 1, if 21 # x # 2
8 Plot the function for the left interval.
4 !x 1 1, if x . 2
x
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12
b) y
–4 Plot the function for the right interval. 5
–8 4
–12 3
Determine if the plots for the left and 2
The function is continuous.
D 5 5xPR6
right intervals meet at the x-value that 1
x
R 5 5f (x) PR 0 f (x) $ 16
serves as the common end point for the
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
intervals; if so, the function is continuous –1
d) y
at this point.
12
8 c) The function is not continuous. The last
4 Determine continuity for the two intervals two pieces do not have the same value
x using standard methods. for x 5 2.
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 x 1 3, if x , 21
d) f (x) 5 • x2 1 1, if 21 # x # 1
–4
f (x) 5 0 x 1 3 0 5 e
x 1 3, if x $ 23
11.
!x 1 1, if x . 1
–8
2x 2 3, if x , 23
–12
y
6
The function is continuous. Lesson 1.7, pp. 56–57
D 5 5xPR6
4
1. a) 5 (24, 6), (22, 5), (1, 5), (4, 10)6
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 1 # f (x) # 56
2
x
b) 5 (24, 2), (22, 3), (1, 1), (4, 2)6
6. f (x) 5 e
15, if 0 # x # 500 –6 –4 –2 0
–2
2 4 6
c) 5 (24, 22), (22, 23), (1, 21),
15 1 0.02x, if x $ 500 (4, 22)6
d) 5 (24, 8), (22, 4), (1, 6), (4, 24)6
–4
7. f (x) 5
–6
0.35x, if 0 # x # 100 000 2. a) y
• 0.45x 2 10 000, if 100 000 , x # 500 000 12. discontinuous at p 5 0 and p 5 15; 10
0.55x 2 60 000, if x . 500 000 continuous at 0 , p , 15 and p . 15 8

8. k 5 4 6
0, if 0 # x , 10
y 4
10, if 10 # x , 20
10 2
13. f (x) 5 f20, if 20 # x , 30 x
8
30, if 30 # x , 40 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
6 –2
40, if 40 # x , 50
4
b) y
2 y
x 50 10

Answers
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 40 8
–2
30 6
–4
20 4

10 2
9. a) y x x
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
60 –2
It is often referred to as a step function
50
because the graph looks like steps. 3. a) y
40
14. To make the first two pieces continuous, 10
30 5(21) 5 21 1 k, so k 5 24. But if
8
20 k 5 24, the graph is discontinuous at
6
10 x 5 3.
x 4
0
15. y
2 4 6 8 10 6
2
b)The function is discontinuous at x 5 6. 4 x
c) 32 fish 2 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
x –2
d) 4x 1 8 5 64; 4x 5 56; x 5 14
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –4
e) Answers may vary. For example, three –2
–6
possible events are environmental –4
changes, introduction of a new predator,
–6
and increased fishing.

NEL Answers 619

 b) y c) y 5 0 x 0 1 2x 8. a) y
4 y 10
400
8
2 300
6
4
x
0 200 2
–4 –2 2 4 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 100 –2
–4
x
–4 0
–60 –40 –20 20
b)
4. a) y –100
28 x f(x) g(x) h(x) 5 f(x) 3 g(x)
d) y 5 x3
24 11 7 77
y 23
20 6 22 6 2 12
16 4
21 3 21 23
12 2
x
0 2 22 24
8
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 1 3 21 23
4
–2
x 2 6 2 12
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –4
–4 –6
3 11 7 77
c) y
b) y
6. a)–b) Answers may vary. For example, 10
12
8 properties of the original graphs 8

4
such as intercepts and sign at various 6
x values of the independent variable 4
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 figure prominently in the shape of
–4 2
the new function. x
–8 7. a) y –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–12 –2
6
–16 –4
4
–20 2
–24 x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
d) h(x) 5 (x 2 1 2) (x 2 2 2) 5 x 4 2 4;
5. a) y 5 0 –2 degree is 4
y e) D 5 5xPR6
8 b)
6 x f(x) g(x) h(x) 5 f(x) 3 g(x)
Chapter Review, pp. 60–61
4
1. a) function; D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR6
23 0 24 0
2
x 22 1 1 1 b) function; D 5 5xPR6;
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
–2
2 4 6 8
21 2 4 8 R 5 5 yPR 0 y # 36
0 3 5 15 c) not a function;
D 5 5xPR 0 21 # x # 16;
–4

R 5 5 yPR6
–6 1 4 4 16
–8 2 5 1 5 d) function; D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06;
3 6 24 224 R 5 5 yPR6
b) y 5 x2 1 7x 2 12 2. a) C(t) 5 30 1 0.02t
b) D 5 5tPR 0 t $ 06,
y c) y

R 5 5C(t) PR 0 C(t) $ 306

15
300

3. D 5 5xPR6,
10
250

R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) $ 16
5
200 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
150 y
–5
100 –10
6

50 4
x
d) h(x) 5 (x 1 3) (2x 2 1 5) 2
–20 –10 0 10 20 x
–50 5 2x 323x 2 1 5x 1 15; degree is 3
–6 –4 –2 0
e) D 5 5xPR6; this is the same as the
2 4
–2
domain of both f and g.

620 Answers NEL

 4. 0 x 0 , 2 d) Parent: y 5 2x; reflected across the x21
13. a) f 21 (x) 5
5. a) Both functions have a domain of all real y-axis, compressed horizontally by a 2
b) g21 (x) 5 "
numbers, but the ranges differ. 1 3
factor of 2 , and translated down by 3 x
b) Both functions are odd but have
y 14. y
different domains.
8 12
c) Both functions have the same domain
and range, but x 2 is smooth and 0 x 0 has 6 8

a sharp corner at (0, 0). 4 4

x
d) Both functions are increasing on the 2 0
x –12 –8 –4 4 8 12
entire real line, but 2x has a horizontal –4
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12
asymptote while x does not. –2 –8
6. a) Increasing on (2 `, ` ); odd;
D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 f (x) PR6
–4 –12

b) Decreasing on (2 `, 0); increasing on The function is continuous; D 5 5xPR6,

(0, `); even; D 5 5xPR6; 8. y 5 2 Q 2 xR 2 3
1 2
R 5 5yPR6
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) $ 26
f (x) 5 e
y 3x 2 1, if x # 2
c) Increasing on (2 `, ` ); neither even x 15. ;
2x, if x . 2
nor odd; D 5 5xPR6; –4 –2 0 2 4
the function is discontinuous at x 5 2.
R 5 5 f (x) PR 0 f (x) . 216 –2

7. a) Parent: y 5 0 x 0; translated left 1

16. In order for f (x) to be continuous at
–4
x 5 1, the two pieces must have the same
y –6
6 value when x 5 1.
–8
4 When x 5 1, x2 1 1 5 2 and 3x 5 3.
2 The two pieces are not equal when x 5 1,
x 9. a) (22, 1) so the function is not continuous at x 5 1.
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 b) (210, 26)
a) f (x) 5 e
–2 30, if x # 200
c) (4, 3) 17.
–4 24 1 0.03, if x . 200
d) a , 0.3b
17
–6
b) $34.50
5 c) $30
b) Parent: y 5 !x ; compressed vertically e) (21, 0) 18. a) 5 (1, 7), (4, 15)6
by a factor of 0.25, reflected across the f ) (9, 21) b) 5 (1, 21), (4, 21)6
x-axis, compressed horizontally by a 10. a) (2, 1) c) 5 (1, 12), (4, 56)6
1
factor of 3 , and translated left 7 b) (29, 21) 19. a) y
c) (7, 0)
y 14
d) (7, 5)
2 12
x
e) (23, 0)
10
–12 –8 –4 0
f ) (10, 1)
11. a) D 5 5xPR 0 22 , x , 26,
4 8 12
–2 8

–4 R 5 5yPR6 6
b) D 5 5xPR 0 x , 126, 4
c) Parent: y 5 sin x; reflected across R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 76 2

Answers
the x-axis, expanded vertically by a 12. a) The inverse relation is not a function. x
–4 –2 0 2 4
factor of 2, compressed horizontally y
–2
1 8
by a factor of 3 , translated up by 1
6
y b) y
4
6 8
2
4 x
4
x
2 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 0
x –2 –4 –2 2 4
–4
0
–270˚ –90˚ 90˚ 270˚ –4
–2 –8

–4 –12
b) The inverse relation is a function.
–6 –16
y
12
8
c) y
16
4
x 12
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 8
–4
4
–8 x
–12 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–4

NEL Answers 621

 d) y b) y b) f (x) is discontinuous at x 5 0
24 8
because the two pieces do not have the
20 6
same value when x 5 0. When x 5 0,
16 4 2x 1 1 5 2 and "x 1 3 5 3.
12 2 c) Intervals of increase: (2 `, 0), (0, ` );
x
8 no intervals of decrease
–6 –4 –2 0
d) D 5 5xPR6,
2 4 6
4 –2
x R 5 5yPR 0 0 , y , 2 or y $ 36
–1 0 1 2
–4
or
y
–8
5

e) y
Chapter 2
200 x
0
Getting Started, p. 66
150 –5 5
4 6
100 1. a) b) 2
–5
3 7
50
x 2. a) Each successive first difference is
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 times the previous first difference.
–50 c) The graph was translated 2 units down.
3. f (2x) 5 0 3(2x) 0 1 (2x) 2 The function is exponential.
5 0 3x 0 1 x2 5 f (x)
–100
b) The second differences are all 6. The
–150
4. 2x has a horizontal asymptote while x 2 does function is quadratic.
not. The range of 2x is 5yPR 0 y . 06
–200 3
while the range of x 2 is 5yPR 0 y $ 06.
3. a) 2 , 2 c) 45°, 225°
2
20. a) D 2x is increasing on the whole real line and b) 0 d) 2270°, 290°
b) C x 2 has an interval of decrease and an
c) A 1
interval of increase. 4. a) vertical compression by a factor of 2
d) B 5. reflection over the x-axis, translation down b) vertical stretch by a factor of 2, horizontal
21. a) 5 units, translation left 3 units translation 4 units to the right
y c) vertical stretch by a factor of 3,
x 23 22 21 0 1 2
8 reflection across x-axis, vertical
f(x) 29 0 1 0 3 16 4 translation 7 units up
x d) vertical stretch by a factor of 5,
g(x) 9 8 7 6 5 4 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 horizontal translation 3 units to the
–4
(f 1 g)(x) 0 8 8 6 8 20 right, vertical translation 2 units down,
–8
5. a) A 5 1000(1.08) t
b)–c) –12 b) $1259.71
y c) No, since the interest is compounded
40 6. horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, each year, each year you earn more
translation 1 unit up; interest than the previous year.
f (x) 5 if 0 2 x 0 1 1
30
1
20 6. a) 15 m; 1 m
10 7. a) (24, 17) b) 24 s
x b) (5, 3) c) 15 m
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x 7.
–10
8. f 1 (x) 5 2 2 2 1
–20 9. a) $9000 Linear relations Nonlinear relations
b) f (x) 5 e
–30 0.05, if x # 50 000 constant; same as variable; can be
–40 0.12x 2 6000, if x . 50 000 slope of line; positive,
10. a) y positive for negative, or
Rates of Change
d) x3 1 2x2 2 x 1 6 8 lines that 0 for
e) Answers may vary. For example, (0, 0) 6 slope up from left to different parts of the
belongs to f, (0, 6) belongs to g and 4
right; negative for same relation
(0, 6) belongs to f 1 g. Also, (1, 3) lines that slope down
2
belongs to f, (1, 5) belongs to g and x from left to right;
(1, 8) belongs to f 1 g. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 0 for horizontal lines.
–2
–4 Lesson 2.1, pp. 76–78
Chapter Self-Test, p. 62 –6
–8
1. a) 19 c) 13 e) 11.4
1. a) Yes. It passes the vertical line test. b) 15 d) 12 f ) 11.04
b) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5yPR0 y $ 06 2. a) i) 15 m> s ii) 25 m> s
2. a) f (x) 5 x 2 or f (x) 5 0 x 0

622 Answers NEL

 d) y b) y b) f (x) is discontinuous at x 5 0
24 8
because the two pieces do not have the
20 6
same value when x 5 0. When x 5 0,
16 4 2x 1 1 5 2 and "x 1 3 5 3.
12 2 c) Intervals of increase: (2 `, 0), (0, ` );
x
8 no intervals of decrease
–6 –4 –2 0
d) D 5 5xPR6,
2 4 6
4 –2
x R 5 5yPR 0 0 , y , 2 or y $ 36
–1 0 1 2
–4
or
y
–8
5

e) y
Chapter 2
200 x
0
Getting Started, p. 66
150 –5 5
4 6
100 1. a) b) 2
–5
3 7
50
x 2. a) Each successive first difference is
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 times the previous first difference.
–50 c) The graph was translated 2 units down.
3. f (2x) 5 0 3(2x) 0 1 (2x) 2 The function is exponential.
5 0 3x 0 1 x2 5 f (x)
–100
b) The second differences are all 6. The
–150
4. 2x has a horizontal asymptote while x 2 does function is quadratic.
not. The range of 2x is 5yPR 0 y . 06
–200 3
while the range of x 2 is 5yPR 0 y $ 06.
3. a) 2 , 2 c) 45°, 225°
2
20. a) D 2x is increasing on the whole real line and b) 0 d) 2270°, 290°
b) C x 2 has an interval of decrease and an
c) A 1
interval of increase. 4. a) vertical compression by a factor of 2
d) B 5. reflection over the x-axis, translation down b) vertical stretch by a factor of 2, horizontal
21. a) 5 units, translation left 3 units translation 4 units to the right
y c) vertical stretch by a factor of 3,
x 23 22 21 0 1 2
8 reflection across x-axis, vertical
f(x) 29 0 1 0 3 16 4 translation 7 units up
x d) vertical stretch by a factor of 5,
g(x) 9 8 7 6 5 4 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 horizontal translation 3 units to the
–4
(f 1 g)(x) 0 8 8 6 8 20 right, vertical translation 2 units down,
–8
5. a) A 5 1000(1.08) t
b)–c) –12 b) $1259.71
y c) No, since the interest is compounded
40 6. horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, each year, each year you earn more
translation 1 unit up; interest than the previous year.
f (x) 5 if 0 2 x 0 1 1
30
1
20 6. a) 15 m; 1 m
10 7. a) (24, 17) b) 24 s
x b) (5, 3) c) 15 m
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x 7.
–10
8. f 1 (x) 5 2 2 2 1
–20 9. a) $9000 Linear relations Nonlinear relations
b) f (x) 5 e
–30 0.05, if x # 50 000 constant; same as variable; can be
–40 0.12x 2 6000, if x . 50 000 slope of line; positive,
10. a) y positive for negative, or
Rates of Change
d) x3 1 2x2 2 x 1 6 8 lines that 0 for
e) Answers may vary. For example, (0, 0) 6 slope up from left to different parts of the
belongs to f, (0, 6) belongs to g and 4
right; negative for same relation
(0, 6) belongs to f 1 g. Also, (1, 3) lines that slope down
2
belongs to f, (1, 5) belongs to g and x from left to right;
(1, 8) belongs to f 1 g. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 0 for horizontal lines.
–2
–4 Lesson 2.1, pp. 76–78
Chapter Self-Test, p. 62 –6
–8
1. a) 19 c) 13 e) 11.4
1. a) Yes. It passes the vertical line test. b) 15 d) 12 f ) 11.04
b) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5yPR0 y $ 06 2. a) i) 15 m> s ii) 25 m> s
2. a) f (x) 5 x 2 or f (x) 5 0 x 0

622 Answers NEL

 b) During the first interval, the height is c) i) 1500 people> year 2. a) 5.4 m> s b) 5.4 m> s
increasing at 15 m>s; ii) 1700 people> year c) Answers may vary. For example: I
during the second interval, the height is iii) 2000 people> year prefer the centred interval method.
decreasing at 5 m>s. iv) 2500 people> year Fewer calculations are required, and it
3. f (x) is always increasing at a constant d) The prediction was correct. takes into account points on each side
rate. g(x) is decreasing on (2 `, 0) and 12. Answers may vary. For example: of the given point in each calculation.
increasing on (0, `), so the rate of a) Someone might calculate the average 3. a) 200
change is not constant. increase in the price of gasoline over b) 40 raccoons> month
4. a) 352, 138, 286, 28, 60, 234 people> h time. One might also calculate the c) 50 raccoons> month
b) the rate of growth of the crowd at the average decrease in the price of d) The three answers represent different
rally computers over time. things: the population at a particular
c) A positive rate of growth indicates that b) An average rate of change might be time, the average rate of change prior
people were arriving at the rally. A useful for predicting the behaviour of a to that time, and the instantaneous
negative rate of growth indicates that relationship in the future. rate of change at that time.
people were leaving the rally. c) An average rate of change is calculated 4. a) 224 b) 0 c) 48 d) 96
5. a) 203, 193, 165, 178.5, 218.5, by dividing the change in the dependent 5. 227 m> s
146 km> day variable by the corresponding change in 6. $11 610 per year
b) No. Some days the distance travelled was the dependent variable. 7. a) 0 people> year
greater than others. 13. 27.8% b) Answers may vary. For example: Yes,
6. 4; 4; the average rate of change is always 4 14. Answers may vary. For example: it makes sense. It means that the
because the function is linear, with a slope AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE populations in 2000 and 2024 are the
of 4. same, so their average rate of change is 0.
7. The rate of change is 0 for 0 to 250 min. Definition c) The average rate of change from 2000
After 250 min, the rate of change is in your Personal Visual to 2012 is 18 000 people> year; the
$0.10> min. own words example representation average rate of change from 2012 to
8. a) i) 750 people> year y 2024 is 218 000 people> year.
ii) 3000 people> year
the change I record the Average
rate of
change =
Dy
d) t 5 12
iii) 12 000 people> year
in one number of Dx
Dy 8. About 2$960 per year; when the car
iv) 5250 people> year
quantity miles I run
divided by each week turns five, it loses $960 of its value.
b) No; the rate of growth increases as the the change versus the
Dx x 9. a) 1.65 s b) about 14 m> s
10. 100p cm3>cm
0
time increases. in a related week
c) You must assume that the growth quantity number. 11. If David knows how far he has travelled
continues to follow this pattern, and Then, I can and how long he has been driving, he can
that the population will be calculate calculate his average speed from the
5 120 000 people in 2050. beginning of the trip by dividing the
22 m> s
the average
9. distance travelled by the time he has been
a) i) $2.60> sweatshirt
rate of
10. driving.
ii) $2.00> sweatshirt
change in
12. a) 222.5 °F> min
iii) $1.40> sweatshirt
the distance
b) Answers may vary. For example:
iv) $0.80> sweatshirt
I run over
the course 225.5 °F> min
b) The rate of change is still positive, but of weeks. c) Answers may vary. For example, the

Answers
it is decreasing. This means that the first rate is using a larger interval to
profit is still increasing, but at a 15. 80 km/h estimate the instantaneous rate.
decreasing rate. d) Answers may vary. For example, the
c) No; after 6000 sweatshirts are sold, the second estimate is better, as it uses a
Lesson 2.2, pp. 85–88
rate of change becomes negative. This much smaller interval to estimate the
means that the profit begins to decrease 1. a) instantaneous rate.
after 6000 sweatshirts are sold. Preceding Average Rate
13. Answers may vary. For example:
Df(x)
11. a) Interval Df(x) Dx of Change, Dx
Method of
Estimating
1 # x # 2 13 2 (22) 5 15 2 2 1 5 1 15
Instantaneous
1.5 # x # 2 8.75 0.5 17.5 Rate of Change Advantage Disadvantage
series of accounts for must do two sets
1.9 # x # 2 1.95 0.1 19.5
preceding differences in the of calculations
1.99 # x # 2 0.1995 0.01 19.95 intervals and way that change
following occurs on either
Following Average Rate intervals side of the given
Df(x) point
Interval Df(x) Dx of Change, Dx
series of centred accounts for points to get a precise
b) The rate of change will be greater 2#x#3 38 2 13 5 25 3 2 2 5 1 25 intervals on either side of answer, numbers
farther in the future. The graph is 2 # x # 2.5 11.25 0.5 22.5 the given interval in involved will need
getting steeper as the values of t same calculation to have several
2 # x # 2.1 2.05 0.1 20.5 decimal places
increase.
2 # x # 2.01 0.2005 0.01 20.05 difference more precise calculations can be
quotient tedious or messy
b) 20

NEL Answers 623

14. a) 100p cm2>cm c) 31 3. a) 10 m> s; 210 m> s
b) 240p cm2>cm d) Rate of change is about 30 °F> min at b) t 5 2; Answers may vary. For example:
15. 36 cm2>cm x 5 5. The graph has a vertex at (2, 21).
16. 160p cm2>cm e) Answers may vary. For example: The It appears that a tangent line at this
two answers are about the same. The point would be horizontal.
slope of the tangent line at the point is ( f (2.01) 2 f (1.99))
Lesson 2.3, pp. 91–92
the same as the instantaneous rate of 0.02
1. a) about 7 c) about 0.25 change at the point. 4. 0.9 m> day
b) about 10 d) 2 5. Answers may vary. For example: Similarity: 5. Answers may vary. For example:
2. a) the calculation; difference: average rate of Xggifo`dXk\[
Ypjcfg\jf]
change is over an interval; instantaneous
j\ZXekc`e\j
rate of change is at a point.
[`]]\i\eZ\
6. a) y
hlfk`\ek
`ejkXekXe\flj
8
iXk\f]Z_Xe^\
6 jcfg\f]
kXe^\ekc`e\
4 Z\eki\[`ek\imXcj

b) 2 gi\Z\[`e^
x Xe[]fccfn`e^ iXk\f]Z_Xe^\
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 `ek\imXcj
–2
–4
j\ZXekc`e\
–6 Xm\iX^\iXk\
f]Z_Xe^\
–8 Dp
Do
6. Answers may vary. For example:
c) b) y
Points Slope of Secant
8
6 (2, 9) and (1, 2) 7
4
2 (2, 9) and (1.5, 4.375) 9.25
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 (2, 9) and (1.9, 7.859) 11.41
–2
d) –4 (2, 9) and (2.1, 10.261) 12.61
–6
–8 (2, 9) and (2.5, 16.625) 15.25

(2, 9) and (3, 28) 19

c) (1.5, 2.25)
The slope of the tangent line at (2, 9) is
Mid-Chapter Review, p. 95 about 12.
3. a) Set A: 0, 0, 0, 0 1. a) Water Usage
7. 4
Set B: 14, 1.4, 5, 0.009 6 V 8. The instantaneous rate of change of the
Set C: 24, 20.69, 23, 20.009 5
function whose graph is shown is 4 at
Volume (1000 m 3)

b) Set A: All slopes are zero. x 5 2.

4
Set B: All slopes are positive. 9. Answers may vary. For example:
3
Set C: All slopes are negative. a) 0 b) 4 c) 5 d) 8
4. a) and b) 2

Oven Temperature 1 Lesson 2.4, pp. 103–106

T m
450 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. a) C b) A c) B
400 Month
3
2. All of the graphs show that the speed
350
b) 750; 250; 1100; 400 m /month is constant. In a), the speed is positive
Temperature ( 8F)

c) April and May

580 m3> month
300 and constant. In b), the speed is negative
d) and constant. In c), the speed is 0, which
250
2. a) The equation models exponential is constant.
200
growth. This means that the
150 average rate of change between
100 consecutive years will always increase.
50 b) The instantaneous rate of change in
t population in 2010 is about 950 people
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (min)
per year.

624 Answers NEL

 3. Jan’s Walk b) Answers may vary. For example: b) 5 mph> min
c) 20.1842 mph> min
d
10 Height vs Time
h
d) The answer to part c) is an average rate

Height
of change over a long period, but the
5
runner does not slow down at a
t constant rate during this period.
t Time 12. Answers may vary. For example: Walk
0 5 10 7. a) 1.11 m> s from (0, 0) to (5, 5) and stop for 5 s.
Time (s)
b) 0.91 m> s Then run to (15, 30). Continue walking
4. a) Answers may vary. For example: c) The graph of the first length would be to (20, 5) and end at (25, 0). What is the
Rachel’s Climb steeper, indicating a quicker speed. The
h maximum speed and minimum speed on
3800
3500 graph of the second length would be an interval? Create the speed versus time
Elevation (m)

3200 less steep, indicating a slower speed.

2900 graph from these data.
2600 d) Answers may vary. For example: 13. Answers may vary. For example:
2300
2000 t d
Distance vs Time Speed vs Time
s
0 100 200 300 400 100
Time (min)
80

Distance (m)

Speed
b) Average speed over first 40 min is
7.5 m> min, average speed over next
60

90 min is 3.3 m> min, average speed 40

t
over next 120 min is 0 m> min, average 20 Time
speed over next 40 min is 10 m> min,
t
0
14. If the original graph showed an increase in
20 40 60 80 100
average speed over next 45 min is Time (s) rate, it would mean that the distance
6.7 m> min, and average speed over last e) 0 m> s travelled during each successive unit of
60 min is 5.7 m> min. f ) Answers may vary. For example: time would be greater—meaning a graph
c) Answers may vary. For example: Speed vs Time that curves upward. If the original graph
s
s Rachel’s Climb 2.0
showed a straight, horizontal line, then it
would mean that the distance travelled
Speed (m/s)

10 1.5
during each successive unit of time would
Speed (m/min)

8 1.0
be greater—meaning a steady increasing
6 0.5 straight line on the second graph. If the
4 t
0 original graph showed a decrease in rate, it
20 40 60 80 100
2 Time (s) would mean that the distance travelled
t
0
8. a) A b) C c) D d) B during each successive unit of time would
100 200 300 400 500
Time (min) 9. Answers may vary. For example: be less—meaning a line that curves down.
5. a) Answers may vary. For example: Speed vs Time
s
Water Level
vs Time
Lesson 2.5, pp. 111–113
h
1. Answers may vary. For example, I used the
Speed

difference quotient when a 5 1.5 and

Height

h 5 0.001 and got an estimate for the

Answers
t t
instantaneous rate of change in cost that
Time was close to 0.
Time
b) Answers may vary. For example: 10. a) and b) 2. 0
Water Level i) Start 5 m from sensor. Walk toward 3. a) The slopes of the tangent lines are
h vs Time sensor at a constant rate of 1 m> s for 3 s. positive, but close to 0.
Walk away from sensor at a constant b) The slopes of the tangent lines are
rate of 1 m> s for 3 s.
Height

negative, but close to 0.

ii) Start 6 m from sensor. Walk toward 4. a) The slopes of the tangent lines are
t
sensor at a constant rate of 1 m> s for 2 s. negative, but close to 0.
Time
Stand still for 1 s. Walk toward sensor at a b) The slopes of the tangent lines are
6. a) Answers may vary. For example: positive, but close to 0.
constant rate of 1 m/s for 2 s. Walk away
s Speed vs Time from sensor at a constant rate of 1.5 m> s. 5. a) The slope is 0.
11. a) Answers may vary. For example: b) The slope is 0.
Marathon Training Program c) The slope is 0.
s
Speed

10 (16, 10)
d) The slope is 0.
6. a) minimum
8
Speed (mph)

(17, 7)
(47, 7) b) maximum
t 6 (11, 10)
(10, 5) c) minimum
Time 4 (0, 5) (59, 3) d) maximum
2 (49, 3) e) maximum
t
f ) maximum
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)

NEL Answers 625

7. t 5 2.75; Answers may vary. For example:
The slopes of tangents for values of t less
than about 2.75 would be positive, while
slopes of tangents for values of t greater
than about 2.75 would be negative.
8. a) x 5 25; minimum
x 5 7.5; maximum
x 5 3.25; minimum
x 5 6; maximum
b) i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
c) Answers may vary. For example,
if the sign of the slope of the tangent
changed from positive to negative, there
was a maximum. If the sign of the slope
of the tangent changed from negative to
positive, there was a minimum.
9. a) i) maximum 5 (0, 100);
minimum 5 (5, 44.4)
ii) maximum 5 (10, 141.6);
minimum 5 (0, 35)
b) For an equation that represents
exponential growth (where r . 0), the
minimum value will always be at point
a and the maximum value will always
626 Answers
be at point b, because y will always b) Answers may vary. For example:
increase as x increases. For an equation r Revenue vs Sales
that represents exponential decay 500
(where r , 0), the minimum value will 450
always be at point b and the maximum 400
value will always be at point a, because 350
y will always decrease as x increases.
Revenue ($)
300
10. Answers may vary. For example, the slope 250
of the tangent at 0.5 s is 0. The slope of the
200
tangent at 0 s is 5, and the slope of the
150
tangent at 1 s is 25. So, the diver reaches
her maximum height at 0.5 s. 100
11. Answers may vary. For example, yes, this 50
w
observation is correct. The slope of the 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
tangent at 1.5 s is 0. The slopes of the Number of watches
tangents between 1 s and 1.5 s are negative,
The data represent a linear relationship.
and the slopes of the tangent lines between
c) $17.50 per watch
1.5 s and 2 s are positive. So, the minimum
d) $17.50; this is the slope of the line on
of the function occurs at 1.5 s.
the graph.
a) 1.5 m> s
12. Answers may vary. For example, estimate
2.
b) 21.5 m> s
the slope of the tangent line to the curve
when x 5 5 by writing an equation for the
c) The time intervals have the same length.
slope of any secant line on the graph of
The amount of change is the same, but
R(x). If the slope of the tangent is 0, this
with opposite signs for the two intervals.
will confirm there may be a maximum at
So, the rates of change are the same for
x 5 5. If the slopes of tangent lines to the
the two intervals, but with opposite signs.
left are positive and the slopes of tangent
3. a) E 5 2500m 1 10 000
lines to the right are negative, this will
b) $2500 per month
confirm that a maximum occurs at x 5 5.
c) No; the equation that represents this
13. Answers may vary. For example, because
situation is linear, and the rate of
sin 90° gives a maximum value of 1, I
change over time for a linear equation is
know that a maximum occurs when
constant.
(k(x 2 d )) 5 90°. Solving this equation
4. a) Answers may vary. For example,
for x will tell me what types of x-values
because the unit of the equation is
will give a maximum. For example, when
years, you would not choose
k 5 2 and d 5 3,
3 # t # 4.25 and 4 # t # 5. A better
(2(x 2 3°)) 5 90°
choice would be 3.75 # t # 4.0 and
(x 2 3°) 5 45°
4.0 # t # 4.25.
x 5 48°
b) Answers may vary. For example, find
14. Myra is plotting (instantaneous) velocity
the average of the two interval values:
versus time. The rates of change Myra (600.56 1 621.91)
calculates represent acceleration. When 2
5 $611.24
Myra’s graph is increasing, the car is 5. a) Answers may vary. For example,
accelerating. When Myra’s graph is squeezing the interval.
decreasing, the car is decelerating. When b) 4.19 cm/s
6. a) 22 b) 0 c) 4
Myra’s graph is constant, the velocity of
the car is constant; the car is neither 7. a) 237 b) 217 c) 0 d) 23
8. Answers may vary. For example:
accelerating nor decelerating.
15. 24, 22, 4, 6; The rule appears to be h Height vs Time
50
“multiply the x-coordinate by 2.” 12, 3, 12,
40
27; The rule for f (x) 5 x 3 seems to be
Height (cm)
30
“square the x-coordinate and multiply by 3.”
20
10
t
Chapter Review, pp. 116–117 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
1. a) Yes. Divide revenue by number of
watches, and the slope is 17.5.
NEL
 9. a) Answers may vary. For example: d) means the company’s profit is
s
Speed vs Time decreasing when it spends $50 000 on
10
advertising.
8 4. a) 21; 0 (minimum); 7
Speed (km/h) 6 b) 4.5; 24.5; 0 (maximum)
4
2
t
0 4 8 12 16 Chapter 3
Time (s)
Getting Started, p. 122
b) 2 km> h> s
5
7
1. a) 6x3 2 22x 2
c) From (7, 5) to (12, 103 ), the rate of
change of speed in 2 13 km> h> s
b) x 2 1 2x 2 24
c) 24x 3 2 44x2 2 40x
d) 2 km> h> s
5
d) 5x 3 1 31x 2 2 68x 1 32
6
2. a) (x 1 7) (x 2 4)
10. The roller coaster moves at a slow steady
b) 2(x 2 2) (x 2 7)
speed between A and B. At B, it begins to
3. a) x 5 26
accelerate as it moves down to C. Going
b) x 5 23, 4.5
uphill from C to D it decelerates. At D, it
c) x 5 23, 28
starts to move down and accelerates to E,
1
where the speed starts to decrease until F, d) x 5 , 24
3
where it maintains a slower speed to G, the 1
4. a) vertical compression by a factor of 4 ;
end of the track.
horizontal translation 3 units to the
s
E Chapter Self-Test, p. 118 right; vertical translation 9 units up
C 1
b) vertical compression by a factor of 4 ;
Speed

1. a) s Speed vs Time
50 vertical translation 7 units down
A B D F (14, 45) (19, 45)
Gt 45 5. a) y 5 2(x 2 5) 2 2 2
Time 40 b) y 5 22x 2 1 3
11. a) minimum d) minimum 35 6. a) y
b) maximum e) minimum 8
Speed (knots)

30
c) maximum f ) maximum (8, 25) 6
25 y = 3(x 1 5)2 2 4
12. a) i) m 5 h 2 26 ii) m 5 24h 2 48 (13, 25)
20 4
b) i) m 5 226 ii) m 5 248
15 2
13. a) To the left of a maximum, the x
10
instantaneous rates of change are –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
positive. To the right, the instantaneous 5 (1, 3) (6, 3) –2

rates of change are negative. (0, 0) (23, 0) t –4

0 5 10 15 20 25
b) To the left of a minimum, the Time (min)
–6

b) 11 kn> min; 0 kn> min; the two

instantaneous rates of change are –8

Answers
negative. To the right, the instantaneous
rates of change are positive. different average rates of change
indicate that the boat was increasing its b) y
14. a)
speed from t 5 6 to t 5 8 at a rate of 20
11knots/min and moving at a constant 15
speed from t 5 8 to t 5 13. 10
c) 11 kn> min
5
2. a) 21 x
b) The hot cocoa is cooling by 1 °C> min –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8
–5
on average.
c) 20.75 –10
b) minimum: x 5 21, x 5 1
maximum: x 5 0 d) The hot cocoa is cooling by 0.75 °C> min –15
y = 2x2 2 12x 1 5

c) The slopes of tangent lines for points to after 30 min. –20

the left of a minimum will be negative, e) The rate decreases over the interval, until
while the slopes of tangent lines for points it is nearly 0 and constant. 7. a) quadratic
to the right of a minimum will be positive. 3. a) $310 per dollar spent b) other
The slopes of tangent lines for points to b) 2$100 per dollar spent c) other
the left of a maximum will be positive, c) The positive sign for part a) means that d) linear
while the slopes of tangent lines for the company is increasing its profit
points to the right of a minimum will be when it spends between $8000 and
negative. $10 000 on advertising. The negative sign

NEL Answers 627

 9. a) Answers may vary. For example: d) means the company’s profit is
s
Speed vs Time decreasing when it spends $50 000 on
10
advertising.
8 4. a) 21; 0 (minimum); 7
Speed (km/h) 6 b) 4.5; 24.5; 0 (maximum)
4
2
t
0 4 8 12 16 Chapter 3
Time (s)
Getting Started, p. 122
b) 2 km> h> s
5
7
1. a) 6x3 2 22x 2
c) From (7, 5) to (12, 103 ), the rate of
change of speed in 2 13 km> h> s
b) x 2 1 2x 2 24
c) 24x 3 2 44x2 2 40x
d) 2 km> h> s
5
d) 5x 3 1 31x 2 2 68x 1 32
6
2. a) (x 1 7) (x 2 4)
10. The roller coaster moves at a slow steady
b) 2(x 2 2) (x 2 7)
speed between A and B. At B, it begins to
3. a) x 5 26
accelerate as it moves down to C. Going
b) x 5 23, 4.5
uphill from C to D it decelerates. At D, it
c) x 5 23, 28
starts to move down and accelerates to E,
1
where the speed starts to decrease until F, d) x 5 , 24
3
where it maintains a slower speed to G, the 1
4. a) vertical compression by a factor of 4 ;
end of the track.
horizontal translation 3 units to the
s
E Chapter Self-Test, p. 118 right; vertical translation 9 units up
C 1
b) vertical compression by a factor of 4 ;
Speed

1. a) s Speed vs Time
50 vertical translation 7 units down
A B D F (14, 45) (19, 45)
Gt 45 5. a) y 5 2(x 2 5) 2 2 2
Time 40 b) y 5 22x 2 1 3
11. a) minimum d) minimum 35 6. a) y
b) maximum e) minimum 8
Speed (knots)

30
c) maximum f ) maximum (8, 25) 6
25 y = 3(x 1 5)2 2 4
12. a) i) m 5 h 2 26 ii) m 5 24h 2 48 (13, 25)
20 4
b) i) m 5 226 ii) m 5 248
15 2
13. a) To the left of a maximum, the x
10
instantaneous rates of change are –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
positive. To the right, the instantaneous 5 (1, 3) (6, 3) –2

rates of change are negative. (0, 0) (23, 0) t –4

0 5 10 15 20 25
b) To the left of a minimum, the Time (min)
–6

b) 11 kn> min; 0 kn> min; the two

instantaneous rates of change are –8

Answers
negative. To the right, the instantaneous
rates of change are positive. different average rates of change
indicate that the boat was increasing its b) y
14. a)
speed from t 5 6 to t 5 8 at a rate of 20
11knots/min and moving at a constant 15
speed from t 5 8 to t 5 13. 10
c) 11 kn> min
5
2. a) 21 x
b) The hot cocoa is cooling by 1 °C> min –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8
–5
on average.
c) 20.75 –10
b) minimum: x 5 21, x 5 1
maximum: x 5 0 d) The hot cocoa is cooling by 0.75 °C> min –15
y = 2x2 2 12x 1 5

c) The slopes of tangent lines for points to after 30 min. –20

the left of a minimum will be negative, e) The rate decreases over the interval, until
while the slopes of tangent lines for points it is nearly 0 and constant. 7. a) quadratic
to the right of a minimum will be positive. 3. a) $310 per dollar spent b) other
The slopes of tangent lines for points to b) 2$100 per dollar spent c) other
the left of a maximum will be positive, c) The positive sign for part a) means that d) linear
while the slopes of tangent lines for the company is increasing its profit
points to the right of a minimum will be when it spends between $8000 and
negative. $10 000 on advertising. The negative sign

NEL Answers 627

 8. The discriminant is equal to b2 – 4ac. 8. Answers may vary. For example:

y = 3x2 + 24x + 36 The discriminant is 144. Definition Characteristics

Factor
A polynomial is an The domain of the
Substitute x = 0
The coefficient of the first term into the equation expression of the function is all real
y = 3(x + 2)(x + 6) determines which direction the graph and solve for y.
opens.
form anx n 1 numbers, but the
The y-intercept is 36.
an21x n21 1 c 1 range can have
The values of x that make f (x) = n The graph a2x 2 1 a1x 1 a0, restrictions; except
opens up.
The zeros are where a0, a1, c, an for polynomial
–2 and –6.
are real numbers and functions of degree
The axis of symmetry lies halfway
between the two zeros.
n is a whole number. zero (whose graphs
y
8 are horizontal lines),
The axis of symmetry
(–2 + (–6))
4 the graphs of
is x = x
polynomials do not
x = –4 2
0
–6 –4 –2 2
–4 have horizontal or
–8
vertical asymptotes.
–12
The shape of the
graph depends on its
Lesson 3.1, pp. 127–128 4. y degree.
8
1. a) This represents a polynomial function Polynomials
6
because the domain is the set of all real
4
numbers, the range does not have a Examples Non-Examples
lower bound, and the graph does not 2 x 2 1 4x 1 6 !x 1 1
x
have horizontal or vertical asymptotes. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
b) This represents a polynomial function –2
because the domain is the set of all real –4
numbers, the range is the set of all real
Lesson 3.2, pp. 136–138
–6
numbers, and the graph does not have –8 1. a) 4; 24; as x S 1/2 `, y S 2 `
horizontal or vertical asymptotes. b) 5; 2; as x S 2 `, y S 2 ` and as
c) This is not a polynomial function x S `, y S `
because it has a horizontal asymptote. a) The graph looks like one half of a
c) 3; 23; as x S 2 `, y S ` and as
d) This represents a polynomial function parabola, which is the graph of a
x S `, y S 2 `
quadratic equation.
because the domain is the set of all real d) 4; 24; as x S 1/2 `, y S `
numbers, the range does not have an b) There is a variable in the exponent.
2. a) Turning points
upper bound, and the graph does not 5. y
a) minimum 1, maximum 3
have horizontal or vertical asymptotes. 24
b) minimum 0, maximum 4
e) This is not a polynomial function because (–3, 16) 20
c) minimum 0, maximum 2
its domain is not all real numbers. 16 d) minimum 1, maximum 3
f ) This is not a polynomial function 12 b) Zeros
because it is a periodic function. 8 a) minimum 0, maximum 4
2. a) polynomial; the exponents of the 4 (3, 0) b) minimum 1, maximum 5
(–1, 0)
variables are all natural numbers x c) minimum 1, maximum 3
b) polynomial; the exponents of the 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 d) minimum 0, maximum 4
–4
variables are all natural numbers 3. i) a) The degree is even.
c) polynomial; the exponents of the –8
b) The leading coefficient is negative.
variables are all natural numbers ii) a) The degree is even.
d) other; the variable is under a radical sign 6. Answers may vary. For example, b) The leading coefficient is negative.
e) other; the function contains another any equation of the form iii) a) The degree is odd.
function in the denominator 4 8 b) The leading coefficient is negative.
y 5 aQ2 3 x 2 1 3 x 1 4R will have the
f ) polynomial; the exponents of the iv) a) The degree is even.
variables are all natural numbers same zeros, but have a different b) The leading coefficient is positive.
3. a) linear c) linear y-intercept and a different value for v) a) The degree is odd.
b) quadratic d) cubic b) The leading coefficient is negative.
f (23). Any equation of the form
4 8 vi) a) The degree is odd.
y 5 xQ2 3 x 2 1 3 x 1 4R would have two b) The leading coefficient is positive.
of the same zeros, but a different value for 4. a) as x S 1/2 `, y S `
f (23) and different positive/negative b) as x S 2 `, y S ` and as x S `,
intervals. y S 2`
7. y 5 x 1 5, y 5 x 2 1 5, c) as x S 2 `, y S 2 ` and as x S `,
y 5 x 3 1 5, y 5 x 4 1 5 yS`
d) as x S 1/2 `, y S 2 `

628 Answers NEL

 e) as x S 1/2 `, y S ` d) Answers may vary. For example: b) Answers may vary. For example:
f ) as x S 2 `, y S ` and as x S `, y f (x) 5 x 3 2 2x 2
y S 2` 8 y
5. a) D: The graph extends from quadrant III 6 8
to quadrant I and the y-intercept is 2. 4 6
f(x) 5 2x 3
b) A: The graph extends from quadrant III 2 4
to quadrant IV. x 2
c) E: The graph extends from quadrant II 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x
–2 0
to quadrant I and the y-intercept is 25. –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–4 –2
d) C: The graph extends from quadrant II
–6 –4
to quadrant I and the y-intercept is 0.
e) F: The graph extends from quadrant II –8 –6

to quadrant IV. –8
f ) B: The graph extends from quadrant III e) Answers may vary. For example:
to quadrant I and the y-intercept is 1. y c) Answers may vary. For example:
6. a) Answers may vary. For example, 10 f (x) 5 x 3 2 2x 2 1 1
f (x) 5 2x 3 1 5. 8 y
b) Answers may vary. For example, 8
6
f (x) 5 6x 2 1 x 2 4. f(x) 5 x 3 2 3x 1 2
6
4
c) Answers may vary. For example,
2 4
f (x) 5 2x 4 2 x 3 1 7. x 2
d) Answers may vary. For example, –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
f (x) 5 29x 5 1 x 4 2 x 3 2 2. –2
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
7. a) Answers may vary. For example: –4 –2

y –6 –4
7 –6
6 f ) Answers may vary. For example: –8
5 y
6 f(x) 5 2x 1 2x 1 4
4 2
4 11. a) Answers may vary. For example:
3 4 f (x) 5 x 4 1 1
2 2 y
x 8
1 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
x –2 6
0
–2 –1 1 2 4
–1 f(x) 5 x 4 2 x2 –4
–6 2
x
b) Answers may vary. For example: –8
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y –10 –2

2 –4
f(x) 5 2x 4 1 1
1 8. An odd-degree polynomial can have only –6

Answers
x –8
0
local maximums and minimums because the
–2 –1 1 2
–1 y-value goes to 2 ` and ` at each end of the
–2
function. An even-degree polynomial can b) Answers may vary. For example:
have absolute maximums and minimums f (x) 5 x 4
–3
because it will go to either 2 ` at both ends y
–4
or ` at both ends of the function. 8
–5 9. even number of turning points
6
–6 10. a) Answers may vary. For example:
4
f (x) 5 x 3
c) Answers may vary. For example: 2
y
x
y 8
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
14 f(x) 5 x 4 2 2x3 2 2x 2 1 8 6 –2
12 4 –4
10 2 –6
8 x –8
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
6 –2
4 –4
2 –6
x
0 –8
–1 1 2 3
–2

NEL Answers 629

 c) Answers may vary. For example: 1 1 2. a)
and f (x) 5 4 x 4 2 3 x 3 2 3x 2 2 1 y
f (x) 5 x 4 2 1 80
y
y 60
16
8 40
12 f(x) = 2(x 2 4)(x 2 1)(x 1 5)
6 20
8 x
4 0
4 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
2 x –20
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –40
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –4
–2 –60
–8 –80
–4
–12
–6
–16
–8 b) y
320
b) zero and leading coefficient of the 240
d) Answers may vary. For example:
function
f (x) 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 8x 2 4 160
13. a) 700 people
y 80
b) The population will decrease because x
16
the leading coefficient is negative. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
12 –80
14. a) False; Answers may vary. For example,
8 f (x) 5 x 2 1 x is not an even function. –160
4 b) True –240
x
0 c) False; Answers may vary. For example, –320 g(x) = x2(x 2 6)3
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–4 f (x) 5 x 2 1 1 has no zeros.
–8 d) False; Answers may vary. For example, 3. a) f (x) 5 k(x 1 1) (x 2 4) ;
–12
f (x) 5 2x 2 has end behaviour f (x) 5 4(x 1 1) (x 2 4) ;
opposite the behaviour stated. f (x) 5 22(x 1 1) (x 2 4)
–16
15. Answers may vary. For example, “What are 3
the turning points of the function?”, “What b) f (x) 5 (x 1 1) (x 2 4)
2
e) Answers may vary. For example: is the leading coefficient of the function?”, y
f (x) 5 x 4 2 5x 2 1 4 and “What are the zeros of the function?” 8
y If the function has 0 turning points or an 6
8 even number of turning points, then it 4
6 must extend to the opposite side of the
2
4 x-axis. If it has an odd number of turning x
2 points, it must extend to the same side of –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
x the x-axis. If the leading coefficient is –2
0 –4
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 known, it can be determined exactly which
–2
quadrants the function extends to/from and –6
–4
if the function has been vertically stretched. –8
–6 If the zeros are known, it can be determined
–8 if the function has been vertically translated 4. a) y 5 0.5(x 1 3) (x 2 2) (x 2 5)
up or down. b) y 5 2 (x 1 1) 2 (x 2 2) (x 2 4)
12. a) Answers may vary. For example: 16. a) b 5 0 5. Family 1: A, G, I
1 1 b) b 5 0, d 5 0 Family 2: B, E
f (x) 5 4 x 4 2 3 x 3 2 3x 2
Family 3: C, F, H, K
y
Lesson 3.3, pp. 146–148 Family 4: D, J, L
16
6. a) y
12 1. a) C: The graph has zeros of 21 and 3, 40
8 and it extends from quadrant III to 30
4 quadrant I. 20
x b) A: The graph has zeros of 21 and 3,
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–4
and it extends from quadrant II to x
quadrant III. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–8 –10
c) B: The graph has zeros of 21 and 3, and it
–12 –20
extends from quadrant II to quadrant IV.
–16 d) D: The graph has zeros of 21, 0, 3, –30
and 5, and it extends from quadrant II –40
to quadrant I.

630 Answers NEL

 b) y 7. a) Answers may vary. For example: y
40 i) y 5 x(x 1 3) (x 2 2) 300

30 y

20 40 200

10 30
x 20 100
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–10
x x
–20 0 0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–10
–30
–20 –100
–40
–30
–40 y 5 2(x 1 5) (x 1 3) (x 2 2) (x 2 4)
c) y
20
y 5 25(x 1 5)(x 1 3)(x 2 2)(x 2 4)
3
ii) y 5 (x 1 2) b) y 5 (x 1 2) 2 (x 2 3) 2
y y
10 60 300
50
x
0 40 200
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
30
–10 20 100
10
x
–20 x
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 0
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8

d) y –20
–100
20
2
iii) y 5 (x 1 1) (x 2 4)
y 5 10(x 1 2) 2 (x 2 3) 2
y
10 y 5 7(x 1 2) 2 (x 2 3) 2
60
c) y 5 (x 1 2) ax 2 b (x 2 5) 2
3
x 50
0 4
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 40 y
30 300
–10
20
10 200
–20 x
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–10 100
e) y
–20
40
x
30 0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
iv) y 5 (x 2 3) ax 1 b
1 2

Answers
20
2 –100
10
x y
0 60
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
y 5 2 (x 1 2) ax 2 b (x 2 5) 2
–10
3
50
–20
4
40
y 5 (x 1 2) ax 2 b (x 2 5) 2
2 3
–30
30 5 4
–40
20 d) y 5 (x 2 6) 4
10 y
f) y x
300
0
40 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–10
30
–20 200
20
10
b) No, as all the functions belong to a 100
x
0 family of equations.
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–10 8. Answers may vary. For example: x
0
–20 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
a) y 5 (x 1 5) (x 1 3) (x 2 2) (x 2 4)
–100

y 5 15(x 2 6) 4
y 5 23(x 2 6) 4

NEL Answers 631

 9. a) y b) y 14. k53
300 100 y
10

x 5
200 x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–4 –2 0 2 4
–5
100 –100
–10

x 5
–200 The zeros are 3 , 21, and 2.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
f (x) 5 (3x 2 5) (x 1 1) (x 2 2)
–100 –300 15. a) It has zeros at 2 and 4, and it has
turning points at 2, 3, and 4. It extends
b) y
c) from quadrant II to quadrant I.
y
300 b) It has zeros at 24 and 3, and it has
12
5
10 turning points at 2 3 and 3. It extends
200
8 from quadrant III to quadrant I.
6 16. a) 832 cm3
100 4 b) 2.93 cm by 24.14 cm by 14.14 cm or
2
5 cm by 20 cm by 10 cm
x x c) 0 , x , 10; The values of x are the
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 side lengths of squares that can be cut
–2
from the sheet of cardboard to produce
–100 –4
a box with positive volume. Since the
c) y
sheet of cardboard is 30 cm by 20 cm,
200
d) y the side lengths of a square cut from
8 each corner have to be less than 10 cm,
6 or an entire edge would be cut away,
100
4
leaving nothing to fold up.
d) The square that is cut from each corner
x 2
must be larger than 0 cm by 0 cm but
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
x
2 4 6 8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 smaller than 10 cm by 10 cm.
–2
–100
–4
–6
Lesson 3.4, pp. 155–158
–200
–8 1. a) B: y 5 x 3 has been vertically stretched
d) y
by a factor of 2, horizontally translated
100 11. a) y 3 units to the right, and vertically
400 translated 1 unit up.
x 300 b) C: y 5 x 3 has been reflected in the
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 200 x-axis, vertically compressed by a factor
100 1
x of 3 , horizontally translated 1 unit to
–100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–100 the left, and vertically translated 1 unit
–200 –200 down.
–300 c) A: y 5 x 4 has been vertically compressed
–400 by a factor of 0.2, horizontally translated
–300
4 units to the right, and vertically
b) y 5 (x 2 2) (x 2 9) (x 2 12) translated 3 units down.
c) No; 5xPR0 0 # x # 146
10. Answers may vary. For example: d) D: y 5 x 4 has been reflected in the
a) y
x-axis, vertically stretched by a factor of
12. a) y 5 x 3 1 2x 2 2 x 2 2
300
2 1.5, horizontally translated 3 units to the
b) y 5 2 (x 2 1) (x 1 2) (x 1 4) left, and vertically translated 4 units up.
5
200
13. a) f (x) 5 26(x 1 3) (x 1 5) 2. a) y 5 x 4; vertical stretch by a factor of 4
5
b) f (x) 5 2(x 1 2) (x 2 3) (x 2 4) and vertical translation of 3 units up
100
b) y 5 x; vertical stretch by a factor of 3
x
and vertical translation of 4 units down
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 c) y 5 x 3; horizontal compression by a
1 4
factor of 3 , horizontal translation of 3
–100
units to the left, and vertical translation
of 7 units down

632 Answers NEL

 6. a) Q26 5 , 2 2 R, Q26, 0R, Q25 5 , 4R
d) y 5 x 4; reflection in the x-axis and 1 1 3 Vertical translation up or down:
horizontal translation of 8 units to the left y 5 x3 1 c
e) y 5 x 2; reflection in the x-axis, vertical b) (2, 2), (0, 3), (24, 11) vertical translation up
y
stretch by a factor of 4.8, and horizontal c) Q3, 2 2 R, Q4, 2 2 R, Q6, 2 24 2 R
1 1 1
6
translation 3 units left
4
f ) y 5 x 3; vertical stretch by a factor d) Q27, 22 10 R, Q0, 22R, Q14, 21 5 R
1 1
2
of 2, horizontal stretch by a factor of 5, x
e) Q1, 110 R, Q0, 10 R, Q22, 27 10 R
horizontal translation of 7 units to the 9 9 1 0
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6
left, and vertical translation of 4 units –2
down f ) (211, 28), (24, 27), (10, 1) –4 original function
3. a) y 5 x 3 has been translated 3 units to 1 –6
7. y 5 2 (x 2 1) 4 1 3
the left and 4 units down. 4
(22, 8), (0, 0), (2, 28) vertical translation down
y 5 (x 1 3) 3 2 4 8.
a) 22 and 24 Horizontal translation left or right:
b) y 5 x 4 has been reflected in the x-axis, 9.
b) 4 y 5 (x 2 d) 3
vertically stretched by a factor of 2,
horizontal translation left
horizontally translated 4 units to the c) 23 and 1 y
left, and vertically translated 5 units up. d) no x-intercepts 6
y 5 22(x 1 4) 4 1 5 e) 6.68 and 9.32 4
c) y 5 x 4 has been vertically compressed f ) 23.86
2
1
by a factor of 4 , horizontally translated 10. a) 1; 0 5 2(x 2 4)3 1 1 has only one x
solution. –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
1 unit to the right, and vertically b) 0; 0 5 2(x 2 4) 4 1 1 has no solution. –2
translated 2 units down. c) 1 when n is odd, since an odd root –4
1 original function
y 5 (x 2 1) 4 2 2 results in only one value; 0 when n is –6
4 even, since there is no value for an even
d) y 5 x 3 has been reflected in the x-axis, horizontal translation right
root of a negative number.
vertically stretched by a factor of 2, Reflection in the x-axis: y 5 2x 3
11. a) The reflection of the function y 5 x n in
horizontally translated 3 units to the right, y
the x-axis will be the same as its reflection
and vertically translated 4 units down. 6
in the y-axis for odd values of n.
y 5 22(x 2 3) 3 2 4 4 reflection
b) The reflections will be different for even
4. a) vertically stretched by a factor of 12, in the x-axis
values of n. The reflection in the x-axis 2
horizontally translated 9 units to the x
will be y 5 2x n, and the reflection in
right, and vertically translated 7 units –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
the y-axis will be y 5 (2x) n. For odd –2
down
8 values of n, 2x n equals (2x n ). For even –4
original
b) horizontally stretched by a factor of 7 , function
values of n, 2x n does not equal (2x n ).
horizontally translated 1 unit to the –6
12. a) Vertical stretch and compression:
left, and vertically translated 3 units up
y 5 ax 3
c) vertically stretched by a factor of 2, Reflection in the y-axis: y 5 (2x) 3
vertical stretch
reflected in the x-axis, horizontally y y
translated 6 units to the right, and 6 6
vertically translated 8 units down 4 4 original
vertical function

Answers
d) horizontally translated 9 units to the left 2 2
compression
e) reflected in the x-axis, vertically x x
stretched by a factor of 2, reflected in –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –2
the y-axis, horizontally compressed by a reflection in
–4 original function
1 –4 the y-axis
factor of 3 , horizontally translated
–6 –6
4 units to the right, and vertically
translated 5 units down b) When using a table of values to sketch
4 Horizontal stretch and compression:
f ) horizontally stretched by a factor of 3 the graph of a function, you may not
y 5 (kx) 3
and horizontally translated 10 units select a large enough range of values for
horizontal compression
to the right y the domain to produce an accurate
5. a) y 5 8x 2 2 11 6 representation of the function.
y 5 x 2 was vertically stretched by a 4 13. Yes, you can. The zeros of the first function
horizontal
factor of 8 and vertically translated stretch 2 have the same spacing between them as
11 units down. x the zeros of the second function. Also, the
1 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
b) y 5 2 x 2 1 1.25 –2 original function ratio of the distances of the two curves
4 above or below the x-axis at similar
y 5 x 2 was reflected in the x-axis, –4
–6
distances between the zeros is always the
vertically compressed by a factor of
1 same. Therefore, the two curves have the
4
, and vertically translated 1.25 units up.
same general shape, and one can be
transformed into the other.

NEL Answers 633

14. y 5 (x 2 1) 2 (x 1 1) 2 has zeroes at d) y c)x 2 1 2x 2 3 remainder 22
x 5 61 where the x-axis is tangent to these 160 d)x 2 1 3x 2 9 remainder 216x 1 62
points. y 5 2(x 2 1) 2 (x 1 1) 2 1 1 120 e)x 1 1 remainder 8x 2 2 8x 1 11
is obtained by vertically stretching the 80 f)x 1 3 remainder
original function by a factor of 2 and 40
24x 3 2 4x 2 1 8x 1 14
vertically translating up 1 unit. This results x 6. a) x 2 1 3x 1 2 no remainder
in a new graph that has no zeroes. –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 b) 2x 2 2 5x 2 12 remainder 7
–40
15. f (x) 5 5(2(x 1 3)) 2 1 1 c) 6x 3 2 5x 2 2 19x 1 10 remainder 2 2
d) x 2 1 2x 2 8 remainder 22
6. end behaviours e) 6x 3 2 31x 2 1 45x 2 18 no remainder
Mid-Chapter Review, p. 161
7. y 5 5(x 2 2) (x 1 3) 2 (x 2 5) f ) 3x 2 2 1 no remainder
1. a) Yes 8. a) reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch 7. a) x 3 1 4x 2 2 51x 1 89
b) No; it contains a rational exponent. by a factor of 25, horizontal compression b) 3x 4 2 2x 3 1 3x 2 2 38x 1 39
c) Yes 1
by a factor of 3 , horizontal translation c) 5x 4 1 22x 3 2 17x 2 1 21x 1 10
d) No; it is a rational function. d) x 6 1 8x 5 1 5x 4 2 13x 3 2 72x 2
4 units to the left, vertical translation
2. a) Answers may vary. For example, 1 49x 2 3
60 units down
f (x) 5 x 3 1 2x 2 2 8x 1 1. 8. a) r 5 20 c) r 5 0
b) vertical stretch by a factor of 8, horizontal
b) Answers may vary. For example, 4 b) r 5 x 2 22 d) r 5 2x 2 1 2
f (x) 5 5x 4 2 x 2 2 7. stretch by a factor of 3 , vertical translation 9. a) x 1 3 c) x 1 4
c) Answers may vary. For example, 43 units up b) x 1 10 d) x 2 2
f (x) 5 7x 6 1 3. c) reflection in the y-axis, horizontal 10. a) x 1 5 is a factor since there is no
1
d) Answers may vary. For example, compression by a factor of 13 , remainder.
f (x) 5 22x 5 2 4x 4 1 3x 3 horizontal translation 2 units to the b) x 1 2 is a factor since there is no
2 2x 2 1 9. right, vertical translation 13 units up remainder.
3. a) As x S 2 `, y S ` and as x S `, 8 c) x 2 2 is not a factor since there is a
d) vertical compression by a factor of 11 ,
y S 2 `. remainder of 2.
b) As x S 6`, y S `. reflection in the y-axis, vertical d) x 2 1 is not a factor since there is a
c) As x S 2 `, y S 2 ` and as x S `, translation 1 unit down remainder of 1.
y S `. 9. vertically stretched by a factor of 5, e) 3x 1 5 is not a factor since there is a
d) As x S 6`, y S 2 `. horizontally translated 4 units to the left, 13
remainder of 2 3 .
4. a) even c) odd and vertically translated 2 units down
f ) 5x 2 1 is not a factor since there is a
b) odd d) even
remainder of 28.
5. Answers may vary. For example:
Lesson 3.5, pp. 168–170 11. (x 1 1) cm
a) y
20 12. a) 7 b) 3
1. a) i) x 3 2 14x 2 2 24x 2 38 13. 2
remainder 287 14. Yes, f (x) is always divisible by x 2 1.
10 ii) x 3 2 20x 2 1 84x 2 326 Regardless of the value of n, f (x) 5 x n 2 1
remainder 1293 can always be written as f (x)
x
iii) x 3 2 15x 2 2 11x 2 1 5 xn 1 0x n21 1 0x n22 1 c0x 2 1.
remainder 212
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Therefore, the same pattern continues
b) No; because for each division problem when dividing x n 2 1 by x 2 1, regardless
there is a remainder. of how large n is, and there is never a
–10
2. a) 2 b) 2 c) 1 d) not possible remainder.
b) y
3. a) x 2 2 15x 1 6 remainder 248x 1 14 15. a) f (x) 5 (x 3 2 3x 2 2 10x 1 31)
30 b) 5x 2 2 19x 1 60 remainder 2184 5 (x 2 4) (x 2 1 x 2 6)
20 c) x 2 6 remainder 26x2 1 22x 1 6 remainder 7
10 d) Not possible b) f (x) 5 (x 3 2 3x 2 2 10x 1 31)
x 4.
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
5 (x 2 4) (x 1 3) (x 2 2)
–10 Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainder remainder 7
–20 2x 2 5x 1 8x 1 4 x 1 3 2x 2 2 11x 1 41 2119
3 2 c) y

–30 40
6x 4 1 12x 3 2 10x 2
2x 1 4 3x 3 2 5x 1 8 23 30
2 4x 1 29
c) y 20
100 6x 4 1 2x 3 1 3x 2 10
3x 1 1 2x 3 1 x 2 4 25
80 x
2 11x 2 9
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
60 –10
3x 3 1 x 2 2 6x 1 16 x 1 2 3x 2 2 5x 1 4 8
40 –20
20 5. a) x 2 1 4x 1 14 remainder 57
x
b) x 2 2 6 remainder 13
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6

634 Answers NEL

16. Answers may vary. For example: b) y 9. 20
2x3 1 9x2 1 2x 2 1 80 10. a 5 6, b 5 3
x 2 3 q 2x 1 3x 2 25x2 2 7x 2 14
4 3
60 11. For x n 2 a n, if n is even, they’re both
2x3 (x 2 3) S 2x4 2 6x3 40 factors. If n is odd, only (x 2 a) is a
9x3 2 25x2 factor. For x n 1 a n, if n is even, neither
20
2
9x (x 2 3) S 9x3 2 27x2 x is a factor. If n is odd, only (x 1 a) is a
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 factor.
2x2 2 7x –20
12. a 5 22, b 5 22;
2x(x 2 3) S 2x2 2 6x –40 The other factor is 22x 1 3.
21x 2 14 –60 13. 26
21(x 2 3) S 21x 1 3 –80 14. x 4 2 a 4
217 5 (x 2 ) 2 2 (a 2 ) 2
5 (x 2 1 a 2 ) (x 2 2 a 2 )
17. r 5 2x 1 5 cm c) y
140
5 (x 2 1 a 2 ) (x 1 a) (x 2 a)
18. a) x2 1 xy 1 y2 15. Answers may vary. For example: if
b) x2 2 2xy 1 y2 120
f (x) 5 k(x 2 a), then f (a) 5 k(a 2 a)
19. x 2 y is a factor because there is no 100
5 k(0) 5 0.
remainder. 80 16. x2 2 x 2 2 5 (x 2 2) (x 1 1);
20. 3q(x) 1 14 (x 1 5) 60 If f (x) 5 x3 2 6x2 1 3x 1 10, then
40 f (2) 5 0 and f (21) 5 0.
Lesson 3.6, pp. 176–177 20 17. If f (x) 5 (x 1 a) 5 1 (x 1 c) 5 1 (a 2 c) 5,
x then f (2a) 5 0
1. a) i) 64 0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
ii) 22 –20

iii) 12 Lesson 3.7, p. 182

b) No, according to the factor theorem, d) y
1. (x 1 b) (x 2 2 bx 1 b 2 )
x 2 a is a factor of f (x) if and only if 800 2. a) (x 2 4) (x 2 1 4x 1 16)
f (a) 5 0. 600 b) (x 2 5) (x 2 1 5x 1 25)
2. a) not divisible by x 2 1 400 c) (x 1 2) (x 2 2 2x 1 4)
b) divisible by x 2 1
200 d) (2x 2 3) (4x 2 1 6x 1 9)
c) not divisible by x 2 1 x e) (4x 2 5) (16x 2 1 20x 1 25)
d) divisible x 2 1 0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 f) (x 1 1) (x 2 2 x 1 1)
3. (x 1 1) (x 1 3) (x 2 2) –200
g) (3x 1 2) (9x 2 2 6x 1 4)
4. a) 21 c) 0 e) 30 –400
h) (10x 1 9) (100x 2 2 90x 1 81)
b) 25 d) 234 f) 0 –600
i) 8(3x 2 1) (9x 2 1 3x 1 1)
5. a) yes c) yes –800
3. a) (4x 1 3y) (16x 2 2 12xy 1 9y 2 )
b) no d) no b) (23x) (x 2 2) (x 2 1 2x 1 4)
6. a) (x 2 2) (x 2 4) (x 1 3) e) y c) (4 2 x) (7x 2 1 25x 1 31)
b) (x 2 1) (2x 1 3) (2x 1 5)
40 d) (x 2 1 4) (x 4 2 4x 2 1 16)
c) x(x 2 2) (x 1 4) (x 1 6)
30 4. a) (x 2 7) (x 2 1 7x 1 49)
d) (x 1 2) (x 1 5) (4x 2 9) (x 2 3) b) (6x 2 1) (36x 2 1 6x 1 1)

Answers
e) x(x 1 2) (x 1 1) (x 2 3) (x 2 5) 20
c) (x 1 10) (x 2 2 10x 1 100)
f ) (x 2 3) (x 2 3) (x 1 4) (x 1 4) 10
x d) (5x 2 8) (25x 2 1 40x 1 64)
7. a) (x 2 2) (x 1 5) (x 1 6) 0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 e) (4x 2 11) (16x 2 1 44x 1 121)
b) (x 1 1) (x 2 3) (x 1 2) –10
f) (7x 1 3) (49x 2 2 21x 1 9)
c) (x 1 1) (x 2 1) (x 2 2) (x 1 2) –20 g) (8x 1 1) (64x 2 2 8x 1 1)
d) (x 2 2) (x 1 1) (x 1 8) (x 2 4) –30 h) (11x 1 12) (121x 2 2 132x 1 144)
e) (x 2 1) (x 2 1 1)
–40 i) (8 2 11x) (64 1 88x 1 121x 2 )
f ) (x 2 1) (x 2 1 1) (x 2 1 1)
a) a x 2 b a x 2 1 x 1 b
1 2 1 2 4
8. a) y 5.
f) y 3 5 9 15 25
140
40
b) 216x 2 (3x 1 2) (9x 2 2 6x 1 4)
120
c) 7(4x 2 5) (x 2 2 x 1 1)
30
100
d) a x 2 2b a x 2 1 x 1 4b
1 1
20
80 2 4
10
a x 6 1 x 3 1 64b
60 1
x
40 0 64
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–10
20 6. Agree; by the formulas for factoring the
x –20 sum and difference of cubes, the
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –30
–20 numerator of the fraction is equivalent to
–40 (a 3 1 b 3 ) 1 (a 3 2 b 3 ). Since
(a 3 1 b 3 ) 1 (a 3 2 b 3 ) 5 2a 3, the
entire fraction is equal to 1.

NEL Answers 635

 7. a) 13 1 123 5 (1 1 12) (12 2 (1) (12)
1 122 )
5 (13) (133) 5 1729
b) 93 1 103 5 (9 1 10) (92 2 (9) (10)
1 102 )
5 (19) (91) 5 1729
8. x 9 1 y 9
5 x 18 1 2x 9y 9 1 y 18
5 (x 18 1 y 18 ) 1 2x 9y 9
5 (x 6 1 y 6 ) (x 12 2 x 6y 6 1 y 12 )
1 2x 9y 9
5 (x 2 1 y 2 ) (x 4 2 x 2y 2 1 y 4 )
(x 12 2 x 6y 6 1 y 12 ) 1 2x9y9
9. Answers may vary. For example, this
statement is true because a 3 2 b 3 is
the same as a 3 1 (2b) 3.
10. a) 1729 was the number of the taxicab
that G. H. Hardy rode in when going to
visit the mathematician Ramanujan.
When Hardy told Ramanujan that the
number of the taxicab he rode in was
uninteresting, Ramanujan replied that
the number was interesting because it
was the smallest number that could be
expressed as the sum of two cubes in two
different ways. This is how such numbers
came to be known as taxicab numbers.
b) Yes;
TN(1) 5 2
TN(2) 5 1729
TN(3) 5 87 539 319
TN(4) 5 6 963 472 309 248
TN(5) 5 48 988 659 276 962 496
TN(6) 5 24 153 319 581 254 312 065 344
Chapter Review, pp. 184–185
1. y
12
8
4
x 20
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12
–4
–8
–12
2. As x S 2 `, y S 1` and as
x S `, y S `.
3. a) degree: 2 1 1; leading coefficient:
positive; turning points: 2
b) degree: 3 1 1; leading coefficient:
positive; turning points: 3
4. a) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 (x 1 3) (x 2 6) (x 2 4),
f (x) 5 10(x 1 3) (x 2 6) (x 2 4),
f (x) 5 24(x 1 3) (x 2 6) (x 2 4)
b) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 (x 2 5) (x 1 1) (x 1 2),
f (x) 5 26(x 2 5) (x 1 1) (x 1 2),
f (x) 5 9(x 2 5) (x 1 1) (x 1 2)
636 Answers
c) Answers may vary. For example, 8. a) reflected in the x-axis, vertically stretched
f (x) 5 (x 1 7) (x 2 2) (x 2 3), by a factor of 2, horizontally translated
1 1 unit to the right, and vertically
f (x) 5 (x 1 7) (x 2 2) (x 2 3),
4 translated 23 units up
f (x) 5 3(x 1 7) (x 2 2) (x 2 3) 13
b) horizontally stretched by a factor of 12 ,
d) Answers may vary. For example, horizontally translated 9 units to the left,
f (x) 5 (x 2 9) (x 1 5) (x 1 4), and vertically translated 14 units down
f (x) 5 7(x 2 9) (x 1 5) (x 1 4), c) horizontally translated 4 units to the right
1 3
f (x) 5 2 (x 2 9) (x 1 5) (x 1 4) d) horizontally translated 7 units to the left
3
e) vertically stretched by a factor of 40,
5. a) Answers may vary. For example,
reflected in the y-axis, horizontally
f (x) 5 (x 1 6) (x 2 2) 1
(x 2 5) (x 2 8), compressed by a factor of 7 ,
f (x) 5 2(x 1 6) (x 2 2) horizontally translated 10 units to the
(x 2 5) (x 2 8), right, and vertically translated 9 units up
f (x) 5 28(x 1 6) (x 2 2) 9. a) Answers will vary. For example,
(x 2 5) (x 2 8) (22, 25400), (3, 0), and (8, 5400).
b) Answers may vary. For example, b) Answers will vary. For example,
f (x) 5 (x 2 4) (x 1 8) (27, 218), (0, 219), and (7, 220) .
(x 2 1) (x 2 2), c) Answers will vary. For example,
Q26, 11 R, (25, 16), and Q24, 11 R .
3 182 170
f (x) 5 (x 2 4) (x 1 8)
4
(x 2 1) (x 2 2), d) Answers will vary. For example,
(22, 286), (0, 14), and (2, 114).
f (x) 5 212(x 2 4) (x 1 8)
(x 2 1) (x 2 2) e) Answers will vary. For example,
(21, 244), (0, 245), and (1, 246) .
c) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 x(x 1 1) (x 2 9) (x 2 10), f) Answers will vary. For example,
(5, 1006), (12, 6), and (19, 2994) .
f (x) 5 5x(x 1 1)(x 2 9)(x 2 10),
f (x) 5 23x(x. 1 1)(x 2 9)(x 2 10) 10. a) 2x 2 2 5x 1 28 remainder 2144
b) x 2 1 4x 1 5 remainder 26x 1 33
d) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 (x 1 3) (x 2 3) c) 2x 2 6 remainder 10x 2 1 27x 2 34
d) x 2 4 remainder
(x 1 6) (x 2 6),
2 4x 3 1 17x 2 2 8x 2 18
f (x) 5 (x 1 3) (x 2 3) 11. a) (x 1 2) (2x 2 1 x 2 3) remainder 1
5
b) (x 1 2) (3x 2 1 7x 1 3) remainder 23
(x 1 6) (x 2 6),
c) (x 1 2) (2x 3 1 x 2 2 18x 2 9)
f (x) 5 210(x 1 3) (x 2 3)
(x 1 6) (x 2 6)
remainder 0
d) (x 1 2) (2x 2 2 5) remainder 6
6. y
12. a) 2x 3 2 7x 2 2 107x 1 75
40
b) 4x 4 1 3x 3 2 8x 2 1 22x 1 17
30
c) 3x 4 1 14x 3 2 42x 2 1 3x 1 33
d) 3x 6 2 11x 5 2 9x 4 1 47x 3
10 2 46x 1 14
x
13. 13
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–10 14. a) (x 1 1) (x 2 8) (x 1 2)
–20 b) (x 2 4) (2x 1 3) (x 1 3)
c) x(x 2 2) (x 2 3) (3x 2 4)
–30
d) (x 2 1) (x 1 4) (x 1 4) (x 1 4)
–40
15. a) (x 2 2) (4x 1 5) (2x 2 1)
b) (2x 1 5) (x 2 2) (x 1 3)
7. y 5 3(x 2 1) (x 1 1) (x 1 2) c) (x 2 3) (x 2 3) (x 2 3) (x 1 2)
y d) (2x 1 1) (2x 1 1) (x 2 3) (x 1 3)
15 16. a) (4x 2 3) (16x 2 1 12x 1 9)
10 b) (8x 2 5) (64x 2 1 40x 1 25)
5 c) (7x 2 12) (49x 2 1 84x 1 144)
x
d) (11x 2 1) (121x 2 1 11x 1 1)
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–5 17. a) (10x 1 7) (100x 2 2 70x 1 49)
–10
b) (12x 1 5) (144x 2 2 60x 1 25)
c) (3x 1 11) (9x 2 2 33x 1 121)
–15
d) (6x 1 13) (36x 2 2 78x 1 169)
–20
18. a) (x 2 y) (x 2 1 xy 1 y 2 ) (x 1 y)
–25 (x 2 2 xy 1 y 2 )
NEL
 b) (x 2 y) (x 1 y) (x 4 1 x 2y 2 1 y 4 ) b) Answers may vary. For example, 3. a) y
30
c) Both methods produce factors of vertical translation up produces
(x 2 y) and (x 1 y); however, the horizontal translation of the inverse
other factors are different. Since the two to the right. 20
y
factorizations must be equal to each
3 f (x) = x2 + 1
other, this means that
2 + x –1
g(x) = – 10
(x 4 1 x 2y 2 1 y 4 ) must be equal to
(x 2 1 xy 1 y 2 ) (x 2 2 xy 1 y 2 ). 1
x
x
–1 0 1 2 3
–1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Chapter Self-Test, p. 186
1. a) f(x) 5 anxn 1 an21xn21 1 c –10
Vertical stretch produces horizontal
1 a1x 1 a0, where a0, a1, c, an are
stretch of inverse. b) y
real numbers and n is a whole number. 5
y
The degree of the function is n; the f(x) = 2x2
3
leading coefficient is an. x
2
b) n 2 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4
c) n 1 1
+ 2x x
g(x) = –
d) odd degree function –1 0 1 2 3 –5
e) even degree function with a negative –1
leading coefficient
2. y 5 (x 1 4) (x 1 2) (x 2 2) c) Answers may vary. For example, if the –10
3. a) (x 2 9) (x 1 8) (2x 2 1) vertex of the inverse is (a, b), restrict
b) (3x 2 4) (3x 2 1 9x 1 79) the value of y to either y $ b or y # b.
4. more zeros 33. Answers may vary. For example, average –15
5. 25 , x , 23; x . 1 rates of change vary between 22 and 4,
6. yes 4. 2 and 5
depending on the interval; instantaneous 2 5
7. a) y 5 5(2(x 2 2)) 3 1 4 5. a) 3 and 23 c) 2 and
rates of change are 9 at (0, 1), 0 at (1, 5), 3 2
b) (2.5, 9) 23 at (2, 3), 0 at (3, 1), 9 at (4, 5); b) 210 and 2 d) 0.3452 and 24.345
8. x 1 5 instantaneous rate of change is 0 at 6. a) (3, 7); Answers may vary. For example,
9. a 5 22; zeros at 0, 22, and 2. maximum (1, 5) and at minimum (3, 1). the change in distance over time from
y 34. a) f (x) 5 22(x 1 1) 2 (x 2 2) (x 2 4) t 5 3 to t 5 7 is greater than at other
8 b) p 5 32 intervals of time.
6 c) As x S 6`, f (x) S 2 `; zeros: 21, 1 3
b) m/s; m/s
4 2, and 4 3 4
d) 216 c) Answers may vary. For example, away;
2
x e) f (x) = k(x + 1)2(x – 2)(x – 4) Erika’s displacement, or distance from
0 y the sensor, is increasing.
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–2
30 (3, 32) 7. a) 2s
–4 b) 4.75 m/s
20
–6
10
c) 210.245 m/s

Answers
–8 x 8. a) Disagree; You could use the quadratic
–2 0 2 4 6 formula to solve y 5 x 3 1 4x 2 1 3x
–10
(0, –16) because it equals x(x 2 1 4x 1 3).
–20 b) Disagree; y 5 (x 1 3) 2 (x 2 2) is a
Cumulative Review Chapters 1–3, (1, –24)
cubic equation that will have two roots.
pp. 188–191 c) Disagree; The equation y 5 x 3 will
only pass through two quadrants.
1. (b) 9. (c) 17. (a) 25. (c) Chapter 4 d) Agree; All polynomials are continuous
2. (a) 10. (d) 18. (d) 26. (c)
3. (c) 11. (a) 19. (b) 27. (d) Getting Started, pp. 194–195 and all polynomials have a y-intercept.
4. (b) 12. (a) 20. (c) 28. (b) e) Disagree; f (23) 5 9
5. (b) 13. (c) 21. (b) 29. (c) 1. a) 3 c) 1 f) Agree; The instantaneous rates of change
6. (d) 14. (d) 22. (b) 30. (c) 64 will tell you whether the graph is
b) 5 d)
7. (d) 15. (c) 23. (b) 31. (c) 11 increasing, decreasing, or not changing
8. (a) 16. (c) 24. (a) 2. a) x(x 1 6) (x 2 5) at those points.
32. a) y f(x) = x2
b) (x 2 4) (x 2 1 4x 1 16)
3 c) 3x(2x 1 3) (4x 2 2 6x 1 9) Lesson 4.1, pp. 204–206
2 d) (x 1 3) (x 2 3) (2x 1 7) 5
1. a) 0, 1, 22, 2 d) 26,
1 + x
g(x) = – 2
x 3 5
0 b) 2 , , 27 e) 0, 23, 3
–1 1 2 3 2 4
–1
c) 3, 25, 4 f ) 25, 22, 6

NEL Answers 637

 b) (x 2 y) (x 1 y) (x 4 1 x 2y 2 1 y 4 ) b) Answers may vary. For example, 3. a) y
30
c) Both methods produce factors of vertical translation up produces
(x 2 y) and (x 1 y); however, the horizontal translation of the inverse
other factors are different. Since the two to the right. 20
y
factorizations must be equal to each
3 f (x) = x2 + 1
other, this means that
2 + x –1
g(x) = – 10
(x 4 1 x 2y 2 1 y 4 ) must be equal to
(x 2 1 xy 1 y 2 ) (x 2 2 xy 1 y 2 ). 1
x
x
–1 0 1 2 3
–1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Chapter Self-Test, p. 186
1. a) f(x) 5 anxn 1 an21xn21 1 c –10
Vertical stretch produces horizontal
1 a1x 1 a0, where a0, a1, c, an are
stretch of inverse. b) y
real numbers and n is a whole number. 5
y
The degree of the function is n; the f(x) = 2x2
3
leading coefficient is an. x
2
b) n 2 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4
c) n 1 1
+ 2x x
g(x) = –
d) odd degree function –1 0 1 2 3 –5
e) even degree function with a negative –1
leading coefficient
2. y 5 (x 1 4) (x 1 2) (x 2 2) c) Answers may vary. For example, if the –10
3. a) (x 2 9) (x 1 8) (2x 2 1) vertex of the inverse is (a, b), restrict
b) (3x 2 4) (3x 2 1 9x 1 79) the value of y to either y $ b or y # b.
4. more zeros 33. Answers may vary. For example, average –15
5. 25 , x , 23; x . 1 rates of change vary between 22 and 4,
6. yes 4. 2 and 5
depending on the interval; instantaneous 2 5
7. a) y 5 5(2(x 2 2)) 3 1 4 5. a) 3 and 23 c) 2 and
rates of change are 9 at (0, 1), 0 at (1, 5), 3 2
b) (2.5, 9) 23 at (2, 3), 0 at (3, 1), 9 at (4, 5); b) 210 and 2 d) 0.3452 and 24.345
8. x 1 5 instantaneous rate of change is 0 at 6. a) (3, 7); Answers may vary. For example,
9. a 5 22; zeros at 0, 22, and 2. maximum (1, 5) and at minimum (3, 1). the change in distance over time from
y 34. a) f (x) 5 22(x 1 1) 2 (x 2 2) (x 2 4) t 5 3 to t 5 7 is greater than at other
8 b) p 5 32 intervals of time.
6 c) As x S 6`, f (x) S 2 `; zeros: 21, 1 3
b) m/s; m/s
4 2, and 4 3 4
d) 216 c) Answers may vary. For example, away;
2
x e) f (x) = k(x + 1)2(x – 2)(x – 4) Erika’s displacement, or distance from
0 y the sensor, is increasing.
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–2
30 (3, 32) 7. a) 2s
–4 b) 4.75 m/s
20
–6
10
c) 210.245 m/s

Answers
–8 x 8. a) Disagree; You could use the quadratic
–2 0 2 4 6 formula to solve y 5 x 3 1 4x 2 1 3x
–10
(0, –16) because it equals x(x 2 1 4x 1 3).
–20 b) Disagree; y 5 (x 1 3) 2 (x 2 2) is a
Cumulative Review Chapters 1–3, (1, –24)
cubic equation that will have two roots.
pp. 188–191 c) Disagree; The equation y 5 x 3 will
only pass through two quadrants.
1. (b) 9. (c) 17. (a) 25. (c) Chapter 4 d) Agree; All polynomials are continuous
2. (a) 10. (d) 18. (d) 26. (c)
3. (c) 11. (a) 19. (b) 27. (d) Getting Started, pp. 194–195 and all polynomials have a y-intercept.
4. (b) 12. (a) 20. (c) 28. (b) e) Disagree; f (23) 5 9
5. (b) 13. (c) 21. (b) 29. (c) 1. a) 3 c) 1 f) Agree; The instantaneous rates of change
6. (d) 14. (d) 22. (b) 30. (c) 64 will tell you whether the graph is
b) 5 d)
7. (d) 15. (c) 23. (b) 31. (c) 11 increasing, decreasing, or not changing
8. (a) 16. (c) 24. (a) 2. a) x(x 1 6) (x 2 5) at those points.
32. a) y f(x) = x2
b) (x 2 4) (x 2 1 4x 1 16)
3 c) 3x(2x 1 3) (4x 2 2 6x 1 9) Lesson 4.1, pp. 204–206
2 d) (x 1 3) (x 2 3) (2x 1 7) 5
1. a) 0, 1, 22, 2 d) 26,
1 + x
g(x) = – 2
x 3 5
0 b) 2 , , 27 e) 0, 23, 3
–1 1 2 3 2 4
–1
c) 3, 25, 4 f ) 25, 22, 6

NEL Answers 637

 2 13. a) d(t) 5 23t(t 1 2) (t 2 3)
2. a) 0, 23, 3 d) 0, , 3
5 b) 3 h after departure
e) 23 !3
b) 63 3 c) 22, because time cannot be negative
5 d) d(t)
c) 0, 2, 22, 2 f ) 0, 62!6 32
3
7 24
3. a) 6, 21, 16
2
b) 2x 3 2 17x 2 1 23x 1 42 5 0 or 8
x
(x 2 6) (x 1 1) (2x 2 7) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
4. Algebraically: –8
x 5 21, 23, 7, 0
Graphically: e) 1.8 h after departure
14. a) 0 # t # 5
b) Answers may vary. For example, because
the function involves decimals, graphing
6. a) 0, 2, 25 d) 0, 22, 25, 5 technology would be the better strategy
b) 21, 17 e) 0, 23, 4 for answering the question.
c) 2 f ) 21 c) 0.25 L
7. a) 23, 6, 5 15. All powers are even, which means every
b) 1, 22, 23, 25 term is positive for all real numbers. Thus,
1 the polynomial is always positive.
c) 21, , 3 16. For x 5 1, the left side is 248.
2
For x 5 21, the left side is 212.
3
d) 21, , 22 17. a) Answers may vary. For example,
2 x 3 1 x 2 2 x 2 1 5 0; F(1) 5 0, so it
1 5 is simple to solve using the factor theorem.
e) 2, 24, ,
2 2 b) Answers may vary. For example,
1 5 3 x 2 2 2x 5 0; The common factor, x,
f) , ,
2 3 2 can be factored out to solve the equation.
8. a) 23, 1, 2 c) Answers may vary. For example,
b) 22, 21.24, 1, 7.24 x 3 2 2x 2 2 9x 1 18; An x can be
c) 22, 1 factored out of the first two terms and a
d) 23, 0, 2 22 out of the second two terms leaving
e) 20.86, 1.8, 2.33 you with the factors (x 2 2) (x 2 2 9).
f ) 22.71, 20.16 d) Answers may vary. For example,
9. a) 3, 22, 5 10x 2 2 7x 1 1 5 0; The roots are
4 fractional, which makes using the
b) 0, 2,
3 quadratic formula the most sensible
1 5 approach.
c) 2, 22, 2 ,
3 2 e) x 3 2 8 5 0; This is the difference of
d) 0, 3 two cubes.
10. 3, 4.92; either 3 cm by 3 cm or 4.92 cm by f ) 0.856x 3 2 2.74x 2 1 0.125x 2 2.89
4.92 cm. 5 0; The presence of decimals makes
13 11. a) 4 and 6 using graphing technology the most
5. 0, 3, 24, b) 5
2 sensible strategy.
c) 2 18. a) 0 5 x 4 1 10. x 4 is non-negative for all
d)
20 S(x) real x, so x 4 1 10 is always positive.
b) A degree 5 polynomial function
16
y 5 f (x) has opposite end behaviour,
12
so somewhere in the middle it must
8
cross the x-axis. This means its
4 corresponding equation 0 5 f (x) will
x
0 have at least one real root.
2 4 6 8 10
–4 19. y 5 x 5 1 x 1 1; By the factor theorem,
–8 the only possible rational zeros are 1 and
21. Neither works. Because the degree is
This is not a good model to represent
odd, the polynomial has opposite end
Maya’s score because the graph is shown
behaviour, and hence must have at least
for real numbers, but the number of
one zero, which must be irrational.
games can only be a whole number.
12. 22.59 s

638 Answers NEL

Lesson 4.2, pp. 213–215 15. a) y 3. either 10 cm by 10 cm or 1.34 cm by
8 1.34 cm
1. a) x # 4; 5xPR 0 x # 46 4. a) x . 211
x , 7; 5xPR 0 x , 76
6
b)
x , 25; 5xPR 0 x , 56
4
c) –13–12–11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3
d) x $ 23; 5xPR 0 x $ 236 2
b) x $ 24
x . 210; 5xPR 0 x . 2106
x
e) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
f) x $ 7; 5xPR 0 x $ 76 –2 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2. a) xP323, `) –4 c) x # 24

b) xP a2 `, 2 b
2 –6
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
3 –8 1
c) xP318, `) d) x , 2
3
d) xP31, `)
b) 23 , x , 4
e) xP (2 `, 0) –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
16. The solution will always have an upper
f ) xP3210, `) 5. xP322, 6)
and lower bound due to the manner in
3. 21 # x , 6 6. a) Answers may vary. For example,
which the inequality is solved. The only
exception to this is when there is no 2x 1 1 . 15
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b) Answers may vary. For example,
solution set.
4. a) yes c) no e) yes 17. a) Isolating x is very hard. 4x 2 1 , 233
b) no d) no f ) no b) A graphical approach as described in c) Answers may vary. For example,
5. a) x # 7 c) x , 210 e) x , 6 the lesson yields a solution of x . 2.75 23 # 2x 2 1 # 13
7 (rounded to two places). d) Answers may vary. For example,
b) x , 0 d) x $ 5 f) x $ x 2 2 # 3x 2 8
5 18. a) Maintained
6. a) yes c) no e) yes b) Maintained if both positive; switched 7. a) f (x) 5 2x 1 1; g(x) 5 2x 2 5
b) yes d) no f ) no if both negative; varies if one positive b) x . 2
7. a) 26 , x , 2 and one negative. c) f (x) , g(x)
b) 4,x,8 c) Maintained 2x 1 1 , 2x 2 5
c) 24 # x # 10 d) Switched 23x , 26
d) 27 # x # 24 e) Switched unless one is positive and the x.2
e) 7,x,9 other is negative, in which case it is 8. a) N(t) 5 20 1 0.02t ;
1 maintained. (If either side is zero, it M(t) 5 15 1 0.03t
f ) 23 # x # 2 becomes undefined.) b) 20 1 0.02t . 15 1 0.03t
2
f ) Maintained, except that , and . c) 0 # t , 500
8. a) Answers may vary. For example,
become # and $, respectively. d) Negative time has no meaning.
3x 1 1 . 9 1 x
b) Answers may vary. For example, g) Maintained, but it is undefined for
3x 1 1 # 4 1 x negative numbers. Lesson 4.3, pp. 225–228
9. a) 5xPR 0 26 # x # 46 19. a) 5xPR 0 22 , x , 26 ; (22, 2)
1. a) 22 # x # 21 or x $ 3
b) 213 # 2x 2 1 # 7 b) 23 , x , 2 or x . 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10. Attempting to solve x 2 3 , 3 2 x , x 2 5 2 3
yields 3 . x . 4, which has no solution. b) 5xPR 0 23 # x $ 36 ; (2 `, 23) or c) x , 2 or , x , 3
5 4

Answers
Solving x 2 3 . 3 2 x . x 2 5 yields (3, ` )
1 5
3 , x , 4. d) 2 # x # or x $ 5
4 2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2. a) (2 `, 254, 322, 04, and 33, ` )
1
11. a) x 1 1 , 3
2 c) 5xPR 0 25 , x , 36 ; (25, 3) b) x 5 1
b) x , 4 c) 327, 234 and [0, 4]
1
c) x 1 1 , 3 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 d) (2 `, 244 and [2, 7]
d) 5xPR0 x # 36 ; (2 `, 3)
2 3. 21 , x , 2 or x . 3
1 4. 21.14 , x , 3 and x . 6.14
x,2
2 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 5. a) (21, 2), (4, `)
x,4 b) (22, 2), (2, `)
5 Mid-Chapter Review, p. 218 c) (2 `, 22), (0, 1)
12. a) 18 # (F 2 32) # 22
9 d) (2 `, 2), (2, ` )
b) 64.4 # F # 71.6 5 6. a) x , 21 or x . 1
1. a) 0, , 4 d) 24, 6, 5, 25
13. 18 min 2 b) 23 , x , 4
9 b) 22 e) 0, 22, 29 1
14. a) C 1 32 5 F c) 1, 22, 5 f ) 3, 23, 2, 22 c) x # 2 or x $ 5
5 2
2. a) h(t) 5 25t 2 1 3t 1 24.55
b) C . 240 d) 27 , x , 0 or x . 2
b) 24.55 m
3
c) 2.5 s after jumping e) 2 , x , 3 or x . 3
2
d) t . 2.5 s; Jude is below sea level (in the
3
water) f ) 24 # x #
2

NEL Answers 639

 7. a) x # 21 or x $ 7 b) A positive slope means the cyclist’s The rate is positive for tP (0, 4),
b) 0,x,2 elevation is increasing, a negative slope negative for tP (4, 8), and zero at
c) x # 23 or 22 # x # 1 means it is decreasing, and a zero slope t 5 0, 4 and 8.
d) x , 22, 21 , x , 1 or x . 2 means the cyclist’s elevation is transitioning b) When the rate of change is zero, the
e) x # 21 or 0 # x # 3 from increasing to decreasing or vice versa. boat stops.
1 2. a) i) 6 ii) 12 iii) 18 c) When the rate of change is negative, the
f ) 21 , x , 2 or x . 2
2 b) about 12 boat is headed back to the dock.
8. (21, 1) and (2, `) c) The graph is increasing on (2, 6). 12. At (23, 0), instantaneous rate 8 296; at
9. a) x 3 1 11x 2 1 18x 5 0 d) 26 (1, 0), instantaneous rate 8 0; at
b) Any values of x for which the graph of e) about 26 (3, 0), instantaneous rate 8 24; at
the corresponding function is above the 3. a) about 0 (21, 0), instantaneous rate 8 24
x-axis (y 5 0) are solutions to the b) It indicates that x 5 2 is a turning 13. a) about 5 c) 2x 1 3
original inequality. point in the graph. b) 2x 1 3 1 h d) 2(1) 1 3 5 5
c) 29 , x , 22 or x . 0 c) y 14. When the instantaneous rate of change is
10. f (x) 5 23(x 1 2) (x 2 1) (x 2 3) 2 4 zero, the function potentially has a local
11. a) maximum or a local minimum. If the rate
2
x is positive to the left and negative to the
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2 right, it has a local maximum. If the rate is
negative to the left and positive to the
–4
right, it has a local minimum.
4. a) 3 15. a) Rate of change and f (5) are both
b) Answers may vary. For example, approximately 148.4.
b) 0 , v , 154.77 °C x 5 4.5, 3. b) Answers may vary. For example, the
c) 133.78 °C to 139.56 °C instantaneous rate of change at x 5 1
1 28
12. a) 14 m c) 0.3 , t , 2.1 5. a) 3 c) 2 e) is 2.7; at x 5 3, it is 20.1; and at
10 3
b) 3.3 s d) 1.8 s x 5 4, it is 54.6.
b) 17 d) 27 f) 0 c) The instantaneous rate of change of e x
13. V(x) 5 x(50 2 2x) (30 2 2x);
1 for any value of x is e x.
5 , x , 7.19 6. a) 3 c) about 2 e) about 5.5
14. a) Since all the powers are even and the 9 16. a) about 21
coefficients are positive, the polynomial b) about 14 d) about 26 f ) 0 b) y 5 2x 2 2
on the left is always positive. 7. y c) (22, 0)
b) Since all the powers are even and all the 1.5 y
3
coefficients are negative (once all terms 1.0
2
are brought to the left), the polynomial 0.5
x 1
on the left is always negative. x
–1.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0
15. You cannot divide by a variable expression –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–0.5
because you do not know whether it is –1
–1.0
positive, negative, or zero. –2
–1.5
The correct solution is x , 21 or x . 4. –3
16. Answers may vary. For example:
17. x 5 20.53, 2.53
Rate of change is positive on Q2 `, 3 R
1

and (1, ` ), negative on Q 3 , 1R, and zero

graphing 1
factor table calculator Chapter Review, pp. 240–241
1
at x 5 3 and 1. 1. a) 63 c) 0, 22, 1
8. a) 255 m/s 1
b) , 22 d) 61, 2
b) about 220 m/s 2
polynomial 9. a) about 2 2 4
b) 22 2. 0, 2, ,
algebraically inequality 3 5
c) y 5 2x 2 4 3. a) f (x) 5 (x 2 1) (x 2 2) (x 1 1) (x 1 2)
10. a) about 10 m/s or f (x) 5 x4 2 5x2 1 4
b) about 250 m/s b) 48, 3.10
17. a) 24 , x , 23 or 22 , x , 3 c) 0 m/s 4. 2 cm by 2 cm or 7.4 cm by 7.4 cm
b) 21 , x , 0 or x . 5 11. a) d(t) 5. a) The given information states that the
18. x , 21 or x . 2 3
model is valid between 1985 and 1995,
2 so it can be used for 1993, but not 2005.
1 b) Set C(t) 5 1500 (since the units are in
Lesson 4.4, pp. 235–237 t
0 thousands) and solve using a graphing
2 4 6 8 10
1. a) positive on (0, 1), (4, 7), (10, 15.5), –1 calculator.
(19, 20); negative on (1, 4), (7, 10), c) Sales reach 1.5 million in the 8th year
(15.5, 19); zero at x 5 1, 4, 7, 10, after 1985, so in 1993.
15.5, and 19

640 Answers NEL

 6. a) Answers may vary. For example, c) The rate was changing faster for c) 3x 2 2 4x 2 1, x 2 0
2x 1 1 . 17 females, on average. Looking only at 1 2
b) Answers may vary. For example, 1975 and 2000, the incidence among d) ,x2
5x 2 2 5
3x 2 4 $ 216 males increased only 5.5 per 100 000, x16
c) Answers may vary. For example, while the incidence among females e) 2 , x 2 23, 3
31x
2x 1 3 # 221 increased by 31.7. a2b 3b
d) Answers may vary. For example, d) Between 1995 and 2000, the incidence f) , a 2 25b,
a 2 3b 2
219 , 2x 2 1 , 23 among males decreased by 6.1 while
7
7. a) xP a , `b
25 the incidence among females increased 3. a)
by 5.6. Since 1998 is about halfway 15
2
between 1995 and 2000, an estimate 6
b) xP c2 , `b
23 b) , x 2 0
for the instantaneous rate of change in x
8
1998 is the average rate of change from 24x 2 1 20x 2 6
c) xP (2 `, 2) c) , x 2 22, 3
1995 to 2000. The two rates of change x23
d) xP (2 `, 34
8. a) 5xPR 0 22 , x , 46
3
are about the same in magnitude, but x 1 2x 2 8x
d) , x 2 21, 0, 1, 3
b) 5xPR 0 21 # x # 06 the rate for females is positive, while x2 2 1
c) 5xPR 0 23 # x # 56 the rate for males is negative.
4. a) 1
11
d) 5xPR 0 26 , x , 226 21
9. a) The second plan is better if one calls Chapter Self-Test, p. 242 19x
b)
more than 350 min per month. 12
b) 44 3 41x
1. 1, , 22 c) ,x20
2 x2
40
2. a) positive when x , 22 and 0 , x , 2, 3x 2 6
36 d) 2 , x 2 0, 3
negative when 22 , x , 0 and x . 2, x 2 3x
32 and zero at 22, 0, 2 2x 1 10 1 y
28 b) positive when 21 , x , 1, negative e) , x 2 5, 25
x 2 2 25
24 when x , 21 or 1 , x, and zero at 22a 1 50
x 5 21, 1 f) , x 2 23, 4, 5
0 100 200 300 400 500 (a 1 3)(a 2 5)(a 1 3)
c) 21
10. a) 21 , x , 2 5. a) x 5 6
3. a) Cost with card: 50 1 5n;
3 b) x 5 2
b) x # 2 or x $ 5 Cost without card: 12n
2 c) x 5 3
b) at least 8 pizzas
5 212
c) x , 2 or 1 , x , 7 1 d) x 5
2 4. a) x , 7
2
d) x # 24 or 1 # x # 5 b) 22 # x # 1 6. y
11. negative when xP (0, 5), positive when c) 22 , x , 21 or x . 5 4
y = x1
xP (2 `, 22), (22, 0), (5, `) d) x $ 23 2
12. x # 23.81 x
5. a) 15 m
–4 –2 0 2 4
13. between January 1993 and March 1994 and b) 4.6 s –2
between October 1995 and October 1996 c) 23 m/s –4
14. a) average 5 7, instantaneous 8 8 6. a) about 5 b) (1, 3) c) y 5 5x 2 2

Answers
b) average 5 13, instantaneous 8 15 7. Since all the exponents are even and all the vertical: x 5 0; horizontal: y 5 0;
c) average 5 129, instantaneous 8 145 coefficients are positive, all values of the D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 06;
d) average 5 2464, function are positive and greater than or R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06
instantaneous 8 2485 equal to 4 for all real numbers x. 7. a) translated three units to the left
15. positive when 21 , x , 1, negative when 8. a) 5xPR 0 22 # x # 76 y
x , 21 or x . 1, and zero at x 5 21, 1 b) 22 , x , 7 8
16. a) t 8 2.2 s 9. 2 cm by 2 cm by 15 cm 6
b) 211 m/s
4
c) about 222 m/s
17. a) about 57.002 Chapter 5 2
x
b) about 56.998
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
c) Both approximate the instantaneous Getting Started, pp. 246–247 –2
rate of change at x 5 3. 1. a) (x 2 5) (x 1 2) –4
18. a) male: b) 3(x 1 5) (x 2 1) –6
f (x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.162x 2 1 c) (4x 2 7) (4x 1 7) –8
3.394x 1 72.365; d) (3x 2 2) (3x 2 2)
female: e) (a 2 3) (3a 1 10 )
g(x) 5 0.0002x 3 2 0.026x 2 1
f) (2x 1 3y ) (3x 2 7y )
1.801x 1 14.369
2. a) 3 2 2s
b) More females than males will have
n3
lung cancer in 2006. b) , m, n 2 0
3m

NEL Answers 641

 6. a) Answers may vary. For example, c) The rate was changing faster for c) 3x 2 2 4x 2 1, x 2 0
2x 1 1 . 17 females, on average. Looking only at 1 2
b) Answers may vary. For example, 1975 and 2000, the incidence among d) ,x2
5x 2 2 5
3x 2 4 $ 216 males increased only 5.5 per 100 000, x16
c) Answers may vary. For example, while the incidence among females e) 2 , x 2 23, 3
31x
2x 1 3 # 221 increased by 31.7. a2b 3b
d) Answers may vary. For example, d) Between 1995 and 2000, the incidence f) , a 2 25b,
a 2 3b 2
219 , 2x 2 1 , 23 among males decreased by 6.1 while
7
7. a) xP a , `b
25 the incidence among females increased 3. a)
by 5.6. Since 1998 is about halfway 15
2
between 1995 and 2000, an estimate 6
b) xP c2 , `b
23 b) , x 2 0
for the instantaneous rate of change in x
8
1998 is the average rate of change from 24x 2 1 20x 2 6
c) xP (2 `, 2) c) , x 2 22, 3
1995 to 2000. The two rates of change x23
d) xP (2 `, 34
8. a) 5xPR 0 22 , x , 46
3
are about the same in magnitude, but x 1 2x 2 8x
d) , x 2 21, 0, 1, 3
b) 5xPR 0 21 # x # 06 the rate for females is positive, while x2 2 1
c) 5xPR 0 23 # x # 56 the rate for males is negative.
4. a) 1
11
d) 5xPR 0 26 , x , 226 21
9. a) The second plan is better if one calls Chapter Self-Test, p. 242 19x
b)
more than 350 min per month. 12
b) 44 3 41x
1. 1, , 22 c) ,x20
2 x2
40
2. a) positive when x , 22 and 0 , x , 2, 3x 2 6
36 d) 2 , x 2 0, 3
negative when 22 , x , 0 and x . 2, x 2 3x
32 and zero at 22, 0, 2 2x 1 10 1 y
28 b) positive when 21 , x , 1, negative e) , x 2 5, 25
x 2 2 25
24 when x , 21 or 1 , x, and zero at 22a 1 50
x 5 21, 1 f) , x 2 23, 4, 5
0 100 200 300 400 500 (a 1 3)(a 2 5)(a 1 3)
c) 21
10. a) 21 , x , 2 5. a) x 5 6
3. a) Cost with card: 50 1 5n;
3 b) x 5 2
b) x # 2 or x $ 5 Cost without card: 12n
2 c) x 5 3
b) at least 8 pizzas
5 212
c) x , 2 or 1 , x , 7 1 d) x 5
2 4. a) x , 7
2
d) x # 24 or 1 # x # 5 b) 22 # x # 1 6. y
11. negative when xP (0, 5), positive when c) 22 , x , 21 or x . 5 4
y = x1
xP (2 `, 22), (22, 0), (5, `) d) x $ 23 2
12. x # 23.81 x
5. a) 15 m
–4 –2 0 2 4
13. between January 1993 and March 1994 and b) 4.6 s –2
between October 1995 and October 1996 c) 23 m/s –4
14. a) average 5 7, instantaneous 8 8 6. a) about 5 b) (1, 3) c) y 5 5x 2 2

Answers
b) average 5 13, instantaneous 8 15 7. Since all the exponents are even and all the vertical: x 5 0; horizontal: y 5 0;
c) average 5 129, instantaneous 8 145 coefficients are positive, all values of the D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 06;
d) average 5 2464, function are positive and greater than or R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06
instantaneous 8 2485 equal to 4 for all real numbers x. 7. a) translated three units to the left
15. positive when 21 , x , 1, negative when 8. a) 5xPR 0 22 # x # 76 y
x , 21 or x . 1, and zero at x 5 21, 1 b) 22 , x , 7 8
16. a) t 8 2.2 s 9. 2 cm by 2 cm by 15 cm 6
b) 211 m/s
4
c) about 222 m/s
17. a) about 57.002 Chapter 5 2
x
b) about 56.998
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
c) Both approximate the instantaneous Getting Started, pp. 246–247 –2
rate of change at x 5 3. 1. a) (x 2 5) (x 1 2) –4
18. a) male: b) 3(x 1 5) (x 2 1) –6
f (x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.162x 2 1 c) (4x 2 7) (4x 1 7) –8
3.394x 1 72.365; d) (3x 2 2) (3x 2 2)
female: e) (a 2 3) (3a 1 10 )
g(x) 5 0.0002x 3 2 0.026x 2 1
f) (2x 1 3y ) (3x 2 7y )
1.801x 1 14.369
2. a) 3 2 2s
b) More females than males will have
n3
lung cancer in 2006. b) , m, n 2 0
3m

NEL Answers 641

 b) vertical stretch by a factor of 2 and a 2. a) x 5 6 b) y
horizontal translation 1 unit to the right 4 8
b) x52
y 3 6
y= 1
8 c) x 5 5 and x 5 23 4
f(x )

6 5 5
d) x 5 2 and x 5 2
4 2 2 x
e) no asymptotes –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
2 –2
x f) x 5 21.5 and x 5 21 y = f (x )
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 3. a) y –4
–2 8 –6
–4 y = f (x) 6 –8
–6 4
–8 2
1
c) f (x) 5 22x 1 8, y 5
x 22x 1 8
0 1
c) reflection in the x-axis, vertical –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 5. a) y 5 2x ; vertical asymptote at x 5 0
–2
1
compression by a factor of 2 , and a –4 y= 1
vertical translation 3 units down f (x )
–6
y
–8
8
6
b) y
4
y = f(x) 8
2
x 6
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 4
1
b) y 5 x 1 5 ; vertical asymptote at x 5 25
–2
2
–4 x
–6 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–8
–4
–6
d) reflection in the x-axis, vertical y= 1
2 –8 f(x )
compression by a factor of 3 , horizontal
translation 2 units right, and a vertical
4. a) 1
1
c) y 5 x 2 4 ; vertical asymptote at x 5 4
translation 1 unit up x f(x)
y f(x)
8 1
24 16
6 16
4 1
23 14
2 14
x 1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 22 12
–2 12
1 1
–4 21 10 d) y 5 2x 1 5 ; vertical asymptote at
–6 10 5
1 x 5 22
–8
0 8
8
8. Factor the expressions in the numerator and 1
1 6
the denominator. Simplify each expression 6
as necessary. Multiply the first expression by 1
the reciprocal of the second. 2 4
4
23(3y 2 2)
1
2(3y 1 2) 3 2
2 1
e) y 5 23x 1 6 ; vertical asymptote at
Lesson 5.1, pp. 254–257 4 0 undefined x52
1. a) C; The reciprocal function is F.
1
b) A; The reciprocal function is E. 5 22 2
c) D; The reciprocal function is B. 2
d) F; The reciprocal function is C. 1
6 24 2
e) B; The reciprocal function is D. 4
f) E; The reciprocal function is A. 1
7 26 2
6

642 Answers NEL

 1 d) y c)
f) y 5 (x 2 3)2 ; vertical asymptote at x 5 3 y
8 8 y = f (x)
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4
7. a) y
1
g) y 5 x 2 2 3x 2 10 ; vertical asymptotes
–6 y= 1
8 f (x)
–8
at x 5 22 and x 5 5 6

y= 1 4 d)
2x – 5 y
y = 2x – 5
2 14
x y = f (x)
12
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 10
–4 8
–6 6
–8 4
1
h) y 5 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 ; vertical asymptotes
2 y= 1
f(x) x
D 5 e xPR 0 x 2 f ,
2 5
at x 5 2 3 and x 5 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
2 –2
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06
b) y e) y

8 14 y = f (x)
6 12
y = 3x + 4
4 10

2 8
x 6
6. a) y
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
8 –2 4

6 –4 2 y= 1
y= 1 f(x)
3x + 4 x
4 –6
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
2 –8 –2
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 f) y
D 5 e xPR 0 x 2 2 f ,
–2 4
8
3
–4 y= 1
–6
R 5 5yPR 0 y 2 06 f(x) 6
4
–8 8. a) y

Answers
2
y = f (x) 8 x
b) y 6 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
8 –2
4
6 –4
2 y = f (x)
4 x –6
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8
2 –2
x
–4 y= 1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 f(x)
–2
–4 b) y
–6 8
y = f (x)
–8 6
4
c) y
2
8 x
6 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
4
–4
2 y= 1
f(x)
x –6
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –8
–2

NEL Answers 643

9. a) D 5 5xPR6 d) D 5 5xPR6 have a vertical asymptote in the graph of its
R 5 5 yPR6 R 5 5 yPR 0 y # 2.56 reciprocal function. For example, this is the
y-intercept 5 8 y-intercept 5 212 1
graph of y 5 x 2 1 2 .
x-intercept 5 24 x-intercepts 5 3, 2 y
negative on (2 `, 24) increasing on (2 `, 2.5) 2.0
positive on (24, 2 ` ) decreasing on (2.5, ` ) 1.5
increasing on (2 `, ` ) negative on (2 `, 2) and (3, `)
1.0
1 positive on (2, 3)
equation of reciprocal 5 2x 1 8 0.5
equation of x
y 1
reciprocal 5 22x 2 1 10x 2 12 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0–0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
8 –0.5
y = 2x + 8 y= 1
4 –2x2 + 10x –12 –1.0
x y
4 –1.5
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4
–4 2 –2.0
1 x
–8 y = 2x + 8
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 3
y5
b) D 5 5xPR6
11.
–4 x2 2 1
R 5 5 yPR6 y = –2x2 + 10x –12
y-intercept 5 23
3 10. Answers may vary. For example, a reciprocal
x-intercept 5 2 4 function creates a vertical asymptote when
positive on Q2 `, 2 4 R
3 the denominator is equal to 0 for a
1
specific value of x. Consider ax 1 b . For this
negative on Q2 4 , `R
3
expression, there is always some value of
2b
decreasing on (2 `, ` ) x that is a that will result in a vertical
1 asymptote for the function. This is a graph
equation of reciprocal 5 24x 2 3 12. a) 500
1
of y 5 3x 1 2 and the vertical asymptote b) t52
y
2 c) t 5 10 000
8 is at x 5 2 3 . d) If you were to use a value of t that was
4 y= 1 y
–4x –3 less than one, the equation would tell
x
8 you that the number of bacteria was
–4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4 6 increasing as opposed to decreasing.
y = –4x–3
–8 4 Also, after time t 5 10 000, the
2 formula indicates that there is a smaller
c) D 5 5xPR6 x and smaller fraction of 1 bacteria left.
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 212.256 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 e) D 5 5xPR 0 1 , x , 10 0006,
R 5 5 yPR 0 1 , y , 10 0006
–2
y-intercept 5 12
–4
x-intercepts 5 4, 23 13.
–6 a) y
decreasing on (2 `, 0.5)
4 y = x1
increasing on (0.5, `) –8

positive on (2 `, 23) and (4, `) 2

negative on (23, 4) 1 x
Consider the function (x 2 3) (x 2 4) . The
–4 –2 0
1
equation of reciprocal 5 x 2 2 x 2 12 graph of the quadratic function in the 2 4
denominator crosses the x-axis at 3 and 4 –2
y= 2 1
x – x – 12 and therefore will have vertical asymptotes –4
y
at 3 and 4 in the graph of the reciprocal
8
function.
4 y D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 2n6,
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06
x
8
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4 6 b) The vertical asymptote occurs at
–8 4
x 5 2n. Changes in n in the f (x)
family cause changes in the y-intercept—
2
y = x2 – x – 12 x an increase in n causes the intercept to
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 move up the y-axis and a decrease causes
–2 it to move down the y-axis. Changes in n
–4 in the g(x) family cause changes in the
–6 vertical asymptote of the function—an
–8 increase in n causes the asymptote to
move down the x-axis and a decrease in
However, a quadratic function, such as n causes it to move up the x-axis.
x 2 1 c, which has no real zeros, will not c) x 5 1 2 n and x 5 21 2 n

644 Answers NEL

14. Answers may vary. For example: Lesson 5.2, p. 262 x2 2 4
1) Determine the zero(s) of the function c) y 5 2
x 1 3x 1 2
f (x) —these will be the asymptote(s) for 1. a) A; The function has a zero at 3 and the 2x
reciprocal function has a vertical d) y 5
the reciprocal function g(x). x11
2) Determine where the function f (x) is asymptote at x 5 3. The function is x3
positive for x , 3 and negative for e) y 5 2
positive and where it is negative—the x 15
reciprocal function g(x) will have the same x . 3.
characteristics. b) C; The function in the numerator
factors to (x 1 3) (x 2 3). (x 2 3)
Lesson 5.3, pp. 272–274
3) Determine where the function f (x) is
increasing and where it is decreasing—the factors out of both the numerator and 1. a) A c) D
reciprocal function g(x) will have opposite the denominator. The equation b) C d) B
characteristics. simplifies to y 5 x 1 3, but has a hole 2. a) x52
at x 5 3. b) As x S 2 from the right, the values of
15. a) y
c) F; The function in the denominator has f (x) get larger. As x S 2 from the left,
10
a zero at x 5 23, so there is a vertical the values become larger in magnitude
8 asymptote at x 5 23. The function is but are negative.
always positive. c) y50
6 d) D; The function in the denominator d) As x S 2 ` and as x S `, f (x) S 0.
has zeros at y 5 1 and y 5 23. The e) D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 36
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06
4
rational function has vertical
y= 1 asymptotes at x 5 1 and x 5 23. f) positive: (2, `)
2 x
e) B; The function has no zeros and no negative: (2 `, 2)
x
0 vertical asymptotes or holes.
4 8 12 16 g) y
f ) E; The function in the denominator has
8
a zero at x 5 3 and the rational
b) y 6
function has a vertical asymptote at
32 x 5 3. The degree of the numerator is 4
24 exactly 1 more than the degree of the 2
x
16 y = 13 denominator, so the graph has an
x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
8 oblique asymptote. –2
x 2. a) vertical asymptote at x 5 24; –4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 –6
–8
3
–16 b) vertical asymptote at x 5 2 2 ; –8
–24 horizontal asymptote at y 5 0
–32 c) vertical asymptote at x 5 6; 3. a) x 5 21
horizontal asymptote at y 5 2 b) As x S 21 from the left,
d) hole at x 5 23 y S `. As x S 21 from the right,
c) y
e) vertical asymptotes at x 5 23 and 5; y S 2 `.
8
horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 c) y 5 4
6
f ) vertical asymptote at x 5 21; d) As x S 6`, f (x) gets closer and closer
4 horizontal asymptote at y 5 21
y = 1x

Answers
to 4.
e) D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 216
2
2 g) hole at x 5 2
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 46
x
5
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 h) vertical asymptote at x 5 2 ;
f ) positive: (2 `, 21) and Q 4 , 2 `R
–2 3
horizontal asymptote at y 5 22
negative: Q21, 4 R
1 3
i) vertical asymptote at x 5 2 4 ;
d) y
8 horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 g) y
6 j) vertical asymptote at x 5 4; hole at 24
4
x 5 24; horizontal asymptote at y 5 0
18
3
2 k) vertical asymptote at x 5 5 ; 12
x 1
0 horizontal asymptote at y 5 5 6
–360° –180° 180° 360° x
–2
l) vertical asymptote at x 5 4; –24 –18 –12 –6 0 6 12 18 24
–4 3 –6
horizontal asymptote at y 5 2 2
–6 –12
–8 3. Answers may vary. For example: –18
x21 –24
a) y 5 2
1 x 1x22
16. y5 21 1
x14 b) y 5 2
x 24

NEL Answers 645

4. a) x 5 23; As x 5 23, y 5 2 ` on the left. 1 b) Answers may vary. For example:
c) vertical asymptote at x 5 4
x
As x 5 23, y 5 ` on the right. 1 y5x12
horizontal asymptote at y 5 4
b) x 5 5; As x 5 5, y 5 2 ` on the left. y
D 5 e xPR 0 x 2 f
1
8
As x 5 5, y 5 ` on the right. 4
1 1 6
R 5 e yPR 0 y 2 f
c) x 5 ; As x 5 , y 5 2 ` on the left. 1
2 2 4
1 4
As x 5 , y 5 ` on the right. 2
2 x-intercept 5 25 x
1 1 y-intercept 5 21 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
d) x 5 2 ; As x 5 2 , y 5 2 ` on the left. –2
4 4 f (x) is positive on (2 `, 25) and
1 –4
As x 5 2 , y 5 ` on the right. Q 4 , `R and negative on Q25, 4 R.
1 1
4 –6
5. a) vertical asymptote at x 5 25 y
–8
horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 8
D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 256 6 c) Answers may vary. For example:
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06 4 x23
f (x) 5 2x 2 6
3
y-intercept 5 5 2
y
x
f (x) is negative on (2 `, 25) and –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 5
positive on (25, `). –2
–4
y x
24 –6 0
–5 5
18 –8

12 –5
The function is decreasing on Q2 `, 4 R
1
6
x
and on Q 4 , `R. The function is never
1 d) Answers may vary. For example:
–24 –18 –12 –6 0 6 12 18 24
–6 1
increasing. f (x) 5 x 2 2 4x 2 12
–12
d) hole x 5 22 y
–18 D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 226
–24
R 5 ey 5 f
1
5
5
The function is decreasing on 1
y-intercept 5
(2 `, 25) and on (25, `). The 5 x
function is never increasing. The function will always be positive. –5 0 5
5 y
b) vertical asymptote at x 5 2
–5
horizontal asymptote at y 5 0
1
D 5 e xPR 0 x 2 f
5
y= 1
2 5
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 06 x
y-intercept 5 22 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 7. a)
f (x) is negative on Q2 `, 2 R and
5

positive on Q 2 , `R.
5 –1

y
24
The function is neither increasing nor
18 decreasing; it is constant.
12 6. a) Answers may vary. For example:
1
6 f (x) 5 x 1 2
x
y
–24 –18 –12 –6 0 6 12 18 24
–6 8
–12 6

–18 4

–24 2
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
The function is decreasing on –2

Q2 `, 2 R and on Q 2 , `R. The function

5 5 –4
–6
is never increasing.
–8

646 Answers NEL

 10. The concentration increases over the Mid-Chapter Review, p. 277
24 h period and approaches approximately
1.89 mg> L. 1. a)
1
;x53
11. Answers may vary. For example, the x23
rational functions will all have vertical 1 3
d b) ;q5
asymptotes at x 5 2 c . They will all have 24q 1 6 2
a
horizontal asymptotes at y 5 c . They will 1
c) ; z 5 25 and 1
b z 2 1 4z 2 5
intersect the y-axis at y 5 d . The rational
1 1 3
functions will have an x-intercept at d) ; d 5 and 2
6d 2 1 7d 2 3 3 2
D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5xPR6;
b
x 5 2 a. 2. a)
12. Answers may vary. For example, y-intercept 5 6;
2x 2 3
f (x) 5 2 1 x . x-intercept 5 2 2 ; negative on
Q2 `, 2 2 R; positive on Q2 2 , `R;
2 3 3
13. f (x) 5 2x 2 2 5x 1 3 2
x21
The equation has a general vertical As x S 6`, f (x) S `. increasing on (2 `, `)
1 y y
asymptote at x 5 2 n . The function has
8 20 8
a general horizontal asymptote at y 5 n .
16 6
1 1
The vertical asymptotes are 2 8 , 2 4 , 12 4
1
2 2 , and 21. The horizontal asymptotes 8 2
are 8, 4, 2, and 1. The function contracts 4 x
as n increases. The function is always x –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
increasing. The function is positive on –16 –12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16
–4 –4
Q2 `, 2 n R and Q 10 , `R. The function
17 3
–8 –6

is negative on Q2 n , 10 R.
17 3 –12 –8

b) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 246;

b) The horizontal and vertical asymptotes
both approach 0 as the value of n vertical asymptote: x 5 1; oblique
asymptote: y 5 2x 2 2 5x 1 3 y -intercept 5 24; x-intercepts are 2
increases; the x- and y-intercepts do not
y and 22; decreasing on (2 `, 0);
change, nor do the positive and
increasing (0, `); positive on
negative characteristics or the increasing
5.0
(2 `, 22) and (2, ` ); negative on
and decreasing characteristics.
17
(22, 2)
c) The vertical asymptote becomes x 5 n y
10
and the horizontal becomes x 5 2 n . 2.5 8

The function is always increasing. The 6

function is positive on Q2 `, 10 R and 4

3 x
–5 –2.5 0 2.5 5 2
Q n , `R. The function is negative on
17 x

Answers
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Q 10 , n R. The rest of the characteristics –2.5
3 17 –2

14. a) f (x) –4
do not change.
b) g(x) and h(x) –6
8. f (x) will have a vertical asymptote at c) g(x) –8
x 5 1; g(x) will have a vertical d) y

c) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5yPR 0 y . 66; no

3
asymptote at x 5 2 2 . f (x) will have a
horizontal asymptote at x 5 3; g(x) 5.0 x-intercepts; function will never be
will have a vertical asymptote at x 5 2 .
1 negative; decreasing on (2 `, 0);
increasing on (0, `)
9. a) $27 500 2.5 y
b) $40 000
8
c) $65 000
x 6
d) No, the value of the investment at 0
–4 –2 2 4 4
t 5 0 should be the original value
invested. 2
–2.5 x
e) The function is probably not accurate
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
at very small values of t because as –2
t S 0 from the right, x S `.
f ) $15 000

NEL Answers 647

 d) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR6; y-intercept: f (0) 5 0; function is always Lesson 5.4, pp. 285–287
x-intercept 5 22; function is always increasing; positive on (2 `, 24) and
decreasing; positive on (2 `, 22); (0, ` ); negative on (24, 0) 1. 3; 22; Answers may vary. For example,
negative on (22, `) substituting each value for x in the
y
y equation produces the same value on each
8 side of the equation, so both are solutions.
8
2. a) x 5 23 c) x 5 21 and 2
6
b) x 5 5 d) x 5 24
4 x
x23
–24 –16 –8 0 8 3. a) f (x) 5 22
2 x13
x
3x 2 1 5
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 b) f (x) 5 2
–2 x 2
–4 x21 x11
c) f (x) 5 2
c) straight, horizontal line with a hole at x x13
3. Answers may vary. For example: (1) Hole: x 5 22; always positive and never x22 x24
d) f (x) 5 2
Both the numerator and the denominator increases or decreases x13 x15
0
contain a common factor, resulting in 0 for y 4. a) x 5 29 c) x 5 3
8
1
a specific value of x. (2) Vertical asymptote: b) x 5 2 d) x 5 2
6
2
A value of x causes the denominator of a
5. a) x 5 3 d) x 5 0
rational function to be 0. (3) Horizontal 4
3 1
asymptote: A horizontal asymptote is 2 b) x 5 e) x 5
x
4 4
created by the ratio between the numerator c) x 5 29 f ) x 5 223
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
and the denominator of a rational function –2 6. a) The function will have no real
as the function S ` and 2 ` . A continuous solutions.
–4
rational function is created when the b) x 5 3 and x 5 20.5
–6
denominator of the rational function has c) x 5 25
–8
no zeros. d) x 5 0 and x 5 21
4. a) x 5 2; vertical asymptote e) The original equation has no real
1
b) hole at x 5 1 d) vertical asymptote: x 5 2 ; horizontal solutions.
1 1 f ) x 5 5 and x 5 2
c) x 5 2 2 ; horizontal asymptote asymptote: y 5 2 ; x-intercept: x 5 2 ;
7. a) x 5 6 d) x 5 3.25, 20.75
d) x 5 6; oblique asymptote y-intercept: f (0) 5 5; function is
b) x 5 1.30, 7.70 e) x 5 21.71, 2.71
e) x 5 25 and x 5 3; vertical asymptotes always increasing
c) x 5 10 f ) x 5 20.62, 1.62
x 27x 27 y
5. y 5 , y 5 1; y 5 ,y5 ; x11 x13
x22 4x 1 2 4 8 8. a) 5
1 x22 x24
6
y5 2 ,x50 Multiply both sides of the equation by
x 1 2x 2 15 4
the LCD, (x 2 2) (x 2 4).
6. a) vertical asymptote: x 5 6; horizontal 2
(x 2 2) (x 2 4) a b
x11
asymptote: y 5 0; no x-intercept; x
5 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x22
y-intercept: 2 6 ; negative when the –2
5 (x 2 2) (x 2 4) a b
x13
denominator is negative; positive when –4 x24
the numerator is positive; x 2 6 is –6 (x 2 4) (x 1 1) 5 (x 2 2) (x 1 3)
negative on x , 6; f (x) is negative on –8 Simplify. x 2 2 3x 2 4 5 x 2 1 x 2 6
(2 `, 6) and positive on (6, ` ); Simplify the equation so that 0 is on
function is always decreasing 7. Answers may vary. For example: Changing one side of the equation.
y 7x 1 6
the function to y 5 x 1 1 changes the x2 2 x2 2 3x 2 x 2 4 1 6
6 graph. The function now has a vertical 5 x2 2 x2 1 x 2 x 2 6 1 6
4 asymptote at x 5 21 and still has a 24x 1 2 5 0
2 horizontal asymptote at y 5 7. However, the 22(2x 2 1) 5 0
function is now constantly increasing instead Since the product is equal to 0, one of
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x the factors must be equal to 0. It must
–2 of decreasing. The new function still has an
6 be 2x 2 1 because 2 is a constant.
–4 x-intercept at x 5 2 7 , but now has a
2x 2 1 5 0
–6 y-intercept at y 5 6. 2x 2 1 1 1 5 0 1 1
1 2x 5 1
8. n 5 ; m 5 35
b) vertical asymptote: x 5 24; horizontal 3 2x 1
9. Answers may vary. For example, 5
asymptote: y 5 3; x-intercept: x 5 0; 2 2
4x 1 8
f (x) 5 x 1 2 . 1
x5
The graph of the function will be a 2
horizontal line at y 5 4 with a hole at
x 5 22.

648 Answers NEL

 1 1 x 2 1 2x 2 15 (x 2 2 4x 2 5)
211 213 .0 10. a)
b) 1 5 21 and 1 5 21 x 2x , 0
22 24
2 2 (x 1 5) (x 2 3) b)
.0
c) x 21 * x 0 * x
b) negative: x , 25 and 0 , x , 3; x * 21 x+5
*0 *5
positive: 25 , x , 0, x . 3
5xPR 0 25 , x , 0 or x . 36 or
(x 2 5) 2 2 2 1
c)
(25, 0) or (3, ` ) (x 1 1) 2 1 1 1
4. a) 5 , x , 24.5
b) 27 , x , 25 and x . 23 2x 2 2 1 1
c) 0 , x , 2 and x . 8 (x 2 5)(x 1 1)
d) 26.8 # x , 24 and x . 3 2 1 2 1
9. w 5 9.271 2x
10. Machine A 5 25.8 min; 1
e) x , 21 and 2 , x , 0 The inequality is true for x , 21 and
Machine B 5 35.8 min 7
7 0,x,5
11. 75; $4.00 f) 21 , x , and x , 4 11. when x . 5
12. a) After 6666.67 s 8
5. a) t , 23 or 1 , t , 4 12. a) The first inequality can be manipulated
b) The function appears to approach
b) 23 # t # 2 or t . 4 algebraically to produce the second
9 kg>m 3 as time increases. inequality.
1 1 1
13. a) Tom 5 4 min; Carl 5 5 min; c) 2 , t , or t . x11
b) Graph the equation y 5 x 2 1 2 x 1 2
x13
2 3 2
Paco 5 2 min
d) t , 22 and 22 , t , 3 and determine when it is negative.
b) 6.4 min
e) t , 25 and 22 , t , 0 c) The values that make the factors of the
14. Answers may vary. For example, you can
f) 21 # t , 0.25 and 2 # t , 9 second inequality zero are 25, 22,
use either algebra or graphing technology
6. a) xP (2 `, 26) or xP (21, 4) and 1. Determine the sign of each
to solve a rational equation. With algebra,
b) xP (3, `) factor in the intervals corresponding to
solving the equation takes more time, but
c) xP (24, 22) or xP (21, 2) the zeros. Determine when the entire
you get an exact answer. With graphing
d) xP (2 `, 29) or xP323, 21) or expression is negative by examining the
technology, you can solve the equation
xP33, ` ) signs of the factors.
quickly, but you do not always get an exact
answer. e) xP (22, 0) or xP (4, `) 13. 32, 4) and (4, `)
15. x 5 23.80, 21.42, 0.90, 4.33 f ) xP (2 `, 24) or xP (4, ` ) 14. 14.48 , x , 165.52 and 180 , x , 360
16. a) x 5 0.438 and 1.712 7. a) x , 21, 20.2614 , x , 0.5, 15. 0 , x , 2
b) (0, 0.438) and (1.712, `) x . 3.065
b) Lesson 5.6, pp. 303–305
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Lesson 5.5, pp. 295–297 c) Interval notation: (2 `, 21), 1. a) 20.5
1. a) (`, 1) and (3, `) (20.2614, 0.5), (3.065, ` ) b) y = –3x+10
b) (20.5, 1) and (2, `) Set notation: 5xPR 0 x , 21, y

20.2614 , x , 0.5, or x . 3.0656 10

2. a) Solve the inequality for x.
6x 8. a) t , 2 and t . 5.
#4 b) y x
x13 0
4 –10 10

Answers
6x
24#0 2
x13 x
x13 –10
6x –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
24 #0 –2
x13 x13 x+2
y = ——–-
6x 2 4x 2 12 –4 x–1
#0
x13 –6 slope 5 23
2x 2 12 –8 2. 23
#0 3. 23
x13 –10
2(x 2 6) 4. 21
#0 5. a) 0.01
x13 c) It would be difficult to find a situation
b) b) 20.3
that could be represented by these
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 c) 21.3
rational expressions because very few
c) (23, 64 d) 6
positive values of x yield a positive
15 6. a) slope 5 286.1; vertical asymptote:
3. a) x12. value of y.
x x 5 21.5
9. The only values that make the expression
15 b) slope 5 22.74; vertical asymptote:
x122 .0 greater than 0 are negative. Because the
x x 5 25
values of t have to be positive, the bacteria
x 2
2x 15 c) slope 5 44.65; vertical asymptote:
1 2 .0 count in the tap water will never be greater 5
x x x than that of the pond water. x 5 23
d) slope 5 21.26; vertical asymptote:
x56

NEL Answers 649

 7. a) 0.01 b) D 5 5xPR6; 4. The locust population increased during
b) 0.34 R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 210.1256; the first 1.75 years, to reach a maximum
15x x-intercept 5 0.5 and 24; of 1 248 000. The population gradually
8. a) R(x) 5
2x 2 1 11x 1 5 positive on (2 `, 24) and (0.5, ` ); decreased until the end of the 50 years,
b) 0.3, 20.03 negative on (24, 0.5); when the population was 128 000.
9. a) $5.67 decreasing on (2 `, 210.125); 5. a) x-intercept 5 2:
b) 22 increasing on (210.125, `) horizontal asymptote: y 5 0;
1 2
10. a) 68.46 y= y-intercept 5 5 :
2x2 + 7x – 4
b) 94.54 y vertical asymptote: x 5 25;
c) 4
y
2
16
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2
8
–4
x

c) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 26; no –8 –6 –4 –2 0

The number of houses that were built
x-intercepts; y-intercept 5 2; –8
increases slowly at first, but rises rapidly
decreasing on (2 `, 0);
between the third and sixth months.
increasing on (0, ` ); always positive,
During the last six months, the rate at –16
never negative
which the houses were built decreases.
y= 1
11. Answers may vary. For example: 2x2 + 2 The function is never increasing and
14 # x # 15; x 5 14.5 y is decreasing on (2 `, 25) and
12. a) Find s(0) and s(6), and then solve 2 (25, `).
s(6) 2 s(0)
.
1 D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 256;
620 x
negative for x , 25;
b) The average rate of change over this –4 –2 0 2 4
–1 positive for x . 25
interval gives the object’s speed.
–2
b) D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 26; no x-intercept;
c) To find the instantaneous rate of change y-intercept 5 4; positive for x 2 2;
at a specific point, you could find the y
slope of the line that is tangent to the 2. a) y
16
function s(t) at the specific point. You 8
could also find the average rate of change 6
8
on either side of the point for smaller 4
and smaller intervals until it stabilizes to 2 x
a constant. It is generally easier to find x –4 –2 0 2 4
the instantaneous rate using a graph, but 0 2 4 6 8
–2
the second method is more accurate. –8
d) The instantaneous rate of change for a –4

specific time, t, is the acceleration of the –6

–16
object at this time. –8
13. y 5 20.5x 2 2.598; never increasing or decreasing
c) D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 66; no x-intercept;
y 5 20.5x 1 2.598; y 5 4x b) y
14. The instantaneous rate of change at 8 1
(0, 0) 5 4. The rate of change at this rate y-intercept 5 3 ; positive for x 2 6;
6
of change will be 0. y
4
0.8
2
Chapter Review, pp. 308–309 x

1. a) D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR6; –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 0.4

–2
2
x-intercept 5 2 3 ; y-intercept 5 2; –4 x
always increasing; –8 –4 0 4 8
–6
negative on Q2 `, 2 3 R ;
2
–8
–0.4

positive on Q2 3 , `R
2
3. a) x 5 217 –0.8
y 3 2
b) x 5 2 5 ; horizontal asymptote; y 5 5
4 1
y= never increasing or decreasing
3x + 2
2 c) x 5 0.5; hole at x 5 211
x
d) x 5 1; oblique asymptote; y 5 3x 1 3
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2
–4

650 Answers NEL

 d) x 5 20.5; vertical asymptote:
x 5 20.5; D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 20.56;
x-intercept 5 0; y-intercept 5 0;
horizontal asymptote 5 2;
R 5 5 yPR 0 x 2 26; positive on
x , 20.5 and x . 0; negative on
20.5 , x , 0
15. a) As the x-coordinate approaches the Chapter 6
vertical asymptote of a rational func-
tion, the line tangent to graph will get Getting Started, p. 314
closer and closer to being a vertical
line. This means that the slope of the 1. a) 28°
line tangent to the graph will get b) 332°
larger and larger, approaching positive 2. a) y

y or negative infinity depending on the 2

x
32 function, as x gets closer to the vertical
–4 –2 0 2 4 6
24 asymptote. –2
16 b) As the x-coordinate grows larger and –4 P(3, –4)

8 larger in either direction, the line –6

x tangent to the graph will get closer and
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 closer to being a horizontal line. This 4 3 4
–8 sin u 5 2 , cos u 5 , tan u 5 2 ,
means that the slope of the line tangent 5 5 3
–16
to the graph will always approach zero 5 5 3
–24 as x gets larger and larger. csc u 5 2 , sec u 5 , cot u 5 2
4 3 4
–32 b) 307°
!3 !3
The function is never decreasing and is
Chapter Self-Test, p. 310 3. a) c) e) 2 !2
2 2
increasing on (2 `, 20.5) and 1. a) B 1
(20.5, `). b) A b) 0 d) f ) 21
2
6. Answers may vary. For example, consider 2. a) If f (n) is very large, then that would
1 4. a) 60°, 300°
the function f (x) 5 x 2 6 . You know that 1
make f (n) a very small fraction. b) 30°, 210°
the vertical asymptote would be x 5 6. If b) If f (n) is very small (less than 1), then c) 45°, 225°
you were to find the value of the function 1 d) 180°
that would make f (n) very large.
very close to x 5 6 ( say f (5.99) or e) 135°, 315°
c) If f (n) 5 0, then that would make f) 90°
f (6.01)) you would be able to determine 1
the behaviour of the function on either f (n)
undefined at that point because 5. a) y
side of the asymptote. you cannot divide by 0. 1
1 d) If f (n) is positive, then that would
f (5.99) 5 5 2100 1 x
(5.99) 2 6 make f (n) also positive because you are –2708–1808–908 0 908 1808 2708
1
f (6.01) 5 5 100 dividing two positive numbers.
(6.01) 2 6 3. y –1
To the left of the vertical asymptote, the 8
function moves toward 2 `. To the right
6 period 5 360°; amplitude 5 1; y 5 0;
R 5 5 yPR 0 21 # y # 16
of the vertical asymptote, the function
4
moves toward `.
2 b) y
7. a) x 5 6
x 1
2 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
b) x 5 0.2 and x 5 2

Answers
3 –2
x
c) x 5 26 or x 5 2 –4 –2708–1808–908 0 908 1808 2708
d) x 5 21 and x 5 3 –6
8. about 12 min –1
–8
9. x 5 1.82 days and 3.297 days
10. a) x , 23 and 22.873 , x , 4.873 period 5 360°; amplitude 5 1; y 5 0;
R 5 5 yPR 0 21 # y # 16
b) 216 , x , 211 and 25 , x 4. 4326 kg; $0.52/kg
c) 22 , x , 21.33 and 21 , x , 0 5. a) Algebraic; x 5 21 and x 5 23
6. a) period 5 120°; y 5 0; 45o to the left;
d) 0 , x , 1.5 b) Algebraic with factor table
amplitude 5 2
11. 20.7261 , t , 0 and t . 64.73 The inequality is true on (210, 25.5)
y
12. a) 26; x 5 3 and on (25, 1.2).
2
b) 0.2; x 5 22 and x 5 21 6. a) To find the vertical asymptotes of
13. a) 0.455 mg> L> h the function, find the zeros of the x
b) 20.04 mg> L> h expression in the denominator. To –458–308 –158 0 158 308 458 608 758
c) The concentration of the drug in the find the equation of the horizontal
blood stream appears to be increasing asymptotes, divide the first two terms –2

most rapidly during the first hour and a
half; the graph is steep and increasing
during this time.
14. x 5 5 and x 5 8; x 5 6.5
of the expressions in the numerator and
denominator.
b) This type of function will have a hole
when both the numerator and the
denominator share the same factor
(x 1 a).

NEL Answers 651

 d) x 5 20.5; vertical asymptote:
x 5 20.5; D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 20.56;
x-intercept 5 0; y-intercept 5 0;
horizontal asymptote 5 2;
R 5 5 yPR 0 x 2 26; positive on
x , 20.5 and x . 0; negative on
20.5 , x , 0
15. a) As the x-coordinate approaches the Chapter 6
vertical asymptote of a rational func-
tion, the line tangent to graph will get Getting Started, p. 314
closer and closer to being a vertical
line. This means that the slope of the 1. a) 28°
line tangent to the graph will get b) 332°
larger and larger, approaching positive 2. a) y

y or negative infinity depending on the 2

x
32 function, as x gets closer to the vertical
–4 –2 0 2 4 6
24 asymptote. –2
16 b) As the x-coordinate grows larger and –4 P(3, –4)

8 larger in either direction, the line –6

x tangent to the graph will get closer and
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 closer to being a horizontal line. This 4 3 4
–8 sin u 5 2 , cos u 5 , tan u 5 2 ,
means that the slope of the line tangent 5 5 3
–16
to the graph will always approach zero 5 5 3
–24 as x gets larger and larger. csc u 5 2 , sec u 5 , cot u 5 2
4 3 4
–32 b) 307°
!3 !3
The function is never decreasing and is
Chapter Self-Test, p. 310 3. a) c) e) 2 !2
2 2
increasing on (2 `, 20.5) and 1. a) B 1
(20.5, `). b) A b) 0 d) f ) 21
2
6. Answers may vary. For example, consider 2. a) If f (n) is very large, then that would
1 4. a) 60°, 300°
the function f (x) 5 x 2 6 . You know that 1
make f (n) a very small fraction. b) 30°, 210°
the vertical asymptote would be x 5 6. If b) If f (n) is very small (less than 1), then c) 45°, 225°
you were to find the value of the function 1 d) 180°
that would make f (n) very large.
very close to x 5 6 ( say f (5.99) or e) 135°, 315°
c) If f (n) 5 0, then that would make f) 90°
f (6.01)) you would be able to determine 1
the behaviour of the function on either f (n)
undefined at that point because 5. a) y
side of the asymptote. you cannot divide by 0. 1
1 d) If f (n) is positive, then that would
f (5.99) 5 5 2100 1 x
(5.99) 2 6 make f (n) also positive because you are –2708–1808–908 0 908 1808 2708
1
f (6.01) 5 5 100 dividing two positive numbers.
(6.01) 2 6 3. y –1
To the left of the vertical asymptote, the 8
function moves toward 2 `. To the right
6 period 5 360°; amplitude 5 1; y 5 0;
R 5 5 yPR 0 21 # y # 16
of the vertical asymptote, the function
4
moves toward `.
2 b) y
7. a) x 5 6
x 1
2 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
b) x 5 0.2 and x 5 2

Answers
3 –2
x
c) x 5 26 or x 5 2 –4 –2708–1808–908 0 908 1808 2708
d) x 5 21 and x 5 3 –6
8. about 12 min –1
–8
9. x 5 1.82 days and 3.297 days
10. a) x , 23 and 22.873 , x , 4.873 period 5 360°; amplitude 5 1; y 5 0;
R 5 5 yPR 0 21 # y # 16
b) 216 , x , 211 and 25 , x 4. 4326 kg; $0.52/kg
c) 22 , x , 21.33 and 21 , x , 0 5. a) Algebraic; x 5 21 and x 5 23
6. a) period 5 120°; y 5 0; 45o to the left;
d) 0 , x , 1.5 b) Algebraic with factor table
amplitude 5 2
11. 20.7261 , t , 0 and t . 64.73 The inequality is true on (210, 25.5)
y
12. a) 26; x 5 3 and on (25, 1.2).
2
b) 0.2; x 5 22 and x 5 21 6. a) To find the vertical asymptotes of
13. a) 0.455 mg> L> h the function, find the zeros of the x
b) 20.04 mg> L> h expression in the denominator. To –458–308 –158 0 158 308 458 608 758
c) The concentration of the drug in the find the equation of the horizontal
blood stream appears to be increasing asymptotes, divide the first two terms –2

most rapidly during the first hour and a
half; the graph is steep and increasing
during this time.
14. x 5 5 and x 5 8; x 5 6.5
of the expressions in the numerator and
denominator.
b) This type of function will have a hole
when both the numerator and the
denominator share the same factor
(x 1 a).

NEL Answers 651

 b) period 5 720°; y 5 21; 60o to the d) y 8. a) 120° e) 210°
right; amplitude 5 1 b) 60° f ) 90°
y c) 45° g) 330°
x
0
x d) 225° h) 270°
908 1808 2708 36084508 540863087208
–1 0 247p
1 9. a) m
–2 4
b) 162.5 m
7. a is the amplitude, which determines how 325p
c) cm
far above and below the axis of the curve e) y 6
of the function rises and falls; k defines 10. 4.50 !2 cm
the period of the function, which is how 11. a) 8 0.418 88 radians> s
often the function repeats itself; d is the x b) 8 377.0 m
0 12. a) 36
horizontal shift, which shifts the function 1
to the right or the left; and c is the vertical b) 0.8 m
shift of the function. 13. a) equal to
b) greater than
f) y c) stay the same
Lesson 6.1, pp. 320–322 14. 90˚
120˚ 60˚
1. a) p radians; 180° 135˚ 45˚
1 x
p 150˚ 30˚
b) radians; 90° 0
2
c) 2p radians; 2180° 180˚ 0˚, 360˚
3p
d) 2 radians; 2270° 210˚ 330˚
2 g) y 315˚
e) 22p radians; 2360° 225˚
240˚ 300˚
3p 270˚
f) radians; 270°
2 x p
4p 0° 5 0 radians; 30° 5 radians;
g) 2 radians 5 2240° 0 6
3 1 p p
45° 5 radians; 60° 5 radians;
2p 4 3
h) radians; 120°
3 p 2p
90° 5 radians; 120° 5 radians;
2. a) y h) y 2 3
3p 5p
135° 5 radians; 150° 5 radians;
4 6
1 x x 7p
0 0 180° 5 p radians; 210° 5 radians;
1 6
5p 4p
225° 5 radians; 240° 5 radians;
4 3
3p 5p
b) y 5p 20p 270° 5 radians; 300° 5 radians;
3. a) radians c) radians 2 3
12 9 7p 11p
10p 16p 315° 5 radians; 330° 5 radians;
1 b) radians d) 5 radians 4 6
x 9 9 360° 5 2p radians
0 4. a) 300° c) 171.89° 15. Circle B, Circle A, and Circle C
b) 54° d) 495° 16. about 144.5 radians> s
5. a) 2 radians; 114.6°
25p
c) y
b)
9
cm Lesson 6.2, pp. 330–332
6. a) 28 cm p
1. a) second quadrant; 4 ; positive
1 40p
b) cm p
x b) fourth quadrant; 3 ; positive
3
0 p 5p p
c) third quadrant; 3 ; positive
7. a) radians e) radians
2 4 p
d) second quadrant; 6 ; negative
3p p
b) radians f ) radians p
2 3 e) second quadrant; 3 ; negative
4p p
c) p radians g) radians f ) fourth quadrant; 4 ; negative
3
p 4p
d) radians h) radians
4 3

652 Answers NEL

 2. a) i) y 5 4p 7p
10 csc u 5 5 1, 6. a) d)
5 3 6
8
5 11p 3p
6 sec u 5 5 undefined, b) e)
0 6 2
4
0 5p
2 cot u 5 5 0 c) f) p
x 5 4
0 2 4 6 8 10 p 7. a) u 8 2.29 d) u 8 3.61
–2
iv) u 8
2 b) u 8 0.17 e) u 8 0.84
c) u 8 1.30 f ) u 8 6.12
3. a) sin a2 b 5 21,
p
ii) r 5 10
2 5p 5p
4 3 4 8. a) cos d) cot
iii) sin u 5 , cos u 5 , tan u 5 ,
cos a2 b 5 0,
p 4 3
5 5 3
2 5p 7p
5 5 3 b) tan e) sin
tan a2 b 5 undefined,
csc u 5 , sec u 5 , cot u 5 p 6 6
4 3 4
2 4p p
iv) u 8 0.93 c) csc f ) sec
csc a2 b 5 21,
p 3 4
b) i) y x
–16 –12 –8 –4 0 4
2 9. p 2 0.748 8 2.39
sec a2 b 5 undefined,
–4 p 10. x 8 5.55 cm
–8 2 11. x 8 4.5 cm
cot a2 b 5 0
–12 p 12. Draw the angle and determine the measure
2 of the reference angle. Use the CAST rule
ii) r 5 13
b) sin (2p) 5 0, to determine the sign of each of the ratios
5 12
iii) sin u 5 2 , cos u 5 2 , cos (2p) 5 21, in the quadrant in which the angle
13 13 tan (2p) 5 0, terminates. Use this sign and the value of
5 13 csc (2p) 5 undefined, the ratios of the reference angle to
tan u 5 , csc u 5 2 ,
12 5 sec (2p) 5 21, determine the values of the primary
13 12 cot (2p) 5 undefined trigonometric ratios for the given angle.
sec u 5 2 , cot u 5
12 5 !2
c) sin a b 5 2
7p 13. a) second or third quadrant
iv) u 8 3.54 , 12 12
4 2 b) sin u 5 or 2 ,
c) i) y
!2 13 13
cos a b 5
x 7p
, 12 12
–2 0 2 4 6 8 4 2 tan u 5 or 2 ,
–2 5 5
tan a b 5 21,
7p
–4 4 13
sec u 5 2 ,
–6 5
csc a b 5 2 !2,
7p
–8 13 13
4 csc u 5 or 2 ,
12 12
sec a b 5 !2,
7p
ii) r 5 5 5 5
4 cot u 5 or 2
3 4 12 12
cot a b 5 21
iii) sin u 5 2 , cos u 5 , 7p
5 5 c) u 8 1.97or 4.32
4
3 5 14. y
d) sin a2 b 5 2 ,
tan u 5 2 , csc u 5 2 , p 1

Answers
4 3 6 2
5 4 !3
cos a2 b 5
sec u 5 , cot u 5 2 p
4 3 ,
6 2 2 5p
iv) u 8 5.64 !3 p 6
tan a2 b 5 2
p 1 6 x
d) i) y ,
8 6 3 – 3
csc a2 b 5 22,
6 p
4 6
2 !3
sec a2 b 5
p
2 ,
x 6 3
–4 –2 0
cot a2 b 5 2 !3
2 4 p
–2 y
6
–4 p 3p
4. a) sin c) cot
ii) r 5 5 6 4
5 p 5p
iii) sin u 5 5 1, b) cos d) sec
5 3 6 – 3 x
0 !3 !2 –1
cos u 5 5 0, 5. a) d) 2 –150°
5 2 2 2
5 !2
tan u 5 5 undefined, b) 2 e) 2
0 2
!3
c) 2 f) 2
3

NEL Answers 653

 By examining the special triangles, we see b) y 5 sin u and y 5 tan u have no 4. a) f (x) 5 25 sin (2x) 2 4
!3
cos a b 5 cos (2150°) 5 2
5p
b) f (x) 5 sin a xb 1
characteristics in common except for 2 p 1
6 2 their y-intercept and zeros. 5 5 15
2. a)
15. 2asin a bb 2 1 5 2a2 b 2 1
2 11p 1 2
c) f (x) 5 80 sin a xb 2
1 9
6 2 3 10
d) f (x) 5 11 sin (4px)
5 2a b 2 1
1
4 5. a) period 5 2p, amplitude 5 18,
1 equation of the axis is y 5 0;
52 y 5 18 sin x
2
b) period 5 4p, amplitude 5 6,
asin b 2 acos b
2 11p 2 11p
6 6 equation of the axis is y 5 22;
b) u 5 25.50, u 5 22.36, u 5 0.79,
!3 2
y 5 26 sin (0.5x) 2 2
5 a2 b 2 a
1 2
b
u 5 3.93
c) period 5 6p, amplitude 5 2.5,
2 2 c) i) tn 5 np, nPI
equation of the axis is y 5 6.5;
1 3 p
ii) tn 5 1 2np, nPI y 5 22.5 cos Q 3 xR 1 6.5
5 2 1
4 4 2
1 3p d) period 5 4p, amplitude 5 2,
52 iii) tn 5 1 2np, nPI
2 2 equation of the axis is y 5 21;
2asin a bb 2 1 y 5 22 cos Q 2 xR 2 1
2 11p p 1
3. a) tn 5 1 np, nPI
6 2
b) tn 5 2np, nPI 6. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 4, vertical
5 asin2 b 2 acos2 b
11p 11p
c) tn 5 2p 1 2np, nPI translation 3 units up
6 6 4. The two graphs appear to be identical.
16. AB 5 16; 5. a) tn 5 np, nPI
8 !2 p
8 !2
sin D 5 5 ; b) tn 5 1 np, nPI
2
!2
2
8
cos D 5 5 ;
8!2 2 Lesson 6.4, pp. 343–346
8 p
tan D 5 5 1 1. a) period: 2
8
17. a) The first and second quadrants both amplitude: 0.5 b) reflection in the x–axis, horizontal
have a positive y-value. horizontal translation: 0 stretch by a factor of 4
b) The first quadrant has a positive y-value, equation of the axis: y 5 0
and the fourth quadrant has a negative b) period: 2p
y-value. amplitude: 1
p
c) The first quadrant has a positive x-value, horizontal translation: 4
and the second quadrant has a negative equation of the axis: y 5 3
x-value. 2p
c) period: 3
d) The first quadrant has a positive x-value
and a positive y-value, and the third amplitude: 2
quadrant has a negative x-value and a horizontal translation: 0 c) horizontal translation p to the right,
negative y-value. equation of the axis: y 5 21 vertical translation 1 unit down
18. 1 d) period: p
19. cos 150° 8 20.26 amplitude: 5
20. The ranges of the cosecant and secant p
horizontal translation: 6
functions are both 5 yPR 0 21 $ y or equation of the axis: y 5 22
y $ 16. In other words, the values of these 2. Only the last one is cut off.
functions can never be between 21 and 1. 3. y
For the values of these functions to be 6
between 21 and 1, the values of the sine 1
4 d) horizontal compression by a factor of 4 ,
and cosine functions would have to be
2 p
greater than 1 and less than 21, which is x
horizontal translation 6 to the left
never the case. 0
– 3p – p – p p p 3p
2!3 2 3 4 2 4 4 2 4
21.
4 p
period: 2
Lesson 6.3, p. 336 amplitude: 2
p
horizontal translation: 4 to the left
1. a) y 5 sin u and y 5 cos u have the same
period, axis, amplitude, maximum value, equation of the axis: y 5 4
minimum value, domain, and range.
They have different y- and u-intercepts.

654 Answers NEL

 1 c) y 15.
7. a) f (x) 5 cos x 1 3 Start with graph of y 5 sin x.
2 120

b) f (x) 5 cos a2 xb
1 110
2 100 Reflect in the x-axis and stretch
c) f (x) 5 3 cos ax 2 b
p 90 vertically by a factor of 2 to produce
2 80 graph of y 5 22 sin x.
d) f (x) 5 cos a2ax 1 bb
p x
0 1 2 3 4
2 –20
8. a) y Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2 to
6 produce graph of y 5 22 sin (0.5x).
d) The range for the function is between
4
80 and 120. The range means the
2 p
x
lowest blood pressure is 80 and the
Translate 4 units to the right to produce
0 p p 3p 2p highest blood pressure is 120.
graph of y 5 22 sin Q0.5Qx 2 4 RR.
–2 2 2 y p
10. a) 30

Horizontal distance from

20
b) y
4 10

centre (cm)
x Translate 3 units up to produce graph
2
of y 5 22 sin Q0.5Qx 2 4 RR 1 3.
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 p
–10
0 p p 3p 2p
–2 2 2 –20

–4 –30 16. a) 100 m

–6 Time (s) b) 400 m
c) 300 m
b) There is a vertical stretch by a factor of
c) y
d) 80 s
20, followed by a horizontal compression
6 2
e) about 23.561 94 m>s
by a of factor of 5p, and then a horizontal
4
translation 0.2 to the left.
2 Mid-Chapter Review, p. 349
c) y 5 20 sin a
x 5p
0 p p 3p 2p
(x 1 0.2)b
2 2
2 1. a) 22.5°
–2
11. a) y b) 720°
Distance above the ground (cm)

60 c) 286.5°
d) y
50 d) 165°
6
40
2. a) 125° 8 2.2 radians
4
b) 450° 8 7.9 radians
30
2 c) 5° 8 0.1 radians
x 20
0 p p 3p 2p
d) 330° 8 5.8 radians
10
–2 2 2 x e) 215° 8 3.8 radians
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 f) 2140° 8 22.4 radians
e) y Time (s) 3. a) 20p
4p radians> s
x

Answers
b)
0 p p 3p 2p
–2 2 2
b) vertical stretch by a factor of 25, c) 380p cm
"2
reflection in the x-axis, vertical
–4
translation 27 units up, horizontal 4. a)
–6 1 3 2
compression by a factor of 0 k 0 5 2p 1
b) 2
c) y 5 225 cos a
f) y
2p 2
x
xb 1 27
3 c) 2"3
0 p p 3p 2p
"3
–2 2 2
2p
12.
7 d) 2
–4 3
Answers may vary. For example, Q 13 , 5R.
14p
–6 13. e) 0
14. a) y 5 cos (4px) 1
f) 2
b) y 5 22 sin a xb
9.
6
a) The period of the function is 5 . p 2
4 5. a) about 1.78
This represents the time between one
b) about 0.86
c) y 5 4 sin a (x 2 10)b 2 1
beat of a person’s heart and the next beat. p
20 c) about 1.46
b) 80
d) about 4.44
e) about 0.98
f) about 4.91

NEL Answers 655

 p Lesson 6.5, p. 353 c) period 5 2p
6. a) sin
6 y
3
3p 1. a) tn 5 np, nPI
b) cot b) no maximum value 2
4
c) no minimum value 1
p
c) sec p
2 2. a) tn 5 1 np, nPI –2p –p 0 p 2p
5p 2 –1
d) cos b) no maximum value
6 –2
c) no minimum value
7. a) x 5 0, 6p, 62p, c; y 5 0 3. a) tn 5 np, nPI –3
p 3p 5p p
b) x 5 6 , 6 , 6 , c; y 5 1 b) tn 5 1 np, nPI d) period 5 4p
2 2 2 2 y
c) x 5 0, 6p, 62p, c; y 5 0 3
4.
8. a) y 2
8 1
x
–2p –p 0 p 2p
4 –1
–2

0 –3
– 3p –p – p p p 3p x
2 2 2 2
–4 25.50, 22.35, 0.79, 3.93
5. Yes, the graphs of y 5 csc Qx 1 2 R and
p
Lesson 6.6, pp. 360–362
–8 y 5 sec x are identical.
y 5 3 cos a ax 1 bb 1 2
2 p
1.
b) y 3 4
2 2. 2, 0.5, y 8 0.973 94
3. y
x 6
0
– 3p –p – p p p 3p 4
2 2 2 2
2
–2 x
–2p 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p
6. Answers may vary. For example, reflect 2 2 –2 2 2
c) y
the graph of y 5 tan x across the y-axis
6 p
and then translate the graph 2 units to x 5 1.3
4
the left. 4. amplitude and equation of the axis
2 5. a) the radius of the circle in which the
x 7. a) period 5 2p
0 tip of the sparkler is moving
– 3p –p – p p p 3p y
2 2 2 2 6 b) the time it takes Mike to make one
d) y 4 complete circle with the sparkler
0.5 2 c) the height above the ground of the
x x centre of the circle in which the tip
–2p– 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p –2p– 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p of the sparkler is moving
2 2 2 2 2 2 –2 2 2
–0.5 d) cosine function
–4
6. y 5 90 sin a xb 1 30
p
e) y –6
8 12
7. y 5 250 cos a xb 1 750
6 2p
b) period 5 p
4 3
y
6
8. y 5 21.25 sin a xb 1 1.5
2 4
x 4
0
5
– 3p –p – p p p 3p
2 y
2 2 2 2
x 3
Height above the

f) y x 0
– 3p –p – p p p 3p 2
floor (m)

0 2 2 –2 2 2
– 3p –p – p p p 3p
1
2 2 2 2
–4 x
–2 –6 0 p p 3p 2p
–1 2 2

–4 Total distance
travelled (m)

9. y 5 sin a23ax 1 bb 2 23
1 p
3 8

656 Answers NEL

 9. 0.98 min , t , 1.52 min, 1 3 p p
6. a) x 5 , x 5 (The interval 2 4 , x , 4 was used.)
3.48 min , t , 4.02 min, 4 4 Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change
5.98 min , t , 6.52 min b) x 5 0, x 5 1 of f (x) 5 3 sin x is at its maximum three
y 1 3 times more than the instantaneous rate of
Height above the 60 c) x 5 , x 5
ground (m)
40
2 2 change of f (x) 5 sin x. However, there
7. a) about 20.7459 are points where the instantaneous rate of
20
b) about 21.310 change is the same for the two functions.
0 x p
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 c) 0 For example, at x 5 2 , it is 0 for both
Time (min) 8. negative functions.
9. a) R(t) 5 4.5 cos a
p 15. a) 21, 0, 1, 0, and 21
tb 1 20.2
a) y 5 3.7 sin a
2p
10. xb 1 12 12 b) y
365 b) fastest: t 5 6 months, t 5 18 months, 4
b) y 8 13.87 hours t 5 30 months, t 5 42 months; 2

T(t) 5 16.2 sin a

2p slowest: t 5 0 months, t 5 12 months,
11. (t 2 116)b 1 1.4, 0
365 t 5 24 months, t 5 36 months, – 3p –p – p p p 3p x
2 2 –2 2 2
0 , t , 111 and 304 , t , 365 t 5 48 months
about 1.164 mice per owl> s
–4
12. The student should graph the height of c)
the nail above the ground as a function 10. a) i) 0.25 t> h –6

of the total distance travelled by the nail, ii) about 0.2588 t> h The function is f (x) 5 cos x. Based on
because the nail would not be travelling at iii) 0.2612 t> h this information, the derivative of
a constant speed. If the student graphed b) The estimate calculated in part iii) is f (x) 5 sin x is cos x.
the height of the nail above the ground as the most accurate. The smaller the 16. a) 0, 1, 0, 21, and 0
a function of time, the graph would not interval, the more accurate the estimate. b) y
be sinusoidal. 11. a) y 4
8
Distance from rest

13. minute hand: 2

position (cm)

D(t) 5 15 cos Q 30 tR 1 300;

p 4
x
0 0 p 3p x
second hand: 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 – 3p –p – p p
–4 2 2 –2 2 2
D(t) 5 15 cos (2pt) 1 300; –4
–8
hour hand: Time (s) –6
D(t) 5 8 cos Q 360 tR 1 300
p
b) half of one cycle The function is f (x) 5 2sin x. Based
c) 214.4 cm> s on this information, the derivative of
Lesson 6.7, pp. 369–373 d) The bob is moving the fastest when it f (x) 5 cos x is 2sin x.
passes through its rest position. You can
1. a) 0 , x , p, p , x , 2p tell because the images of the balls are
p p 3p 5p Chapter Review, pp. 376–377
b) 2 , x , , ,x, farthest apart at this point.
2 2 2 2 e) The pendulum’s rest position is halfway 33
p 3p 5p 1.
c) ,x, , , x , 3p between the maximum and minimum 16
2 2 2 values on the graph. Therefore, at this 2. 70p
p 5p point, the pendulum’s instantaneous p
2. a) x 5 , x 5 3. a) radians

Answers
4 4 rate of change is at its maximum. 9
p 5p 12. a) 0 25p
b) 20.5 m> s
b) x 5 , x 5 b) radians
2 2 18
c) x 5 0, x 5 2p 13. a) u 8p
0.20
3. 0 0.15 c) radians
0.10 9
4. a) about 0.465 0.05 7p
b) 0 –0.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t
d) radians
–0.10
3
c) about 20.5157 –0.15 4. a) 45° c) 480°
d) about 21.554 –0.20
b) 2225° d) 2120°
p
5. a) 0 , x , , p , x ,
3p b) 0.2 radians> s 5p 3p
2 2 c) Answers may vary. For example, 5. a) c)
6 4
p 5p about 2 23 radians>s. 4p 7p
b) 0 , x , , p , x , b) d)
4 4 d) t 5 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 3 6
p p 5p 3p 14. Answers may vary. For example, for x 5 0, 12
c) ,x, , ,x, 6. a) tan u 5
4 2 4 2 the instantaneous rate of change of 13
f (x) 5 sin x is approximately 0.9003, 13
while the instantaneous rate of change of b) sec u 5 2
5
f (x) 5 3 sin x is approximately 2.7009.
c) about 5.14
7. 2.00

NEL Answers 657

 8. a) 2p radians 3 Horizontal compressions and stretches
19. a) x 5 s
b) 2p radians 4 move locations of zeros, maximums,
c) p radians b) the time between one beat of a person’s and minimums toward or away from
y 5 5 sin ax 1 b12
p heart and the next beat the y-axis by the reciprocal of the scale
9.
3 c) 140 factor; instantaneous rates of change are
d) 2129 multiplied by the reciprocal of scale
y 5 23 cos a2ax 1 bb 2 1
p
10. factor.
4
11. a) reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch Vertical translations change location of
Chapter Self-Test, p. 378
by a factor of 19, vertical translation zeros or remove them; maximum and
9 units down 1. y 5 sec x minimum values are increased or
b) horizontal compression by a factor of 2. sec 2p decreased by the amount of the
1 p 3. y 8 108.5 translation, but locations are
10
, horizontal translation 12 to the left
10 4. about 0.31 °C per day unchanged; instantaneous rates of
c) vertical compression by a factor of 11 , 3p 5p 2p change are unchanged.
p 5. , 110°, , 113°, and
horizontal translation 9 to the right, 5 8 3 Horizontal translations move location
of zeros by the same amount as the
y 5 sin ax 1 b
vertical translation 3 units up 5p
d) reflection in the x-axis, reflection in the y- 6. translation; maximum and minimum
8
axis, horizontal translation p to the right 7. y 8 230 values are unchanged, but locations are
12. a) y moved by the same amount as the
a) 23 cos a xb 1 22
5 p
8. translation; instantaneous rates of
4 12
change are unchanged, but locations are
3 b) about 0.5 °C per hour
moved by the same amount as the
2 c) about 0 °C per hour
translation.
1
x b) For y 5 cos x, the answer is the same as
0 1 1 1 1 Cumulative Review Chapters 4–6, in part a), except that a horizontal
–1 240 120 80 60
–2
pp. 380–383 reflection does not affect instantaneous
rates of change. For y 5 tan x, the
–3 1. (d) 9. (c) 17. (d) 25. (b) answer is also the same as in part a),
–4 2. (b) 10. (c) 18. (b) 26. (d) except that nothing affects the
–5 3. (a) 11. (d) 19. (b) 27. (a) maximum and minimum values, since
1 4. (c) 12. (a) 20. (b) 28. (c) there are no maximum or minimum
b) 5. (a) 13. (d) 21. (d) 29. (b) values for y 5 tan x.
60
1 6. (b) 14. (c) 22. (c)
c) 7. (a) 15. (d) 23. (a)
240
1 8. (c) 16. (a) 24. (d) Chapter 7
d) 30. a) If x is the length in centimetres of a side
80
of one of the corners that have been cut Getting Started, p. 386
13. a) 2p radians
out, the volume of the box is 2 5
b) 2p radians 1. a) 1 d) or 2
c) p radians (50 2 2x) (40 2 2x)x cm3. 3 2
e) 21 6 "2
22
14. a) the radius of the circle in which the b) 5 cm or 10 cm b) 2
7
3 6 "21
bumblebee is flying c) x 8 7.4 cm
b) the time that the bumblebee takes to d) 3 , x , 12.8 c) 8 or 23 f)
31. a) The zeros of f (x) are x 5 2 or x 5 3. 6
fly one complete circle
The zero of g(x) is x 5 3. The zero of 2. To do this, you must show that the two
c) the height, above the ground, of the
f (x) g(x) distances are equal:
is x 5 2. !5
centre of the circle in which the does not have any
DAB 5 #(2 2 1) 2 1 Q 2 2 0 R 5
g(x) f (x) 1 2
bumblebee is flying ;
zeros. 2
d) cosine function
!5
DCD 5 #Q0 2 2 R 1 (6 2 5) 2 5
f (x)
P(m) 5 7250 cos a mb 1 7750
p b) has a hole at x 5 3; no asymptotes. 1 2
.
15. g(x) 2
6
g(x)
h(t) 5 30 sin a t 2 b 1 150
5p p has an asymptote at x 5 2 and Since the distances are equal, the line
16. f (x)
3 2 segments are the same length.
y 5 0.
17. a) 0 , x , 5p, 10p , x , 15p f (x) g(x) 8 15 8
c) x 5 1; 3. a) sin A 5 , cos A 5 , tan A 5 ,
b) 2.5p , x , 7.5p,
g(x)
: y 5 x 2 2, f (x) : y 5 2x 17 17 15
12.5p , x , 17.5p 32. a) Vertical compressions and stretches do 17 17 15
c) 0 , x , 2.5p, csc A 5 , sec A 5 , cot A 5
not affect location of zeros; maximum 8 15 8
7.5p , x , 12.5p and minimum values are multiplied b) 0.5 radians
1 by the scale factor, but locations are c) 61.9°
18. a) x 5 0, x 5
2 unchanged; instantaneous rates of
1 5
b) x 5 , x 5 change are multiplied by the scale
8 8 factor.
3 7
c) x 5 , x 5
8 8

658 Answers NEL

 8. a) 2p radians 3 Horizontal compressions and stretches
19. a) x 5 s
b) 2p radians 4 move locations of zeros, maximums,
c) p radians b) the time between one beat of a person’s and minimums toward or away from
y 5 5 sin ax 1 b12
p heart and the next beat the y-axis by the reciprocal of the scale
9.
3 c) 140 factor; instantaneous rates of change are
d) 2129 multiplied by the reciprocal of scale
y 5 23 cos a2ax 1 bb 2 1
p
10. factor.
4
11. a) reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch Vertical translations change location of
Chapter Self-Test, p. 378
by a factor of 19, vertical translation zeros or remove them; maximum and
9 units down 1. y 5 sec x minimum values are increased or
b) horizontal compression by a factor of 2. sec 2p decreased by the amount of the
1 p 3. y 8 108.5 translation, but locations are
10
, horizontal translation 12 to the left
10 4. about 0.31 °C per day unchanged; instantaneous rates of
c) vertical compression by a factor of 11 , 3p 5p 2p change are unchanged.
p 5. , 110°, , 113°, and
horizontal translation 9 to the right, 5 8 3 Horizontal translations move location
of zeros by the same amount as the
y 5 sin ax 1 b
vertical translation 3 units up 5p
d) reflection in the x-axis, reflection in the y- 6. translation; maximum and minimum
8
axis, horizontal translation p to the right 7. y 8 230 values are unchanged, but locations are
12. a) y moved by the same amount as the
a) 23 cos a xb 1 22
5 p
8. translation; instantaneous rates of
4 12
change are unchanged, but locations are
3 b) about 0.5 °C per hour
moved by the same amount as the
2 c) about 0 °C per hour
translation.
1
x b) For y 5 cos x, the answer is the same as
0 1 1 1 1 Cumulative Review Chapters 4–6, in part a), except that a horizontal
–1 240 120 80 60
–2
pp. 380–383 reflection does not affect instantaneous
rates of change. For y 5 tan x, the
–3 1. (d) 9. (c) 17. (d) 25. (b) answer is also the same as in part a),
–4 2. (b) 10. (c) 18. (b) 26. (d) except that nothing affects the
–5 3. (a) 11. (d) 19. (b) 27. (a) maximum and minimum values, since
1 4. (c) 12. (a) 20. (b) 28. (c) there are no maximum or minimum
b) 5. (a) 13. (d) 21. (d) 29. (b) values for y 5 tan x.
60
1 6. (b) 14. (c) 22. (c)
c) 7. (a) 15. (d) 23. (a)
240
1 8. (c) 16. (a) 24. (d) Chapter 7
d) 30. a) If x is the length in centimetres of a side
80
of one of the corners that have been cut Getting Started, p. 386
13. a) 2p radians
out, the volume of the box is 2 5
b) 2p radians 1. a) 1 d) or 2
c) p radians (50 2 2x) (40 2 2x)x cm3. 3 2
e) 21 6 "2
22
14. a) the radius of the circle in which the b) 5 cm or 10 cm b) 2
7
3 6 "21
bumblebee is flying c) x 8 7.4 cm
b) the time that the bumblebee takes to d) 3 , x , 12.8 c) 8 or 23 f)
31. a) The zeros of f (x) are x 5 2 or x 5 3. 6
fly one complete circle
The zero of g(x) is x 5 3. The zero of 2. To do this, you must show that the two
c) the height, above the ground, of the
f (x) g(x) distances are equal:
is x 5 2. !5
centre of the circle in which the does not have any
DAB 5 #(2 2 1) 2 1 Q 2 2 0 R 5
g(x) f (x) 1 2
bumblebee is flying ;
zeros. 2
d) cosine function
!5
DCD 5 #Q0 2 2 R 1 (6 2 5) 2 5
f (x)
P(m) 5 7250 cos a mb 1 7750
p b) has a hole at x 5 3; no asymptotes. 1 2
.
15. g(x) 2
6
g(x)
h(t) 5 30 sin a t 2 b 1 150
5p p has an asymptote at x 5 2 and Since the distances are equal, the line
16. f (x)
3 2 segments are the same length.
y 5 0.
17. a) 0 , x , 5p, 10p , x , 15p f (x) g(x) 8 15 8
c) x 5 1; 3. a) sin A 5 , cos A 5 , tan A 5 ,
b) 2.5p , x , 7.5p,
g(x)
: y 5 x 2 2, f (x) : y 5 2x 17 17 15
12.5p , x , 17.5p 32. a) Vertical compressions and stretches do 17 17 15
c) 0 , x , 2.5p, csc A 5 , sec A 5 , cot A 5
not affect location of zeros; maximum 8 15 8
7.5p , x , 12.5p and minimum values are multiplied b) 0.5 radians
1 by the scale factor, but locations are c) 61.9°
18. a) x 5 0, x 5
2 unchanged; instantaneous rates of
1 5
b) x 5 , x 5 change are multiplied by the scale
8 8 factor.
3 7
c) x 5 , x 5
8 8

658 Answers NEL

 4. a) y Lesson 7.1, pp. 392–393 6. a) Assume the circle is a unit circle. Let
the coordinates of Q be (x, y). Since P
4 1. a) Answers may vary. For example: and Q are reflections of each other in
2 y 5 cos (u 1 2p), y 5 cos (u 1 4p), the line y 5 x, the coordinates of P are
P(–2, 2) u x y 5 cos (u 2 2p) ( y, x). Draw a line from P to the positive
–4 –2 0 2 4
b) y 5 sin au 1 b, y 5 sin au 2 b,
p 3p x-axis. The hypotenuse of the new right
–2
triangle makes an angle of Q 2 2 uR with
2 2 p

–4
y 5 sin au 1 b
5p the positive x-axis. Since the x-coordinate
of P is y, cos Q 2 2 uR 5 y. Also, since
2 p
p 3p 2. a) y 5 csc u is odd, csc (2u) 5 2csc u;
b) radians c) radians the y-coordinate of Q is y, sin u 5 y.
4 4 y 5 sec u is even, sec (2u) 5 sec u;
!2 !2 !2 "2 Therefore, cos Q 2 2 uR 5 sin u.
p
A: a b ; F: a2 b;
y 5 cot u is odd, cot (2u) 5 2cot u
5. a) , ,2
2 2 2 2 b) y 5 cot (2u) is the graph of y 5 cot u b) Assume the circle is a unit circle. Let
1 !3 1 !3 reflected across the y-axis; y 5 2cot u
B: a , b; G: a2 ,2 b;
the coordinates of the vertex on the
2 2 2 2 is the graph of y 5 cot u reflected circle of the right triangle in the first
1 !3 1 !3 across the x-axis. Both of these quadrant be (x, y). Then sin u 5 y, so
C: a2 , b ; H: a ,2 b; transformations result in the same graph. 2sin u 5 2y. The point on the circle
2 2 2 2
!3 1 !2 !2 y 5 csc (2u) is the graph of y 5 csc u that results from rotating the vertex by
D: a2 , b ; I: a ,2 b; reflected across the y-axis; y 5 2csc u is
p
counterclockwise about the origin
2 2 2 2 2
!3 1 !3 1
the graph of y 5 csc u reflected across has coordinates (2y, x), so
E: a2 ,2 b ; J: a ,2 b the x-axis. Both of these transformations p
2 2 2 2 cosQ 2 1 uR 5 2y. Therefore,
result in the same graph. y 5 sec (2u)
!2 1 is the graph of y 5 sec u reflected across p
b) i) 2 ii) 2 iii) 21 iv) 2 cosQ 2 1 uR 5 2sin u.
2 2 the y-axis. This results in the same graph 7. a) true
6. a) If the angle x is in the second quadrant: as y 5 sec u.
b) false; Answers may vary. For example:
3 4 p p 3p p p
sin x 5 ; cos x 5 2 ; 3. a) cos c) cot e) cos Let u 5 2 . Then the left side is sin 2 ,
5 5 3 8 8 p
p 3p p or 1. The right side is 2sin 2 , or 21.
5 5 4 b) sin d) sin f ) cot
csc x 5 ; sec x 5 2 ; cot x 5 2 . 12 16 3 c) false; Answers may vary. For example:
3 4 3
4. a) csc u 5 sec a 2 ub;
p Let u 5 p. Then the left side is cos p,
If the angle x is in the fourth quadrant: or 21. The right side is 2cos 5p, or 1.
2
3 4 5
sec u 5 csc a 2 ub;
p d) false; Answers may vary. For example:
sin x 5 2 ; cos x 5 ; csc x 5 2 ; p 3p
5 5 3 2 Let u 5 4 . Then the left side is tan 4 ,
cot u 5 tan a 2 ub "2 "2
5 4 p p
sec x 5 ; cot x 5 2 2 or 2 2 . The right side is tan 4 , or 2 .
4 3
b) y 5 tan Q 2 2 uR 5 tan Q2 Qu 2 2 RR;
b) If x is in the second quadrant, x 5 2.5. p p e) false; Answers may vary. For example:
3p
If x is in the fourth quadrant, x 5 5.6. Let u 5 p. Then the left side is cot 4 ,
This is the graph of y 5 tan u reflected p
7. a) true d) false p or 21. The right side is tan 4 , or 1.
b) true e) true across the y-axis and translated 2 to the
f ) false; Answers may vary. For example:
c) false f ) true right, which is identical to the graph of p

Answers
y 5 cot u. Let u 5 2 . Then the left side is
8.
sin 2 , or 1. The right side is sin Q2 2 R,
Perform a vertical stretch/compression
y 5 csc Q 2 2 uR 5 csc Q2 Qu 2 2 RR;
5p p
by a factor of 0 a 0.
p p

This is the graph of y 5 csc u reflected or 21.

p
1 across the y-axis and translated 2 to the
Use ` k ` to determine the horizontal right, which is identical to the graph of Lesson 7.2, pp. 400–401
stretch/compression. y 5 sec u.
1. a) sin 3a b) cos 7x
y 5 sec Q 2 2 uR 5 sec Q2 Qu 2 2 RR;
p p
2. a) tan 60° ; !3
p 1
b) cos ;
Use a and k to determine whether This is the graph of y 5 sec u reflected 3 2
the function is reflected in the y-axis p p p
across the y-axis and translated 2 to the 3. a) 30° 1 45° d) 2
or the x-axis. 4 6
right, which is identical to the graph of
b) 30° 2 45° e) 60° 1 45°
y 5 csc u. p p p p
p p c) 2 f) 1
Perform a vertical translation of c units 5. a) sin d) cos 6 3 2 3
up or down. 8 6 !2 1 !6 !2 2 !6
p 3p 4. a) d)
b) 2cos e) 2sin 4 4
!2 1 !6 !2 2 !6
12 8
Perform a horizontal translation of p p b) e)
c) tan f ) 2tan 4 4
c) 2 1 !3 f ) 22 1 !3
d units to the right or the left. 4 3

NEL Answers 659

 1 1
5 (2) aasin b acos b acos2 b
14. y C C D
5. a) 2 d) 2 Write sin a in terms of r .
2 2 2 2 2
!2 !3
1 asin b acos b acos2 b
b) 2 e) D D C
2 3 2 2 2
!3
Solve for x using the Pythagorean
1 asin b acos b asin b
c) 1 f) 2 theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2. D D 2 C
2 2 2 2
6. a) 2sin x d) tan x
1 asin b acos b asin b)
C C 2 D
b) sin x e) 2sin x
Since aP S 0, 2 T , choose the positive
p 2 2 2
c) 2sin x f ) 2tan x
5 (2)asin bacos b acos2 1 sin2 b
C C D D
7. a) sin (p 1 x) is equivalent to sin x value of x and determine cos a. 2 2 2 2
translated p to the left, which is
1 2asin b acos b acos2 1 sin2 b
equivalent to 2sin x. D D C C

b) cos Qx 1 2 R is equivalent to cos x

3p y 2 2 2 2
Write sin b in terms of r .
5 (2) asin b acos b
3p C C
translated 2 to the left, which is 2 2
equivalent to sin x.
b acos b
Solve for x using the Pythagorean
c) cos Qx 1 2 R is equivalent to cos x
p D D
theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2. 1 2asin
2 2
p
translated 2 to the left, which is
5 sin a2a bb 1 sin a2a bb
C D
equivalent to 2sin x.
2 2
Since bP S 0, 2 T , choose the
d) tan (x 1 p) is equivalent to tan x p
5 sin C 1 sin D
translated p to the left, which is
positive value of x and determine cos b. cot x cot y 2 1
equivalent to tan x. 17. cot (x 1 y) 5
e) sin (x 2 p) is equivalent to sin x cot x 1 cot y
translated p to the right, which is 18. Let C 5 x 1 y and let D 5 x 2 y.
equivalent to 2sin x. Use the formula cos C 1 cos D
f ) tan (2p 2 x) is equivalent to cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b 5 cos (x 1 y) 1 cos (x 2 y)
tan (2x), which is equivalent to tan x to evaluate cos (a 1 b). 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y
reflected in the y-axis, which is 1 cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y
equivalent to 2tan x. 15. See compound angle formulas listed on 5 2 cos x cos y
!6 2 !2 !2 2 !6
p. 399. C1D x1y1x2y
The two sine formulas are the same, 5 5x
8. a) d) 2 2
4 4
b) 22 1 !3 e) 22 2 !3
except for the operators. Remembering that C2D x1y2x1y
the same operator is used on both the left 5 5y
2 !2 2 !6
2 2
c) f ) 22 2 !3 and right sides in both equations will help So cos C 1 cos D
4
5 2 cos a b cos a b
you remember the formulas. C1D C2D
63 56 Similarly, the two cosine formulas are the
9. a) d) 2 2
65 65 same, except for the operators. 19. Let C 5 x 1 y and let D 5 x 2 y.
16 16 Remembering that the operator on the left
b) 2 e) 2 cos C 2 cos D
65 63 side is the opposite of the operator on the 5 cos (x 1 y) 2 cos (x 2 y)
33 56 right side in both equations will help you
c) 2 f) 2 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y
65 33 remember the formulas. 2 (cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y)
323 323 The two tangent formulas are the same,
10. ; 5 22 sin x sin y
325 36 except for the operators in the numerator C1D x1y1x2y
11. a) cos a 2 xb
p and the denominator on the right side. 5 5x
2 2
2 Remembering that the operators in the C2D x1y2x1y
p p 5 5y
5 cos cos x 1 sin sin x numerator and the denominator are 2 2
2 2
5 (0) (cos x) 1 (1) (sin x) opposite in both equations, and that the So cos C 2 cos D
5 22 sin a b sin a b
5 0 1 sin x operator in the numerator is the same as C1D C2D
the operator on the left side, will help you 2 2
5 sin x
remember the formulas.
b) sin a 2 xb
p
2 sin a b cos a b
C1D C2D Lesson 7.3, pp. 407–408
2 16.
p p 2 2
5 sin 2 cos x 2 cos 2 sin x 1. a) sin 10x d) tan 8x
5 (2) aasin b acos b
5 (1) (cos x) 2 (0) (sin x) C D b) cos 2u e) 2 sin 2u
5 cos x 2 0 2 2 c) cos 6x f ) cos u
5 cos x p !3
1 acos b asin bb aacos b
C D C
b) 2 !3 sin x
2. a) sin 90°; 1 d) cos ;
12. a) 0 2 2 2 6 2
13. tan f , cos f 2 0, cos g 2 0 1 3p !2
b) cos 60°; e) cos ;2
3 acos b 1 asin basin bb
D C D
2 4 2
2 2 2 p 1 !3
c) sin ; f ) sin 120°;
6 2 2

660 Answers NEL

 3. a) 2 sin 2u cos 2u 2p !3 14.
Write sin a in terms of r .
y
b) 2 sin2 (1.5x) 2 1 b) sin 5
3 2
2 tan (0.5x)
sin 4a b 5 4 sin
c) 2p 2p 2p
1 2 tan2 (0.5x) cos
3 3 3 Solve for x using the Pythagorean
d) cos2 3u 2 sin2 3u 2p 2p
e) 2 sin (0.5x) cos (0.5x) 2 8 sin3 cos theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2.
3 3
2 tan (2.5u) !3
5 (4) a b a2 b
f) 8p 1
1 2 tan2 (2.5u) sin
3 2 2
!3 3
24 7 Choose the negative value of x since
2 (8) a b a2 b
1
4. sin 2u 5 , cos 2u 5 2 , aP S 2 , p T , and determine cos a.
p
25 25 2 2
3 !3
24
2 (24) a b
tan 2u 5 2 8p 4"3
7 sin 52
3 4 8
4 !3 3 !3
336 527 x
Write cos a in terms of r .
2 a2 b
5. sin 2u 5 2 , cos 2u 5 , 8p
625 625 sin 52
3 4 2
4 !3 6 !3
336
2 a2 b
tan 2u 5 2 8p
527 sin 52
3 4 4 Use the formula sin 2a 5 2 sin a cos a
4 !3 6 !3
120 119 to evaluate sin 2a.
6. sin 2u 5 2 , cos 2u 5 2 , 8p
169 169 sin 52 12
3 4 4
120 15. a) Use the formula sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x
tan 2u 5 8p 2!3
119 sin 5 to determine that
3 4
!3
24 7 sin 2x
7. sin 2u 5 2 , cos 2u 5 , 8p sin x cos x 5 2 .
25 25 sin 5 sin 2x
3 2 Then graph the function f (x) 5 2
24
tan 2u 5 2 12. a) cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u by vertically compressing f (x) 5 sin x
7 sin 2u 5 2 cos u sin u 1
1 by a factor of 2 and horizontally
8. a 5 sin 3u 5 (sin 2u 1 u) 1
2 5 (2 cos u sin u) (cos u) compressing it by a factor of 2 .
p
9. Jim can find the sine of 8 by using 1 (cos2 u 2 sin2 u) (sin u) y
the formula cos 2x 5 1 2 2 sin2 x and 0.5
5 2 cos2 u sin u 1 cos2 u sin u
isolating sin x on one side of the equation. 2 sin3 u
When he does this, the formula becomes 5 3 cos2 u sin u 2 sin3 u
x
sin x 5 6 $
1 2 cos 2x p b) cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
. The cosine of 4
2
sin 2u 5 2 cos u sin u –p – p 0 p p
p 2 2
!2 p 1 2 cos 4 cos 3u 5 (cos 2u 1 u)
Å
is 2 , so sin 8 5 6
2 5 (cos2 u 2 sin2 u) (cos u)
–0.5
"2 2 !2 2 (2 cos u sin u) (sin u)
56 2
. 5 cos3 u 2 cos x sin2 u
p
b) Use the formula cos 2x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1
Since 8 is in the first quadrant, the sign of 2 2 cos u sin2 u to determine that
p 5 cos3 u 2 3 cos u sin2 u 2 cos2 x 5 cos 2x 1 1.
sin 8 is positive.
2 tan u Then graph the function
p c) tan 2u 5

Answers
10. Marion can find the cosine of 12 by using 1 2 tan2 u f (x) 5 cos 2x 1 1 by horizontally
the formula cos 2x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1 and tan 3u 5 (tan 2u 1 u) compressing f (x) 5 cos x by a factor of
isolating cos x on one side of the equation. 2 tan u 1
1 2 tan2 u 1 tan u 2
and vertically translating it 1 unit up.
When she does this, the formula becomes 5
1 2 Q 2 tan u2 R tan u y
cos x 5 6 $
1 1 cos 2x p 1 2 tan u 2
2
. The cosine of 6 is
2 tan u 1 tan u 2 tan3 u
p
!3 p 1 1 cos 6 1 2 tan2 u
5 1 2 tan2 u 2 2 tan2 u
Å
2
, so cos 12 5 6
2 1 2 tan2 u 1
"2 1 !3 3 tan u 2 tan3 u
56 . 5
2 1 2 3 tan2 u x
p
Since 12 is in the first quadrant, the sign of 4"2 "3 –p – p 0 p p
p 13. a) 2 c) 2 2
cos 12 is positive. 9 3
11. a) sin 4x
7 10"2 –1
b) 2 d) 2
5 (2) (2 sin x cos x) (cos 2x) 9 27
2 tan x
5 (2) (2 sin x cos x) (1 2 2 sin2 x) c) Use the formula tan 2x 5 1 2 tan2 x
5 (4 sin x cos x) (1 2 2 sin2 x) tan x tan 2x
to determine that 1 2 tan2 x 5 2 .
5 4 sin x cos x 2 8 sin3 x cos x

NEL Answers 661

 Then graph the function f (x) 5 2
tan 2x !2 !2 3. a) C; sin x cot x 5 cos x
c) cos x 2 sin x b) D; 1 2 2 sin2 x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1
by vertically compressing f (x) 5 tan x 2 2
1 1 !3 c) B; (sin x 1 cos x) 2 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x
by a factor of 2 and horizontally d) 2 sin x 2 cos x d) A; sec2 x 5 sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 tan2 x
1
2 2
compressing it by a factor of 2 . 4. a) sin x cot x 5 cos x
5. a) !3
1
c) LS 5 sin x cot x
y 2
4
5 (sin x) a b
b) 0 d) 1 cos x
2 6. a) tan 2x d) cos x sin x
x b) sin x e) !2(cos x 2 sin x) sin x cos x
–p – p 0 p p tan x 2 1 5
2 –2 2 c) sin x f) sin x
1 1 tan x 5 cos x
–4
7. 2 !3 cos ax 1 b
p 5 RS
3 b) 1 2 2 sin2 x 5 2 cos2 x 2 1
16. a)
tan21 x
5 tan21 y 1 !2 1 2 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 1 1 5 0
2 8. a) 2 c) 2 2 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0
2 2
cos21 x 1 2 2 2 (sin2 x 1 cos2 x) 5 0
b) 5 cos21 y b) 2 d) 21
2 2 2 2 2(1) 5 0
c)
cos21 x
5 csc21 y or !11 2!10 22250
2 9. a) 2 c) 050
11 11
!110
cos21 x c) (sin x 1 cos x) 2 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x
5 sin21 a b
1 9
2 y b) 2 d) LS 5 (sin x 1 cos x) 2
11 11 5 sin2 x 1 2 sin x cos x
sin21 x sec21 y 24 7
d) 5 or 10. sin 2x 5 ; cos 2x 5 1 cos2 x
2 4 25 25 5 (sin2 x 1 cos2 x)
cos21 Q y R
1
sin21 x 11. sin 2x 5
120 1 2 sin x cos x
5
2 4 169 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x
p 5p 3p 24 5 RS
17. a) x5 , , or 12. tan 2x 5
6 6 2 7 d) sec2 x 5 sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 tan2 x
p p 5p 3p RS 5 sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 tan2 x
b) x5 , , , or
4 2 4 2 Lesson 7.4, pp. 417–418 5 (sin2 x 1 cos2 x) 1 tan2 x
2 tan u 5 1 1 tan2 x
18. a) 1. Answers may vary. For example, cos2 x sin2 x
1 1 tan2 u
p 1 p !3 5 2
cos x
1
cos2 x
1 2 tan2 u sin 6 5 2 ; cos 6 5 2 .
b) sin2 x 1 cos2 x
1 1 tan2 u 2. a) f (x) 5 sin x 5
c) tan u cos2 x
d) tan u 1
5
cos2 x
5 sec2 x
Mid-Chapter Review, p. 411
5 LS
31p 7p 5. a) Answers may vary. For example,
1. a) cos
16
d) cos
5 p !3 1 2 !3
cos 6 5 2 ; 5 3 .
2p 2p cos p6
b) sin e) sin
9 7 b) Answers may vary. For example,
g(x) 5 tan x cos x
1 2 tan2 a b 5 1 2 (1) 2
19p 7p p
c) tan f ) tan
10 4 4
2. y 5 6 sin x 1 4 5 1 2 1 5 0;
1 !3 sec a b 5 ( !2) 2 5 2
2 p
3. a) cos x 1 sin x 4
2 2
1 !3 c) Answers may vary. For example,
b) cos x 2
sin a 1 pb 5 sin a b 5 21;
sin x p 3p
2 2
2 2
1 1 tan x
cos a b cos p 1 sin a b sin p
c) b) sin x 5 tan x cos x p p
1 2 tan x
2 2
!3 1 c) tan x cos x 5 a
sin x
b cos x 5 (0) (21) 1 (1) (0)
d) sin x 2 cos x cos x
2 2 501050
!3
sin x cos x
1 5 5 sin x
4. a) cos x 1 sin x cos x
2 2 d) The identity is not true when cos x 5 0
tan x 2 !3 sin x
because when cos x 5 0, tan x, or cos x ,
1 1 !3 tan x
b)
is undefined.

662 Answers NEL

 1
(sin x 1 cos x) a ba b
d) Answers may vary. For example, 1 cos x
c) tan2 x 2 cos2 x 5 21
cos a2a bb 5 cos a b 5 2
p 2p 1 cos2 x cos2 x sin x
3 3 2 2 cos2 x sin x 1 cos x
!3 2 tan2 x 2 cos2 x 1 cos2 x 5
1 1 2 sin a b 5 1 1 (2) a
2 p
b 1
cos x sin x
5 2 1 2 cos2 x
(sin x 1 cos x) a b
3 2 1
cos2 x
5 1 1 (2) a b
3 2 cos x sin x
1 cos x
4 sin x 1 cos x
2 1 5
6 10 tan x 5 21 cos x sin x
511 5 cos2 x
4 4 sin x 1 cos x sin x 1 cos x
1 cos2 x 5
5 tan2 x 5 2 cos x sin x cos x sin x
5 2
cos x cos2 x
2 2 1
1 2 cos x d) tan b 1 cos b 1 sin2 b 5
2 2
6. Answers may vary. For example, cos 2x. tan2 x 5 cos2 b
y cos2 x
sin2 x 1
tan2 x 5 tan2 b 1 1 5
1 cos2 b
cos2 x
tan2x 5 tan2x tan2 b 1 1 5 sec2 b
x 1 1 Since tan b 1 1 5 sec2 b is a known
2
d) 1 identity, tan2 b 1 cos2 b 1 sin2 b
–2p– 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p 1 1 cos u 1 2 cos u
2 2 2 2 1 2 cos u 1
must equal cos2 b .
5
(1 1 cos u) (1 2 cos u)
–1
e) sin a 1 xb 1 sin a 2 xb
1 1 cos u p p
1 4 4
(1 2 cos u) (1 1 cos u)
cos2 x 2 sin2 x
1 2 cos u 1 1 cos u 5 !2 cos x ;
1 2 tan2 x cos2 x
7. 5 5 1 p p
1 1 tan2 x sec2 x 1 2 cos2 u 1 2 cos2 u sin cos x 1 cos sin x
1 2 cos u 1 1 1 cos u 4 4
cos2 x 2 sin2 x
5 3 cos2 x 5 p p
cos2 x 1 2 cos2 u 1 sin cos x 2 cos sin x
2 4 4
5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 5
1 2 cos2 u 5 !2 cos x ;
5 cos 2x
2 sin cos x 5 !2 cos x ;
2 p
1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x 5 2
8. LS 5 RS 5 sin u 4
1 1 cot x cot x 2 1 a) cos x tan3 x 5 sin x tan2 x !2
(2) a b (cos x) 5 !2 cos x ;
10.
1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x
5 5 1 cos x tan3 x sin x tan2 x 2
1 5
1 1 tan x 21
tan x
2
tan x tan2 x !2 cos x 5 !2 cos x
1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x cos x tan x 5 sin x
f ) sin a 2 xb cot a 1 xb 5 2sin x ;
p p
5 tan x 1 1 5 1 2 tan x
cos x a b 5 sin x
sin x 2 2
tan x tan x
cos Q 2 1 x R
5 tan x 5 tan x cos x p
sin a 2 xb ° ¢ 5 2sin x;
p
sin x 5 sin x
sin Q 2 1 x R
Since the right side and the left side are 2 p
1 1 tan x 1 2 tan x b) sin2 u 1 cos4 u 5 cos2 u 1 sin4 u
equal, 1 1 cot x 5 cot x 2 1 sin2 u 1 cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos2 u
asin
p p
cos2 u 2 sin2 u 1 sin4 u 2 sin4 u cos x 2 cos sin xb
9. a) 2 2

Answers
cos2 u 1 sin u cos u sin2 u 1 cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos2 u
p p
sin2 u 1 cos4 u 2 sin4 u 2 sin2 u cos 2 cos x 2 sin 2 sin x
3° p ¢ 5 2sin x;
(cos u 2 sin u) (cos u 1 sin u)
5 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u
(cos u) (cos u 1 sin u) sin cos x 1 cos p sin x
cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u 2 2
cos u 2 sin u
5 (cos2 u 1 sin2 u) (cos2 u 2 sin2 u) ((1) (cos x) 2 (0) (sin x))
cos u
3a b 5 2sin x;
5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u (0)(cos x) 2 (1)(sin x)
cos u sin u
5 2 cos2 u 1 sin2 u 5 1 (1)(cos x) 1 (0)(sin x)
cos u cos u
(cos x 2 0) a b 5 2sin x ;
151 0 2 sin x
5 1 2 tan u
c) (sin x 1 cos x) a
tan2 x 1 1
b
cos x 1 0
b) LS 5 tan2 x 2 sin2 x
(cos x) a2 b 5 2sin x ;
sin2 x tan x sin x
5 2 sin2 x 1 1 cos x
cos2 x 5 1
2sin x 5 2sin x
5 sin2 x a 2 2 1b
1 cos x sin x
cos 2x 1 1
(sin x 1 cos x) a
sec2 x
b
cos x 11. a) 5 cot x
5 sin2 x(sec2 x 2 1) tan x sin 2x
2
5 sin2 x tan2 x sin x cos x 2 cos x 2 1 1 1
5 1 5 cot x
5 RS cos x sin x sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
2
So tan2 x 2 sin2 x 5 sin2 x tan2 x. 2 cos x
(sin x 1 cos x) a 2 b a b
1 1 5 cot x
cos x tan x 2 sin x cos x
cos x
sin x 1 cos x 5 cot x
5 sin x
cos x sin x
cot x 5 cot x

NEL Answers 663

 sin 2x h) csc 2x 1 cot 2x 5 cot x ; Since sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x is a known
b) 5 cot x 2 tan x
1 2 cos 2x 1 1 identity, must equal sin 2x.
2 sin x cos x 1 5 cot x ; 1 2 tan2 x
5 cot x sin 2x tan 2x
1 2 (1 2 2 sin2 x) csc t
1 1 j) sec 2t 5
2 sin x cos x 1 5 cot x ; csc t 2 2 sin t
5 cot x 2 sin x cos x 2 tan x
1 2 1 1 2 sin2 x 2 1
1 2 tan x
2 sin x cos x 1 sin t
5 cot x 1 1 2 tan2 x 5
2 sin2 x 1 5 cot x ; cos 2t 1
cos x 2 sin x cos x 2 tan x 2 2 sin t
5 cot x 1 1 2 tan x 2 sin t
sin x 1 5 cot x ;
cot x 5 cot x sin x 1
2 sin x cos x 2
c) (sin x 1 cos x) 2 5 1 1 sin 2x ; cos x 1 sin t
1 (cos x) (1 2 tan2 x) 5
sin2 x 1 sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x 1 cos 2t 1 2 sin2 t
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x 2
1 cos2 x 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x ; sin t sin t
sin2 x 1 2 sin x cos x 1 cos2 x cos x 1
5 ;
5 1 1 2 sin x cos x ; sin x 1 sin t
5
(cos2 x 1 sin2 x) 1 2 sin x cos x 1 (cos x) (1 2 tan2 x) (cos x) cos 2t 1 2 2 sin2 t
5 1 1 2 sin x cos x ; 1
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x sin t
1 1 2 sin x cos x 5 1 1 2 sin x cos x (cos x) (2 cos x) 1 1 sin t
d) cos4 u 2 sin4 u 5 cos 2u 5 ; 5 3
(sin x) (2 cos x) cos 2t sin t 1 2 2 sin2 t
(cos2 u 1 sin2 u) (cos2 u 2 sin2 u) 1 2
(cos x) (1 2 tan x) 2 1 1
5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u 1 5
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x cos 2t 1 2 2 sin2 t
(1) (cos2 u 2 sin2 u) 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u 1 1
cos2 u 2 sin2 u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u 2 cos2 x 5
5 ; cos 2t cos 2t
e) cot u 2 tan u 5 2 cot 2u 2 sin x cos x 1
1 2 2
cos x 2 (tan x) (cos x) 2 k) csc 2u 5 sec u csc u
cos u sin u cos 2u 1 2
2 52
5 a ba ba b
sin u cos u sin 2u 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x 1 1 1 1
cos2 u sin2 u 2 cos2 x sin 2u 2 cos u sin u
2 5 ;
2 sin x cos x 1 1
sin u cos u cos u sin u 5
2
cos x 2 sin x 2 2 cos u sin u
5 (2) a b
cos 2u 1 sin 2u
1 1 1
2 cos u sin u 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x 5
2
cos u 2 sin u 2
cos 2u 2 cos2 x 2 sin u cos u 2 sin u cos u
5 5 ; 1 2 sin t cos t 2 cos2 t 2 1
sin u cos u cos u sin u 2 sin x cos x l) 5 2
cos t sin t cos t
cos 2u cos 2u 1 1 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 2 cos2 x sin t 2 sin t cos2 t
5 5 ; 5
cos u sin u cos u sin u 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x cos t sin t sin t cos t
f) cot u 1 tan u 5 2 csc 2u 2
1 1 cos x 2 sin x 2
2 cos x2
(sin t) (2 cos2 t 2 1)
cos u sin u 1 2 2
1 52 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x cos t sin t
sin u cos u sin 2u 2 cos2 x 2 cos2 x sin t 2 sin t cos2 t
cos2 u sin2 u 5 2 ; 5
1 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x cos t sin t sin t cos t
sin u cos u cos u sin u 1 1 cos2 x 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 2 cos2 t sin t 2 sin t
5 0; 2
5 (2) a b
1 2 sin x cos x cos t sin t
2 cos u sin u 1 2 sin2 x 2 cos2 x sin t 2 sin t cos2 t
2 2 5 0; 5
cos u 1 sin u 1 2 sin x cos x cos t sin t sin t cos t
5 1 2 (sin2 x 1 cos2 x)
sin u cos u cos u sin u 5 0; 2 cos2 t sin t 2 sin t
1 1 2 sin x cos x 2
5 sin t cos t
121
cos u sin u cos u sin u 5 0; sin t 2 sin t cos2 t
2 sin x cos x 5
5 tan ax 1 b
1 1 tan x p 0 cos t sin t sin t cos t
g) 5 0;
1 2 tan x 4 22 sin t cos2 t 1 sin t
p 2 sin x cos x 1
1 1 tan x tan x 1 tan 4 sin t cos t
050
5 sin t sin t
1 2 tan x 1 2 tan x tan p 2 tan x 5
4 i) 5 sin 2x cos t sin t cos t sin t
1 1 tan x tan x 1 1 1 1 tan2 x
5 2 tan x 12. Answers may vary. For example, an
1 2 tan x 1 2 (tan x) (1) 5 sin 2x
1 1 tan x 1 1 tan x sec2 x equivalent expression is tan x.
5 2 tan x y
1 2 tan x 1 2 tan x 5 sin 2x 4
1
cos2 x 2
x
(2 tan x) (cos2 x) 5 sin 2x
2p p 0 p 2p
a b (cos2 x) 5 sin 2x
2 sin x
–2
cos x
sin 2x 5 2 sin x cos x –4

664 Answers NEL

 sin x 1 sin 2x p 5p p 2p p 5p
13. 5 tan x c) or f) or 13. x5 or
1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x 6 6 3 3 4 4
sin x 1 2 sin x cos x 2p 4p 14. y
5 tan x 2. a) 0 or 2p d) or 1.5
1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x 3 3
sin x(1 1 2 cos x) p 3p 1.0
1 1 cos x 1 cos 2x
5 tan x b) p e) or
2 2 0.5 _ 13p
8
,– 2+
2
p 5p p 11p x
sin x(1 1 2 cos x) c) or f ) or
5 tan x 3 3 6 6 0 p p 3p
cos x 1 (1 1 cos 2x)
p –0.5 2 2
sin x(1 1 2 cos x) 3. a) 2 c) x 5
5 tan x 3 –1.0
cos x 1 2 cos2 x
p _ 5p ,– 2+
sin x(1 1 2 cos x)
5 tan x
b) quadrants I and II d) x 5 and
2p
–1.5
8 2 _ 7p
8
, – 2 + _ 15p , – 2 +
2 8 2
3 3
cos x(1 1 2 cos x)
4. a) 2 15. The value of f (x) 5 sin x is the same at x
sin x
5 tan x b) quadrants II and III and p 2 x. In other words, it is the same
cos x
c) 30° at x and half the period minus x. Since the
tan x 5 tan x p
d) x 5 150° or 210° period of f (x) 5 25 sin 50 (x 1 20) 2 55
14.
5. a) 2
is 100, if the function were not
Definition Methods of Proof b) quadrants I and III horizontally translated, its value at x would
c) 1.22 be the same as at 50 2 x. The function is
A statement of the Both sides of the
d) u 5 1.22 or 4.36 horizontally translated 20 units to the left,
equivalence of two equation must be
p 5p however, so it goes through half its period
trigonometric shown to be 6. a) u 5 or
4 4 from x 5 220 to x 5 30. At x 5 3, the
expressions equivalent through
p 3p function is 23 units away from the left end
graphing or b) u 5 or
simplifying/rewriting. 4 4 of the range, so it will have the same value
p 11p at x 5 30 2 23 or x 5 7, which is
c) u 5 or 23 units away from the right end of the
6 6
4p 5p range.
Trigonometric Identities d) u 5 or 16. To solve a trigonometric equation
3 3
algebraically, first isolate the
3p 5p
e) u 5 or trigonometric function on one side of the
4 4 equation. For example, the trigonometric
Examples Non-Examples p 4p equation 5 cos x 2 3 5 2 would become
f ) u 5 or
cos 2x 1 sin2 x cos 2x 2 2 sin2 x 5 1 3 3 5 cos x 5 5, which would then become
5 cos2 x cot2 x 1 csc2 x 5 1 7. a) u 5 210° or 330° cos x 5 1. Next, apply the inverse of the
cos 2x 1 1 5 2 cos2 x b) u 5 131.8° or 228.2° trigonometric function to both sides of
c) u 5 56.3° or 236.3° the equation. For example, the trigonometric
15. She can determine whether the equation d) u 5 221.8° or 318.2° equation cos x 5 1 would become
2 sin x cos x 5 cos 2x is an identity e) u 5 78.5° or 281.5° x 5 cos21 1. Finally, simplify the
by trying to simplify and/or rewrite f ) u 5 116.6° or 296.6° equation. For example, x 5 cos21 1 would
the left side of the equation so that it is 8. a) x 5 0.52 or 2.62 become x 5 0 1 2np, where nPI.
equivalent to the right side of the equation. b) x 5 0.52 or 5.76 To solve a trigonometric equation

Alternatively, she can graph the functions
y 5 2 sin x cos x and y 5 cos 2x and see if
the graphs are the same. If they’re the
same, it’s an identity, but if they’re not the
same, it’s not an identity. By doing this she
can determine it’s not an identity, but she
can make it an identity by changing the
equation to 2 sin x cos x 5 sin 2x.
16. a) a 5 2, b 5 1, c 5 1
b) a 5 21, b 5 2, c 5 22
17. cos 4x 1 4 cos 2x 1 3; a 5 1,
b 5 4, c 5 3
Lesson 7.5, pp. 426–428
p 7p 11p
1. a) d) or
2 6 6
3p
b) e) 0, p, or 2p
2
Answers
c) x 5 1.05 or 5.24 graphically, first isolate the trigonometric
d) x 5 3.67 or 5.76 function on one side of the equation. For
9. a) x 5 0.79 or 3.93 example, the trigonometric equation
b) x 5 0.52 or 2.62 5 cos x 2 3 5 2 would become
c) x 5 0 or 6.28 5 cos x 5 5, which would then become
d) x 5 3.67 or 5.76 cos x 5 1. Next, graph both sides of the
e) x 5 1.16 or 5.12 equation. For example, the functions
f ) x 5 1.11 or 4.25 f (x) 5 cos x and f (x) 5 1 would both
10. a) x 5 0.39, 1.18, 3.53, or 4.32 be graphed. Finally, find the points where
b) x 5 0.13, 0.65, 1.70, 2.23, 3.27, 3.80, the two graphs intersect. For example,
4.84, or 5.37 f (x) 5 cos x and f (x) 5 1 would
c) x 5 1.40, 1.75, 3.49, 3.84, 5.59, or intersect at x 5 0 1 2np, where nPI.
5.93 Similarity: Both trigonometric functions
d) x 5 0.59, 0.985, 2.16, 2.55, 3.73, are first isolated on one side of the
4.12, 5.304, or 5.697 equation.
e) x 5 1.05, 2.09, 4.19, or 5.24 Differences: The inverse of a trigonometric
f ) x 5 1.05 function is not applied in the graphical
11. from about day 144 to about day 221 method, and the points of intersection are
12. 1.86 s , t , 4.14 s; not obtained in the algebraic method.
9.86 s , t , 12.14 s;
17.86 s , t , 20.14 s

NEL Answers 665

 2p p 5p solution in the interval 0 # x # 2p (p),
17. x 5 0 1 np, 1 2np, and 8. a) x 5 or
3 3 3 because cos x 5 21 for only one value of x.
4p p 5p 7p 11p p 5p
1 np, where nPI b) x 5 , , , or 17. a5 ,
3 6 6 6 6 4 4
p p 5p 3p p 3p
18. a) x 5 , , , or c) x 5 0, 0.96 p, 5.33, or 2p 18. x 5 0.72, , p, , or 5.56
4 2 4 4 2 2
p p 5p 3p 7p 19. x 5 15°, 75°, 105°, 165°, 195°, 255°,
b) x 5 , , or d) x 5 or
6 2 6 4 4 285°, or 345°
p p 3p 5p 3p 7p 20. u 5 0.96
Lesson 7.6, pp. 435–437 e) x 5 , , , , , or
4 2 4 4 2 4
1. a) (sin u) (sin u 2 1) p 5p 7p 11p Chapter Review, p. 440
f ) x 5 0, , , p, , , or 2p
b) (cos u 2 1) (cos u 2 1) 6 6 6 6 7p
1. a) Answers may vary. For example, sin 10 .
c) (3 sin u 1 2) (sin u 2 1) p 5p
9. a) x 5 , 1.98, 4.30, or 8p
b) Answers may vary. For example, cos 7 .
d) (2 cos u 2 1) (2 cos u 1 1) 3 3
e) (6 sin x 2 2) (4 sin x 1 1) 2p 4p 6p
b) x 5 0.45, , , or 5.83 c) Answers may vary. For example, sin 7 .
f) (7 tan x 1 8) (7 tan x 2 8) 3 3
!3
p
p 5p 7p 11p p 5p d) Answers may vary. For example, cos 7 .
2. a) y56 ,x5 , , , or c) x 5 , 0.85, , or 2.29
3 6 6 6 6 6 6 2. y 5 5 cos (x) 2 8
b) y 5 0 or 21, x 5 0, p,
3p
, or 2p p 7p 11p !3 1
2 d) x 5 , , or 3. a) cos x 2 sin x
2 6 6 2 2
!2 !2
1 p p 5p 3p 10. x 5 0.15, 1.02, 2.12, or 2.99
c) y 5 0 or z 5 , x 5 , , , or
2 6 2 6 2 11. b 5 1 1 !3, c 5 !3 b) 2
2
cos x 2
2
sin x
tan x 1 !3
d) y 5 0 or z 5 1, x 5 0, p, or 2p 1
12. c 5
1 2 !3 tan x
1 1 2 c)
3. a) y 5 or
3 2
!2 !2
p 2p
b) x 5 1.05, 1.91, 4.37, or 5.24 13. km , d , km,
3 3 d) 2 cos x 2 sin x
4. a) u 5 90° or 270° 2 2
b) u 5 0°, 180°, or 360° 4p
km , d ,
5p
km !3 !3
3 3 4. a) 2 b) 2
c) u 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315° 3 2
d) u 5 60°, 120°, 240°, or 300° 14. x 5 1.91 or 4.37 1 !2
3p 5p 5. a) c) 2
e) u 5 30°, 150°, 210°, or 330° 15. a) x 5 or 2 2
u 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315° 4 4 !3
d) !3
f)
5. a) x 5 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360° 3p 5p b)
b) x 5 1 2np or 1 2np, where 2
b) x 5 0°, 180°, or 360° 4 4
24 7
c) x 5 90° or 270° nPI 6. a) sin 2x 5 , cos 2x 5 ,
d) x 5 60°, 90°, 120°, or 270° 16. It is possible to have different numbers of 25 25
solutions for quadratic trigonometric 24
e) x 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315° tan 2x 5
f) x 5 90° or 180° equations because, when factored, a 7
p p 5p 3p quadratic trigonometric equation 336 527
6. a) x5 , , , or b) sin 2x 5 2 , cos 2x 5 2 ,
6 2 6 2 can be one expression multiplied by 625 625
3p another expression or it can be a single 336
b) x5 tan 2x 5
2 expression squared. For example, the 527
3 1 120 119
5p 7p equation cos2 x 1 2 cos x 1 2 becomes c) sin 2x 5 2 , cos 2x 5 ,
c) x 5 0, , p, , or 2p 169 169
(cos x 1 1) Qcos x 1 2 R when
6 6 1 120
p 4p 5p tan 2x 5 2
d) x5 , , or 2p 119
3 3 3 factored, and it has the solutions 3 , p,
7. a) trigonometric identity
p 3p 5p 7p 4p
e) x5 , , , or and 3 in the interval 0 # x # 2p. b) trigonometric equation
4 4 4 4 c) trigonometric identity
3p In comparison, the equation
f) x 5 0, , or 2p cos2 x 1 2 cos x 1 1 5 0 becomes
d) trigonometric equation
2 cos2 x
p 5p (cos x 1 1) 2 when factored, and it has 8. 5 1 2 cos2 x
7. a) u 5 , p, or only one solution, p, in the interval cot2 x
3 3
0 # x # 2p. Also, different expressions cos2 x
p 5p 3p 5 1 2 cos2 x
b) u5 , , or produce different numbers of solutions. For cos2 x
6 6 2 1
c) u5p example, the expression cos x 1 2 produces sin2 x
p 5p two solutions in the interval 0 # x # 2p (cos2 x) (sin2 x)
d) u 5 or 5 1 2 cos2 x
cos2 x
6 6 Q 3 and 3 R because cos x 5 2 2 for two
2p 4p 1
p 5p sin2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x
e) u 5 , 2.82, , or 5.96 different values of x. The expression 1 2 cos2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x
4 4
f) u 5 0.73, 2.41, 3.99, or 5.44 cos x 1 1, however, produces only one

666 Answers NEL

 2(sec2 x 2 tan2 x) 7p !2 c) y
9. 5 sin 2x sec x and the sine of 4 is 2 2 . Therefore, 80
csc x 60

5 cos ap 1 b
2(1) 11p 7p 40
5 sin 2x sec x cos
csc x 4 4 20
!2 !2 x
5 a21 3 b 2 a0 3 2 b
2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
5 sin 2x sec x –20
csc x 2 2
2 sin x 5 sin 2x sec x !2
2 sin x cos x 52
2
20 D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 226,
5 sin 2x sec x
cos x !2 y-intercept 21, horizontal
sin 2x 52 asymptote y 5 22
5 sin 2x sec x 2
cos x 7. x 5 3.31 or 6.12 x16
5. a) i) y 5
sin 2x sec x 5 sin 2x sec x 33 16 3
8. 2 , 2
7p 11p 65 65 ii) y 5 6!x 1 5
10. a) x 5
6
or
6 4 !5 3 2 !5 x
Å
9. a) 2 iii) y 5 3
Å6
c)
p 5p 9 6
b) x 5 or
4 4 1 22 iv)
b) d)
2p 4p 9 27 b) The inverses of (i) and (iii) are functions.
c) x 5 or
3 3 5p p p 5p 6. a) 800 bacteria
10. a) x 5 2 , 2 , , or
11. a) y 5 22 or 2 3 3 3 3 b) 6400 bacteria
p 5p 7p 11p 4p 2p 2p 4p c) 209 715 200
b) x 5 , , , or b) x 5 2 , 2 , , or
6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 d) 4.4 3 1015
p 7p 11p c) x 5 2p and p 7. 12 515 people
12. a) x 5 , , or 8. Similarities
2 6 6 Differences
p 5p 7p 11p
b) x 5 0, ,
6 6
, p,
6
,
6
, or 2p Chapter 8 • same y-intercept
• same shape
• one is always increasing,
the other is always
p 2p 4p 7p • same horizontal decreasing
c) x 5 , , , or Getting Started, p. 446 asymptote • different end behaviour
4 3 3 4
d) !125 5 5
1 1 • both are always • reflections of each other
3
d) x 5 0.95 or 4.09 1. a) 5 positive across the y-axis
52 25
p
13. x 5 , p, or
3p b) 1 e) 2 !121 5 211
2 2 Lesson 8.1, p. 451
c) !36 5 6 f) a b 5
2
3 27 9
Å8 4 21
1. a) x 5 4 y or f (x) 5 log 4 x
Chapter Self-Test, p. 441 2. 37 5 2187
a) d) 74 5 2401
2 y
(22) 2 5 4
b) e) 83 5 4
1 2 2 sin2 x 1
f ) 42 5 !4 5 2
1
1. 1 sin x 5 cos x 103 5 1000
c) x
cos x 1 sin x –1 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 2 sin2 x 3. 8m3
a) d) x 3y –1
1 sin x 2 sin x 1
cos x 1 sin x b) 8 10 e) 2d 2c 2 –2
5 cos x 2 sin x a b
c) 4 0 x 0 3
–3
1 2 2 sin2 x f) x
5 cos x 2 sin x y –4
4. a)
cos x 1 sin x

Answers
40
2
1 2 2 sin x 5 (cos x 2 sin x) 30 b) x 5 8 y or f 21 (x) 5 log8 x
3(cos x 1 sin x)
20 y
cos 2x 5 (cos x 2 sin x)
10 1
3(cos x 1 sin x) x x
cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–10
cos 2x 5 cos 2x –1

D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 06,

2. all real numbers x, where 0 # x # 2p –2
p 11p y-intercept 1, horizontal –3
3. a) x 5 or x 5
6 6 asymptote y 5 0 –4
2p 5p y
b) x 5 or x 5 b)
3 3 40
5p 7p 30
c) x 5 or x 5
4 4 20
4. a 5 2, b 5 1
10
5. t 5 7, 11, 19, and 23 x
11p
6. Nina can find the cosine of 4 by using –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–10
the formula
cos (x 1 y) 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y. D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR0 y . 06,
The cosine of p is 21, and the y-intercept 1, horizontal
7p !2 asymptote y 5 0
cosine of 4 is 2 . Also, the sine of p is 0,

NEL Answers 667

 2(sec2 x 2 tan2 x) 7p !2 c) y
9. 5 sin 2x sec x and the sine of 4 is 2 2 . Therefore, 80
csc x 60

5 cos ap 1 b
2(1) 11p 7p 40
5 sin 2x sec x cos
csc x 4 4 20
!2 !2 x
5 a21 3 b 2 a0 3 2 b
2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
5 sin 2x sec x –20
csc x 2 2
2 sin x 5 sin 2x sec x !2
2 sin x cos x 52
2
20 D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 226,
5 sin 2x sec x
cos x !2 y-intercept 21, horizontal
sin 2x 52 asymptote y 5 22
5 sin 2x sec x 2
cos x 7. x 5 3.31 or 6.12 x16
5. a) i) y 5
sin 2x sec x 5 sin 2x sec x 33 16 3
8. 2 , 2
7p 11p 65 65 ii) y 5 6!x 1 5
10. a) x 5
6
or
6 4 !5 3 2 !5 x
Å
9. a) 2 iii) y 5 3
Å6
c)
p 5p 9 6
b) x 5 or
4 4 1 22 iv)
b) d)
2p 4p 9 27 b) The inverses of (i) and (iii) are functions.
c) x 5 or
3 3 5p p p 5p 6. a) 800 bacteria
10. a) x 5 2 , 2 , , or
11. a) y 5 22 or 2 3 3 3 3 b) 6400 bacteria
p 5p 7p 11p 4p 2p 2p 4p c) 209 715 200
b) x 5 , , , or b) x 5 2 , 2 , , or
6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 d) 4.4 3 1015
p 7p 11p c) x 5 2p and p 7. 12 515 people
12. a) x 5 , , or 8. Similarities
2 6 6 Differences
p 5p 7p 11p
b) x 5 0, ,
6 6
, p,
6
,
6
, or 2p Chapter 8 • same y-intercept
• same shape
• one is always increasing,
the other is always
p 2p 4p 7p • same horizontal decreasing
c) x 5 , , , or Getting Started, p. 446 asymptote • different end behaviour
4 3 3 4
d) !125 5 5
1 1 • both are always • reflections of each other
3
d) x 5 0.95 or 4.09 1. a) 5 positive across the y-axis
52 25
p
13. x 5 , p, or
3p b) 1 e) 2 !121 5 211
2 2 Lesson 8.1, p. 451
c) !36 5 6 f) a b 5
2
3 27 9
Å8 4 21
1. a) x 5 4 y or f (x) 5 log 4 x
Chapter Self-Test, p. 441 2. 37 5 2187
a) d) 74 5 2401
2 y
(22) 2 5 4
b) e) 83 5 4
1 2 2 sin2 x 1
f ) 42 5 !4 5 2
1
1. 1 sin x 5 cos x 103 5 1000
c) x
cos x 1 sin x –1 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 2 sin2 x 3. 8m3
a) d) x 3y –1
1 sin x 2 sin x 1
cos x 1 sin x b) 8 10 e) 2d 2c 2 –2
5 cos x 2 sin x a b
c) 4 0 x 0 3
–3
1 2 2 sin2 x f) x
5 cos x 2 sin x y –4
4. a)
cos x 1 sin x

Answers
40
2
1 2 2 sin x 5 (cos x 2 sin x) 30 b) x 5 8 y or f 21 (x) 5 log8 x
3(cos x 1 sin x)
20 y
cos 2x 5 (cos x 2 sin x)
10 1
3(cos x 1 sin x) x x
cos 2x 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–10
cos 2x 5 cos 2x –1

D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR 0 y . 06,

2. all real numbers x, where 0 # x # 2p –2
p 11p y-intercept 1, horizontal –3
3. a) x 5 or x 5
6 6 asymptote y 5 0 –4
2p 5p y
b) x 5 or x 5 b)
3 3 40
5p 7p 30
c) x 5 or x 5
4 4 20
4. a 5 2, b 5 1
10
5. t 5 7, 11, 19, and 23 x
11p
6. Nina can find the cosine of 4 by using –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–10
the formula
cos (x 1 y) 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y. D 5 5xPR6, R 5 5 yPR0 y . 06,
The cosine of p is 21, and the y-intercept 1, horizontal
7p !2 asymptote y 5 0
cosine of 4 is 2 . Also, the sine of p is 0,

NEL Answers 667

 c) x 5 Q 3 R or f 21 (x) 5 logA 13 B x
y
1 Lesson 8.2, pp. 457–458 c) vertical asymptote is x 5 22
d) D 5 5xPR 0 x , 226,
y 1. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 3
1 R 5 5 yPR6
4 b) horizontal compression by a factor of 2 v) a) horizontal compression by a factor of
3 c) vertical translation 5 units down 1
2
; d 5 22 resulting in a horizontal
2 d) horizontal translation 4 units left translation 2 units to the left
(a) a , 23b , (1, 0) , (10, 3)
1
b) a21 , 0b , (3, 1)
1 2. a) 1
x 10 2
–1 0 1 2 3 4
(b) a , 21b , a , 0b , (5, 1)
–1
1 1 c) vertical asymptote is x 5 22
20 2 d) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 226,
R 5 5 yPR6
(c) a , 26b , (1, 25) , (10, 24)
1
d) x 5 Q 5 R or f 21 (x) 5 logA 51 B x
y
1
10 vi) a) reflection in the x-axis; d 5 22,
(d) a23 , 21b , (23, 0) , (6, 1)
y 9 resulting in a horizontal translation
4 10 2 units to the right
3 b) (a) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06, b) (23, 0) , (212, 1)
2 R 5 5 yPR6 c) vertical asymptote is x 5 22
(b) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06, d) D 5 5xPR 0 x , 226,
R 5 5 yPR6
1
x R 5 5 yPR6
–1 0 1 2 3 4 (c) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06, 5. a) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06,
–1
R 5 5 yPR6 R 5 5 yPR6
(d) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 246, y
2. a) i) x 5 4 y R 5 5 yPR6
ii) log 4 x 5 y 3. a) f (x) 5 5 log10 x 1 3 5
b) i) x 5 8 y b) f (x) 5 2log10 (3x)
ii) log8 x 5 y c) f (x) 5 log10 (x 1 4) 2 3 x
c) i) x 5 a b
1 y d) f (x) 5 2log10 (x 2 4) 0
5 10 15
3 4. i) a) reflection in the x-axis and a vertical
ii) log 13 x 5 y stretch by a factor of 4; c 5 5
–5
d) i) x 5 a b
1 y resulting in a translation 5 units up
5 b) (1, 5) , (10, 1)
ii) log 15 x 5 y c) vertical asymptote is x 5 0
d) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06,
–10

b) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 266,
3. All the graphs have the same basic shape,
R 5 5 yPR6
R 5 5 yPR6
but the last two are reflected over the x-axis,
1
compared with the first two. All the graphs ii) a) vertical compression by a factor of 2 ; y
have the same x-intercept, 1. All have the d 5 6 resulting in a horizontal 10
same vertical asymptote, x 5 0. translation 6 units to the right; c 5 3
4. Locate the point on the graph that has 8 resulting in a vertical translation
as its x-coordinate. This point is (8, 3). 5
3 units up
The y-coordinate of this point is the
b) (7, 3) , a16, 3 b
1
solution to 2y 5 8, y 5 3. 2 x
0
c) x 5 a b
1 y c) vertical asymptote is x 5 6 5 10 15
5. a) x 5 3 y
4 d) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 66,
b) x 5 10 y d) x 5 m y R 5 5 yPR6 –5
6. a) log3 x 5 y c) log 14 x 5 y iii) a) horizontal compression by a factor
b) log10 x 5 y d) logm x 5 y 1
of 3 ; c 5 24 resulting in a vertical
c) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06,
7. a) x 5 5 y c) x 5 3 y
1y shift 4 units down
b) x 5 10 y d) x 5 R 5 5 yPR6
b) a , 24b , a3 , 23b
1 1
4 y
8. a) y 5 5x c) y 5 3x 3 3
1x c) vertical asymptote is x 5 0 5
b) y 5 10x d) y 5
4 d) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 66,
9. a) 2 d) 0 R 5 5 yPR6
b) 3 e) 21 x
iv) a) vertical stretch by a factor of 2; 0
1 5 10 15
c) 4 f) k 5 22 resulting in a horizontal
2 1
10. Since 3 is positive, no exponent for 3x can compression by a factor of 2 and a
–5
produce 29. reflection in the y-axis; d 5 22
resulting in a horizontal translation
a) a , 22b , a , 21b , (1, 0) , (2, 1) , (4, 2)
1 1
11. 2 units to the left.
4 2 –10
b) a22 , 0b , (27, 2)
1
b) a , 22b , a , 21b , (1, 0) ,
1 1
2
100 10
(10, 1) , (100, 2)

668 Answers NEL

 d) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06, 11. y 16. a) about 83 years
R 5 5 yPR6 8 b) about 164 years
y 6
x

5
17. a) y 5 100(2) 0.32
4 b) y
60000
2
x x 50000
0 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
10 20 30 40 000
–2
30000
–4
–5 20000
–6
10000
–8 x
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–10

e) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06,
R 5 5 yPR6 Lesson 8.3, pp. 466–468 c) y
4
y 1
1. a) log416 5 2 d) log6 5 22 3
36
x 2
0 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 b) log381 5 4 e) log 31 53 1
27 x
1 0

60 000
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
–5 c) log81 5 0 f ) log82 5
3
1 23
2. a) 23 5 8 d) a b 5 216
d) y 5 0.32 log2 Q 100 R; this equation tells
–10 6 x

e) 6 5 !6
22 1 1
b) 5 5 2
how many hours, y, it will take for the
25
–15 number of bacteria to reach x.
c) 34 5 81 f ) 100 5 1
e) about 0.69 h; evaluate the inverse
f ) D 5 5xPR 0 x , 226,
1
3. a) 1 d) function for x 5 450
R 5 5 yPR6
2
18. a) 1.0000 d) 2.1745
b) 0 e) 3
y b) 3.3219 e) 20.5000
1
x c) 22 f) c) 2.3652 f ) 2.9723
3 19. a) positive for all values x . 1
–16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0
–2 4. a) 21 d) about 25 b) negative for all values 0 , x , 1
–4 b) 0 e) 1.78 c) undefined for all values x # 0
–6
c) 6 f ) 0.01 20. a) 1027
1 b) 227.14
–8 5. a) d) 22
2 c) #0.5
(x22)
1 21. a) y 5 x 3
!2
6. The functions are inverses of each other. b) 1 e) x
3 x22

7. a) The graph of g(x) 5 log3 (x 1 4) is b) d) 2 3

13
3 3
the same as the graph of f (x) 5 log3 x, c) 7 f)
2 22. a) y
but horizontally translated 4 units to the

Answers
6. a) 125 d) 16 8
left. The graph of h(x) 5 log3 x 1 4 is b) 3 e) !5 6
the same as the graph of f (x) 5 log3 x, c) 23 f) 8
but vertically translated 4 units up. 4
7. a) about 2.58 c) about 4.29 y = 3log (x + 6)
b) The graph of m(x) 5 4 log3 x is the 2
b) about 3.26 d) about 4.52 x
same as the graph of f (x) 5 log3 x, but 8. a) about 2.50 c) about 4.88 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
vertically stretched by a factor of 4. b) about 2.65 d) about 2.83 –2
The graph of n(x) 5 log34x is the 9. a) 5 d) n –4 ++
x
y = 10 3 –6
same as the graph of f (x) 5 log3 x, but b) 25 e) b –6
horizontally compressed by a 1
1 c) f) 0 –8
factor of 4 . 16
4
8. a) f (x) 5 23 log10 a x 2 5b 1 2
1 10.
2 3 function: y 5 3 log (x 1 6)
b) (30, 21) 11. about 1.7 weeks or 12 days D 5 5xPR 0 x . 266
c) D 5 5xPR 0 x . 56, 12. a) 4.68 g b) 522 years R 5 5 yPR6
R 5 5 yPR6 13. A:(0.0625) 5 0.017; B:(1) 5 0.159; asymptote: x 5 26
1 B has a steeper slope. x
9. vertical compression by a factor of 2 ,
14. a) about 233 mph b) 98 miles inverse: y 5 103 26
D 5 5xPR 6
reflection in the x-axis, horizontal
15. log 365 5 2.562
R 5 5yPR 0 y . 266
translation 5 units to the left
10. domain, range, and vertical asymptote 3
log 150 2 0.7 5 2.564 asymptote: y 5 26
2

NEL Answers 669

 b) y e) y 4. a) log3 27; 3 d) 7 log4 4; 7
8 16 b) log5 25; 2 e) log2 32; 5
6 12 1 1
c) log 100; 2 f ) log 10;
4 8 2 2
2
1 2–
y5 3 5 2 ( (
x

y 52(3)x+2 4
5. y 5 log2 (4x) 5 log2 x 1 log2 4
x x 5 log2 x 1 2, so y 5 log2 (4x) vertically
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16 shifts y 5 log2 x up 2 units;
–2 –4 y 5 log3 + x + – 2
2 y 5 log2 (8x) 5 log2 x 1 log2 8
–4 –8
y 522 log53x 5 log2 x 1 3, so y 5 log2 (4x) vertically
–6
shifts y 5 log2 x up 3 units;
–8
y 5 log2 a b 5 log2 x 2 log2 2
function: y 5 2(3) x12 x
D 5 5xPR6 2
function: y 5 22 log53x R 5 5yPR 0 y . 06 5 log2 x 2 1, so y 5 log2 (4x) vertically
D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06 asymptote: y 5 0 shifts y 5 log2 x down 1 unit
R 5 5 yPR6 6. a) 1.5 d) 20.5
inverse: y 5 log3 Q 2 R 2 2
x
asymptote: x 5 0 b) 2 e) 4
D 5 5xPR0 x . 0 6
inverse: y 5 Q5 2 2 R
1 x c) 1.5 f) 2
3 R 5 5yPR6 7. a) logb x 1 logb y 1 logb z
D 5 5xPR 6 asymptote: x 5 0 b) logb z 2 (logb x 1 logb y)
R 5 5yPR 0 y . 06 c) 2 logb x 1 3 logb y
f) y
asymptote: y 5 0 1
2 d) (5 logb x 1 logb y 1 3 logb z)
c) y x 2
10
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 1
8 –2 8. log5 3 means 5x 5 3 and log5 3 means
y 5 25x 2 3 –4 1 1
6 5y 5 3 ; since 3 5 321, 5y 5 5x(21);
4 –6
1
(x22) –8 therefore log5 3 1 log5 3 5 x 1 x(21) 5 0
y 5 10 3 2
x –10 9. a) log5 56 d) log3 4
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 y 5 log5 (2x 2 3)
–2 –12 b) log3 2 e) log4 (3!2)
–4 y 5 2 1 3 log x –14 c) log2 45 f ) log 16
–6 10. a) log2 x 5 log2 245; x 5 245
–8 function: y 5 25x 2 3 b) log x 5 log 432; x 5 432
D 5 5xPR6 c) log4 x 5 log7 5; x 5 5
function: y 5 2 1 3 log x R 5 5yPR 0 y , 236 d) log7 x 5 log75; x 5 5
D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06 asymptote: y 5 23 e) log3 x 5 log3 4; x 5 4
R 5 5 yPR6 f ) log5 x 5 log5 384; x 5 384
inverse: y 5 log5 (2x 2 3) 11. a) log2 xyz d) log2 xy
asymptote: x 5 0
D 5 5xPR 0 x , 23 6 uw
R 5 5yPR6 b) log5 e) log3 3x 2
(x 2 2)
inverse: y 5 10 3 v
D 5 5xPR 6 asymptote: x 5 23 a x5
R 5 5yPR 0 y . 06 c) log6
bc
f ) log4 v
23. Given the constraints, two integer values are
asymptote: y 5 0
possible for y, either 1 or 2. If y 5 3, then x !x !y
!z
d) 12. loga 4 3
y must be 1000, which is not permitted.
6 13. vertical stretch by a factor of 3, and vertical
4 shift 3 units up
y 520(8)x Lesson 8.4, pp. 475–476
2 14. Answers may vary. For example,
x 1. a) log 45 1 log 68 f (x) 5 2 log x 2 log 12
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x2
–2 b) log m p 1 log m q
g(x) 5 log
y 5log8 + x +
20
c) log 123 2 log 31 12
–4
d) log m p 2 log m q 2 log x 2 log 12 5 log x 2 2 log 12
–6
e) log214 1 log29 x2
f) log481 2 log430 5 log
12
function: y 5 20(8) x x 15. Answers may vary. For example, any number
D 5 5xPR6
2. a) log 35 d) log
y can be written as a power with a given base.
R 5 5 yPR0 y . 06 b) log32 e) log 6 504 The base of the logarithm is 3. Write each
asymptote: y 5 0 c) log m ab f) log 4 6 term in the quotient as a power of 3. The
1 laws of logarithms make it possible to
inverse: y 5 log8 Q 20 R
x 3. a) 2 log 5 d) log 45
3 evaluate the expression by simplifying the
D 5 5xPR0 x . 0 6 1 quotient and noting the exponent.
R 5 5yPR6
b) 21 log 7 e) log7 36
2 16. log x x m21 1 1 5 m 2 1 1 1 5 m
asymptote: x 5 0 1
c) q logm p f) log5125
5

670 Answers NEL

17. log b x!x 5 log b x 1 log b !x 7. a) 4 c) 0 11. a) If 5 Io (0.95) t, where If is the final
1 b) 22 d) 23 intensity, Io is the original intensity,
5 log b x 1 log b x 8. a) 0.602 c) 2.130 and t is the thickness
2
b) 1.653 d) 2.477 b) 10 mm
5 0.3 1 0.3a b
1
2 9. a) x 8 4.392 c) x 8 2.543 12. 1; 0.631
5 0.45 b) x 8 2.959 d) x 8 2.450 13. a y 5 x, so log a y 5 log x; y log a 5 log x;
22 log x
18. The two functions have different 10. a) log 28 c) log3 y5
3 log a
domains. The first function has a domain
b) log 2.5 d) log p q 2 A graphing calculator does not allow
of x . 0. The second function has a
11. a) 1 d) 23 logarithms of base 5 to be entered directly.
domain of all real numbers except 0, 2
since x is squared. b) 2 e) However, y 5 log5 x can be entered for
3 log x
19. Answers may vary; for example, c) 2 f ) 3.5 graphing, as y 5 log 5 .
Product law 12. Compared with the graph of y 5 log x,
log1010 1 log1010 5 1 1 1 14. a) x 5 2.5
the graph of y 5 log x 3 is vertically
52 b) x 5 5 or x 5 4
stretched by a factor of 3.
5 log10100 c) x 5 22.45
13. a) 4.82 d) 1.69
5 log10 (10 3 10) 15. Let loga 2 5 x. Then a x 5 2. (a x ) 3 5 23,
b) 1.35 e) 3.82
Quotient law or a 3x 5 8. Since loga 2 5 logb 8,
c) 0.80 f ) 3.49
log1010 2 log1010 5 1 2 1 logb 8 5 x. So b x 5 8. Since each equation
50 is equal to 8, a 3x 5 b x and a 3 5 b.
5 log101 Lesson 8.5, pp. 485–486 16. x 5 20.737; y 5 0.279
17. a) x 5 21.60
5 log10 a b
10 13
1. a) 4 d) b) x 5 24.86
10 9 c) x 5 20.42
Power law 1
b) 1 e) 2 18. 61.82
log10102 5 log10100 3
52 11
c) f ) 21
5 2 log1010 4 Lesson 8.6, pp. 491–492
2. a) 4.088 d) 4.092
b) 3.037 e) 20.431 1. a) 25 d) 15
Mid-Chapter Review, p. 479 c) 1 f ) 5.695 b) 81 e) 3
1. a) log5 y 5 x c) log x 5 y 3 c) 8 f ) !3
3. a) 5 d) 2. a) 5 d) 200.4
b) log 13 y 5 x d) logp m 5 q 5
y k b) 3 e) 22 1
2. a) 3 5 x c) 10 5 m b) e) 5
1 36
b) 10 y 5 x d) s t 5 r c) 1.5 f) 2
2 c) 13 f ) 20
3. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 2, vertical
4. a) 4.68 h c) 16 h 3. 201.43
translation 4 units down
b) 12.68 h d) 31.26 h 4. a) 9 d) 10 000
b) !5
b) reflection in the x-axis, horizontal
1 5. a) 1.75 d) 24 e) 23
compression by a factor of 3
2 25
1
c) vertical compression by a factor of 4 , b) e) 2 c) f) 4
3 3
horizontal stretch by a factor of 4 8

Answers
1 c) 24.75 f) 2 5. a) d) 32
d) horizontal compression by a factor of 2 , 6. a) 9.12 years 3
horizontal translation 2 units to the right b) 13.5 years 10
b) e) 3
e) horizontal translation 5 units to the left, c) 16.44 quarters or 4.1 years 3
vertical translation 1 unit up d) 477.9 weeks or 9.2 years 25
f ) vertical stretch by a factor of 5, c) f ) 8.1
7. 13 quarter hours or 3.25 h 6
reflection in the y-axis, vertical 8. a) 2.5 d) 3 6. x 5 9 or x 5 24
translation 3 units down b) 6 e) 1 Restrictions: x . 5 (x 2 5 must be positive)
4. a) y 5 24 log3 x c) 5 f) 0 so x 5 9
b) y 5 log3 (x 1 3) 1 1 9. a) Solve using logarithms. Both sides can be 7. a) x 5 6 d) x 5 2.5
c) y 5 log3 a xb
2 1 divided by 225, leaving only a term with b) x 5 3 e) x 5 3
3 2 a variable in the exponent on the left. 6
d) y 5 3 log3 32 (x 2 1)4 This can be solved using logarithms. c) x 5
5
f ) x 5 16
5. a) (9, 28) b) Solve by factoring out a power of 3 and 8. a) Use the rules of logarithms to obtain
b) (6, 3) then simplifying. Logarithms may still log920 5 log9 x. Then, because both
c) a18, b
4 be necessary in a situation like this, but sides of the equation have the same
3 the factoring must be done first because base, 20 5 x.
d) (28, 6) logarithms cannot be used on the b) Use the rules of logarithms to obtain
6. It is vertically stretched by a factor of 2 and equation in its current form. x
log 2 5 3. Then use the definition of a
vertically shifted up 2. 10. a) 1.849 c) 3.606 x x
b) 2.931 d) 5.734 logarithm to obtain 103 5 2 ; 1000 5 2 ;
2000 5 x.

NEL Answers 671

 c) Use the rules of logarithms to obtain 9. a) y 5 5000(1.0642) t 2. The instantaneous rate of decline was
log x 5 log 64. Then, because both Investment Growth greatest in year 1. The negative change
sides of the equation have the same 12 000 from year 1 to year 2 was 50, which is
base, x 5 64. 10 000 greater than the negative change in any
9. a) 1027 other two-year period.

Amount ($)
8 000
b) 1023.6 3. a) 212.378
6 000
10. x 5 2.5 or x 5 2 b) 24.867
4 000
11. a) x 5 0.80 c) x 5 3.16 c) 21.914
b) x 5 26.91 d) x 5 0.34 2 000 4. a) A(t) 5 6000(1.075) t
12. x 5 4.83 0 b) 894.35
2 4 6 8 10
13. log3(28) 5 x; 3x 5 28; Raising positive Year c) 461.25
3 to any power produces a positive value. 5. a) i) 61.80
b) 6.42%
If x $ 1, then 3x $ 3. If 0 # x , 1, then ii) 67.65
c) 11.14 years
1 # x , 3. If x , 0, then 0 , x , 1. iii) 79.08
10. 2.90 m
14. a) x . 3 b) The rate of change is not constant
11. a) y 5 850(1.15) x
b) If x is 3, we are trying to take the because the value of the account each
Bacteria Growth
logarithm of 0. If x is less than 3, we are year is determined by adding a percent
300 000
trying to take the logarithm of a Number of bacteria of the previous year’s value.
negative number. 250 000 6. a) 20.40 g
(log x 1 log y) 5 2 log xy 5 log !xy 200 000
1 1 b) 20.111 g/h
15. 2
150 000 7. a) 1.59 g/day
so 5 5 !xy and x 1 y 5 5!xy.
x1y
100 000 b) y 5 0.0017(1.7698) x, where x is the
2
Squaring both sides gives (x 1 y) 5 25xy. 50 000 number of days after the egg is laid
Expanding gives x 2 1 2xy 1 y 5 25xy; c) i) 0.0095 g/day
0
therefore, x 1 y 5 23xy. 10 20 30 40 ii) 0.917 g/day
Number of hours
16. x 5 3 or x 5 2 iii) 88.25 g/day
17. 1 and 16, 2 and 8, 4 and 4, 8 and 2, and b) 4.9 h d) 14.3 days
16 and 1 12. a) 1.22, 1.43, 1.69, 2.00, 2.18, 2.35 8. a) 3.81 years
18. x 5 4, y 5 4.58 b) 1.81 b) 9.5%/year
19. a) x 5 3 c) w 5 5.061 88(1.061 8) t 9. a) y 5 12 000(0.982) t
b) x 5 16 d) w 5 5.061 88(1.061 8) t b) 2181.7 people/year
20. x 5 21.75, y 5 22.25 e) 11.5 °C c) 2109 people/year
13. 33 cycles 10. Both functions approach a horizontal
Lesson 8.7, pp. 499–501 14. 7.4 years asymptote. Each change in x yields a smaller
15. 26.2 days and smaller change in y. Therefore, the
1. First earthquake: 5.2 5 log x; 16. Answers may vary. For example: (1) Tom instantaneous rate of change grows
105.2 5 158 489 invested $2000 in an account that accrued increasingly small, toward 0, as x increases.
Second earthquake; 6 5 log x; interest, compounded annually, at a rate 11. a)
300
106 5 1 000 000 of 6%. How long will it take for Tom’s
Speed (miles/hour)

250
Second earthquake is 6.3 times stronger investment to triple? (2) Indira invested
than the first. 200
$5000 in a stock that made her $75 every
2. 7.2 month. How long will it take her investment 150
3. 60 dB to triple? 100
4. 7.9 times The first problem could be modelled 50
5. a) 0.000 000 001 using an exponential function. Solving 0 20 40 60 80 100
b) 0.000 000 251 this problem would require the use of Distance (km)
c) 0.000 000 016 logarithms. The second problem could be
d) 0.000 000 000 000 1 modelled using a linear equation. Solving b) 1.03 miles/hour/hour
6. a) 3.49 the second problem would not require the c) 4.03 miles/hour/hour and
b) 3.52 use of logarithms. 0.403 miles/hour/hour
c) 4.35 17. 73 dB d) The rate at which the wind changes
d) 2.30 18. a) C 5 P(1.038) t during shorter distances is much
7. a) 7 b) $580.80 greater than the rate at which the wind
b) Tap water is more acidic than distilled c) $33.07 changes at farther distances. As the
water as it has a lower pH than distilled distance increases, the rate of change
water (pH 7). approaches 0.
8. 7.98 times
Lesson 8.8, pp. 507–508 12. To calculate the instantaneous rate
1. a) 27.375 of change for a given point, use the
b) 223.25 exponential function to calculate the values
c) 22 of y that approach the given value of x. Do
this for values on either side of the given

672 Answers NEL

 value of x. Determine the average rate of 19. 3.9 times Chapter 9
change for these values of x and y. When 104.7
20. 5 251.2
the average rate of change has stabilized to 102.3 Getting Started, p. 516
a constant value, this is the instantaneous 1012.5
rate of change. 5 251.2 1. a) f (21) 5 30,
1010.1
13. a) and b) Only a and k affect the f (4) 5 0
The relative change in each case is the
instantaneous rate of change. Increases b) f (21) 5 22,
same. Each change produces a solution
in the absolute value of either parameter 1
with concentration 251.2 times the f (4) 5 25
tend to increase the instantaneous rate 3
orignial solution.
of change. c) f (21) is undefined,
21. Yes; y 5 3(2.25x )
f (4) 8 1.81
22. 17.8 years
d) f (21) 5 220,
Chapter Review, pp. 510–511 23. a) 8671 people per year
f (4) 5 20.625
2. D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 16
1. a) y 5 log4 x c) y 5 log 34 x b) 7114; The rate of growth for the first
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 26
b) y 5 loga x d) m 5 logp q 30 years is slower than the rate of
2. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 3, growth for the entire period.
There is no minimum or maximum value;
reflection in the x-axis, horizontal c) y 5 134 322(1.03x ), where x is the
the function is never increasing;
1 number of years after 1950
compression by a factor of 2 the function is decreasing from (2 `, 1)
d) i) 7171 people per year
b) horizontal translation 5 units to the and (1, ` );
ii) 12 950 people per year
right, vertical translation 2 units up the function approaches 2 ` as x
24. a) exponential; y 5 23(1.17x ), where x is
1
c) vertical compression by a factor of 2 , approaches 1 from the left and ` as
the number of years since 1998
1
x approaches 1 from the right;
horizontal compression by a factor of 5 b) 331 808
vertical asymptote is x 5 1;
c) Answers may vary. For example, I
d) horizontal stretch by a factor of 3, horizontal asymptote is y 5 2
3. a) y 5 2 0 x 2 3 0
reflection in the y-axis, vertical shift assumed that the rate of growth would
be the same through 2015. This is not
3 units down b) y 5 2cos (2x)
reasonable. As more people buy the
2 c) y 5 log3 (2x 2 4) 2 1
3. a) y 5 log x 2 3 players, there will be fewer people
5 4
remaining to buy them, or newer d) y 5 2 2 5
b) y 5 2log c (x 2 3) d
1 x
technology may replace them. 1
2 4. a) x 5 21, 2 , and 4
d) about 5300 DVD players per year
c) y 5 5 log (22x) 5
b) x 5 2 3 or x 5 3
e) about 4950 DVD players per year
d) y 5 log (2x 2 4) 2 2
f ) Answers may vary. For example, the c) x 5 5 or x 5 22
4. Compared to y 5 log x,
prediction in part e) makes sense because Cannot take the log of a negative
y 5 3 log (x 2 1) 1 2 is vertically
the prediction is for a year covered by number, so x 5 5.
stretched by a factor of 3, horizontally 3
the data given. The prediction made in
translated 1 unit to the right, and d) x 5 2
part b) does not make sense because the 4
vertically translated 2 units up. e) x 5 23
prediction is for a year that is beyond the
5. a) 3 c) 0 3
data given, and conditions may change, f ) sin x 5 2 or sin x 5 21. Since sin x
b) 22 d) 24
making the model invalid. cannot be greater than 1, the first
6. a) 3.615 c) 2.829
b) 21.661 d) 2.690 equation does not give a solution;

Answers
7. a) log 55 c) log5 4 Chapter Self-Test, p. 512 x 5 270°
b) log 5 d) log 128 1. a) x 5 4 y; log4 x 5 y 5. a) (2 `, 24) c (2, 3)
b) Q22, 2 R c 34, `)
b) y 5 6x; log6 y 5 x 3
2
8. a) 1 c) 1
3 2. a) horizontal compression by a factor of 2 ,
6. a) odd c) even
b) 2 d) 3 horizontal translation 4 units to the
b) neither d) neither
9. It is shifted 4 units up. right, vertical translation 3 units up
7. Polynomial, logarithmic, and exponential
10. a) 5 c) 22 1
b) vertical compression by a factor of 2 , functions are continuous. Rational and
b) 3.75 d) 20.2 reflection in the x-axis, horizontal trigonometric functions are sometimes
11. a) 2.432 c) 2.553 translation 5 units to the left, vertical continuous and sometimes not.
b) 3.237 d) 4.799 translation 1 unit down
12. a) 0.79; 0.5 a) 22
3. b) 5 Lesson 9.1, p. 520
b) 20.43 4. a) 2 b) 7
13. 5.45 days 5. log4 xy 1. Answers may vary. For example, the graph
of y 5 QQ 2 R R(2x) is
x
14. a) 63 c) 9 1
6. 7.85
10 000 3
b) d) 1.5 7. a) 2 b) 1
3 4
8. a) 50 g
t
15. a) 1 c) 3 b) A(t) 5 100(0.5) 5730

b) 5 d) 6"10 001 c) 1844 years

16. 1022 W/m2 d) 20.015 g/year
17. 1023.8 W/m2 9. a) 6 min
18. 5 times b) 97°

NEL Answers 673

 value of x. Determine the average rate of 19. 3.9 times Chapter 9
change for these values of x and y. When 104.7
20. 5 251.2
the average rate of change has stabilized to 102.3 Getting Started, p. 516
a constant value, this is the instantaneous 1012.5
rate of change. 5 251.2 1. a) f (21) 5 30,
1010.1
13. a) and b) Only a and k affect the f (4) 5 0
The relative change in each case is the
instantaneous rate of change. Increases b) f (21) 5 22,
same. Each change produces a solution
in the absolute value of either parameter 1
with concentration 251.2 times the f (4) 5 25
tend to increase the instantaneous rate 3
orignial solution.
of change. c) f (21) is undefined,
21. Yes; y 5 3(2.25x )
f (4) 8 1.81
22. 17.8 years
d) f (21) 5 220,
Chapter Review, pp. 510–511 23. a) 8671 people per year
f (4) 5 20.625
2. D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 16
1. a) y 5 log4 x c) y 5 log 34 x b) 7114; The rate of growth for the first
R 5 5 yPR 0 y 2 26
b) y 5 loga x d) m 5 logp q 30 years is slower than the rate of
2. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 3, growth for the entire period.
There is no minimum or maximum value;
reflection in the x-axis, horizontal c) y 5 134 322(1.03x ), where x is the
the function is never increasing;
1 number of years after 1950
compression by a factor of 2 the function is decreasing from (2 `, 1)
d) i) 7171 people per year
b) horizontal translation 5 units to the and (1, ` );
ii) 12 950 people per year
right, vertical translation 2 units up the function approaches 2 ` as x
24. a) exponential; y 5 23(1.17x ), where x is
1
c) vertical compression by a factor of 2 , approaches 1 from the left and ` as
the number of years since 1998
1
x approaches 1 from the right;
horizontal compression by a factor of 5 b) 331 808
vertical asymptote is x 5 1;
c) Answers may vary. For example, I
d) horizontal stretch by a factor of 3, horizontal asymptote is y 5 2
3. a) y 5 2 0 x 2 3 0
reflection in the y-axis, vertical shift assumed that the rate of growth would
be the same through 2015. This is not
3 units down b) y 5 2cos (2x)
reasonable. As more people buy the
2 c) y 5 log3 (2x 2 4) 2 1
3. a) y 5 log x 2 3 players, there will be fewer people
5 4
remaining to buy them, or newer d) y 5 2 2 5
b) y 5 2log c (x 2 3) d
1 x
technology may replace them. 1
2 4. a) x 5 21, 2 , and 4
d) about 5300 DVD players per year
c) y 5 5 log (22x) 5
b) x 5 2 3 or x 5 3
e) about 4950 DVD players per year
d) y 5 log (2x 2 4) 2 2
f ) Answers may vary. For example, the c) x 5 5 or x 5 22
4. Compared to y 5 log x,
prediction in part e) makes sense because Cannot take the log of a negative
y 5 3 log (x 2 1) 1 2 is vertically
the prediction is for a year covered by number, so x 5 5.
stretched by a factor of 3, horizontally 3
the data given. The prediction made in
translated 1 unit to the right, and d) x 5 2
part b) does not make sense because the 4
vertically translated 2 units up. e) x 5 23
prediction is for a year that is beyond the
5. a) 3 c) 0 3
data given, and conditions may change, f ) sin x 5 2 or sin x 5 21. Since sin x
b) 22 d) 24
making the model invalid. cannot be greater than 1, the first
6. a) 3.615 c) 2.829
b) 21.661 d) 2.690 equation does not give a solution;

Answers
7. a) log 55 c) log5 4 Chapter Self-Test, p. 512 x 5 270°
b) log 5 d) log 128 1. a) x 5 4 y; log4 x 5 y 5. a) (2 `, 24) c (2, 3)
b) Q22, 2 R c 34, `)
b) y 5 6x; log6 y 5 x 3
2
8. a) 1 c) 1
3 2. a) horizontal compression by a factor of 2 ,
6. a) odd c) even
b) 2 d) 3 horizontal translation 4 units to the
b) neither d) neither
9. It is shifted 4 units up. right, vertical translation 3 units up
7. Polynomial, logarithmic, and exponential
10. a) 5 c) 22 1
b) vertical compression by a factor of 2 , functions are continuous. Rational and
b) 3.75 d) 20.2 reflection in the x-axis, horizontal trigonometric functions are sometimes
11. a) 2.432 c) 2.553 translation 5 units to the left, vertical continuous and sometimes not.
b) 3.237 d) 4.799 translation 1 unit down
12. a) 0.79; 0.5 a) 22
3. b) 5 Lesson 9.1, p. 520
b) 20.43 4. a) 2 b) 7
13. 5.45 days 5. log4 xy 1. Answers may vary. For example, the graph
of y 5 QQ 2 R R(2x) is
x
14. a) 63 c) 9 1
6. 7.85
10 000 3
b) d) 1.5 7. a) 2 b) 1
3 4
8. a) 50 g
t
15. a) 1 c) 3 b) A(t) 5 100(0.5) 5730

b) 5 d) 6"10 001 c) 1844 years

16. 1022 W/m2 d) 20.015 g/year
17. 1023.8 W/m2 9. a) 6 min
18. 5 times b) 97°

NEL Answers 673

2. a) Answers may vary. For example, 3. Answers will vary. For example, 6. a) 5(26, 7), (23, 10)6
y 5 (2x ) (2x); y 5 x2 b) 5 (26, 7), (23, 10)6
y 5 log x c) 5 (26, 25), (23, 4)6
The product will be y 5 x 2 log x. d) 5 (26, 5), (23, 24)6
y e) 5 (29, 0), (28, 0), (26, 0), (23, 0),
12 (21, 0), (0, 0)6
10 f ) 5 (27, 14), (26, 12), (25, 10),
(24, 8), (23, 6)6
8 2(2x 1 1)
7. a)
6 3x 2 2 2x 2 8
b) Answers may vary. For example,
b) exPR 0 x 2 2 or 2 f
4 4
y 5 (2x) (cos (2px)); 3
2 17
x c)
84
0 2 4 6 11
–2 d) 2
84
8. The graph of ( f 1 g) (x):
y
Lesson 9.2, pp. 528–530
28
1. a) 5 (24, 6), (22, 5), (1, 5), (4, 10) 6 24
5 (24, 6), (22, 5), (1, 5), (4, 10) 6
c) Answers may vary. For example,
b)
5 (24, 2), (22, 3),(1, 1), (4, 2) 6
y 5 (2x) (sin (2px)); 20
c)
5(24, 22), (22, 23), (1, 21),
16
d)
12
(4, 22)6
e) 5 (24, 8), (22, 8),(1, 6), (3, 10), 8

(4, 12)6 4
f ) 5 (24, 0), (22, 0),(0, 0), (1, 0),
x
0 2 4
(2, 0), (4, 0)6 –4
2. a) 10
b) 2; ( f 1 g) (x) is undefined at x 5 2 The graph of ( f 2 g) (x):
d) Answers may vary. For example,
because g(x) is undefined at x 5 2. y
c) 5xPR 0 x 2 26
y 5 (sin 2px) (cos 2px);
2
3. 5xPR 0 21 # x , 16 1
4. Graph of f 1 g : x
0 2 4
y –1
6
5 9. a) f (x) 1 g(x) 5 2x 1 x 3
4 The function is not symmetric.
The function is always increasing.
3 zero at x 5 20.8262
e) Answers may vary. For example,
2 no maximum or minimum
y 5 Q 2 R (cos 2px) ,
1 x
period: N/A
1
where 0 # x # 2p; x The domain is all real numbers. The
0 range is all real numbers.
1 2 3 4 5 6 f (x) 2 g(x) 5 2x 2 x 3
The function is not symmetric.
Graph of f 2 g :
The function is always decreasing.
y zero at x 5 1.3735
6
no maximum or minimum
5 period: N/A
4 The domain is all real numbers. The
f ) Answers may vary. For example, range is all real numbers.
3
y 5 2x sin 2px, where 0 # x # 2p; b) f (x) 1 g(x) 5 cos (2px) 1 x 4
2 The function is symmetric across the
line x 5 0.
1
x The function is decreasing from 2 ` to
0 20.4882 and 0 to 0.4882 and increasing
1 2 3 4 5 6
from 20.4882 to 0 and 0.4882 to ` .
5. a) f 1 g 5 0 x 0 1 x
zeros at x 5 20.7092, 20.2506,
0.2506, 0.7092
b) The function is neither even nor odd.

674 Answers NEL


relative maximum at x 5 0 and relative
minimums at x 5 20.4882 and
x 5 0.4882
period: N/A
The domain is all real numbers. The
range is all real numbers greater than
20.1308.
f (x) 2 g(x) 5 cos (2px) 2 x 4
The function is symmetric across the
line x 5 0.
The function is increasing from 2 ` to
20.9180 and 20.5138 to 0 and
0.5138 to 0.9180; decreasing from
20.9180 to 20.5138 and 0 to 0.5138
and 0.9180 to `.
zeros at x 5 21, 20.8278, 20.2494,
0.2494, 0.8278, 1
relative maxima at 20.9180, 0, and
0.9180; relative minima at 20.5138
and 0.5138
period: N/A
The domain is all real numbers. The
range is all real numbers less than 1.
c) f (x) 1 g(x) 5 log(x) 1 2x
The function is not symmetric.
The function is increasing from 0 to ` .
no zeros
no maximum or minimum
period: N/A
The domain is all real numbers greater
than 0. The range is all real numbers.
f (x) 2 g(x) 5 log (x) 2 2x
The function is not symmetric.
The function is increasing from 0 to
approximately 0.2 and decreasing from
approximately 0.2 to ` .
no zeros
maximum at x 8 0.2
period: N/A
The domain is all real numbers greater
than 0. The range is all real numbers
20.67 1 2k to 0.67 1 2k
zero at k
minimum at 0.67 1 2k and maximum
at 1.33 1 2k
period: 2
The domain is all real numbers.
The range is all real numbers between
22.598 to 2.598.
1 maximum value of 3850 and a
e) f (x) 1 g(x) 5 sin (2px) 1 x
The function is not symmetric.
The function is increasing and
decreasing at irregular intervals.
The zeros are changing at irregular
intervals.
The maximums and minimums are
changing at irregular intervals.
period: N/A
The domain is all real numbers except 0.
The range is all real numbers.
1 not symmetrical with respect to the y-axis
f (x) 2 g(x) 5 sin (2px) 2 x
The function is not symmetric.
The function is increasing and
decreasing at irregular intervals.
The zeros are changing at irregular
intervals.
The maximums and minimums are
changing at irregular intervals.
period: N/A
The domain is all real numbers except 0.
The range is all real numbers.
f ) f (x) 1 g(x) 5 !x 2 2 1 x 2 2
1 15.
The function is not symmetric.
The function is increasing from 3.5874
to ` and decreasing from 2 to 3.5874.
zeros: none
minimum at x 5 3.5874
period: N/A
The domain is all real numbers greater
than 2. The range is all real numbers
greater than 1.8899.
f (x) 2 g(x) 5 "x 2 2 2 x 2 2
1
a) R(t) 5 5000 2 25t 2 1000 cos Q 6 tR;
p
11.
it is neither odd nor even; it is
increasing during the first 6 months of
each year and decreasing during the last
6 months of each year; it has one zero,
which is the point at which the deer
population has become extinct; it has a
minimum value of 0, so its range is
5R(t) PR 0 0 # R(t) # 38506 .
b) after about 167 months, or 13 years
and 11 months
12. The stopping distance can be defined by
the function s(x) 5 0.006x 2 1 0.21x.
If the vehicle is travelling at 90 km/h, the
stopping distance is 67.5 m.
13. f (x) 5 sin (px); g(x) 5 cos (px)
14. The function is neither even nor odd; it is
or with respect to the origin; it extends from
the third quadrant to the first quadrant; it
has a turning point between 2n and 0 and
another turning point at 0; it has zeros
at 2n and 0; it has no maximum or
minimum values; it is increasing when
xP (2 `, 2n) and when xP (0, `);
when xP (2n, 0), it increases, has a
turning point, and then decreases; its
domain is 5xPR6, and its range is 5 yPR6 .
a) f (x) 5 0; g(x) 5 0
b) f (x) 5 x 2; g(x) 5 x 2
1 1
c) f (x) 5 ; g(x) 5 1 2.
x22 x22
16. m 5 2, n 5 3
Lesson 9.3, pp. 537–539
1. a) 5 (0, 22), (1, 210), (2, 21),
(3, 60)6
b) 5 (0, 12), (2, 220)6

Answers
less than or equal to approximately c) 4x
21.1. The function is not symmetric. d) 2x 2
d) f (x) 1 g(x) 5 sin (2px)1 2 sin (px) The function is increasing from 2 to `. e) x 3 2 3x 1 2
The function is symmetric about the zero at x 5 3 f ) 2x !x 2 2
origin. no maximum or minimum 2. a) 1(c):
The function is increasing from period: N/A y
20.33 1 2k to 0.33 1 2k and The domain is all real numbers greater f(x) = x
8
decreasing from 0.33 1 2k to than 2. The range is all real numbers. 6
1.67 1 2k. 10. a) The sum of two even functions will be g(x) = 4
4
zero at k even because replacing x with 2x will
2
minimum at x 5 20.33 1 2k still result in the original function. x
maximum at x 5 0.33 1 2k b) The sum of two odd functions will be –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
period: 2 odd because replacing x with 2x will –2

The domain is all real numbers. The
range is all real numbers between
22.598 and 2.598.
f (x) 2 g(x) 5 sin (2px) 2 2 sin (px)
The function is symmetric about the
origin, increasing from 0.67 1 2k to
1.33 1 2k and decreasing from
still result in the opposite of the original –4
function. –6
c) The sum of an even and an odd function –8
will result in neither an even nor an odd
function because replacing x with 2x
will not result in the same function or in
the opposite of the function.

NEL Answers 675

 1(d): 1(d): 6. 4(a): The function is symmetric about the
y y line x 5 0.
f(x) = x
8 8 The function is increasing from 0 to `.
6 6 The function is decreasing from 2 ` to 0.
4 4 zeros at x 5 27, 7
2 2
The minimum is at x 5 0.
x x period: N/A
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 4(b): The function is not symmetric.
–2 –2
The function is increasing from 210 to `.
–4 –4 zero at x 5 210
–6 –6 The minimum is at x 5 210.
–8 –8 period: N/A
g(x) = 2x 4(c): The function is not symmetric.
1(e): 1(e): The function is increasing from 2 ` to 0
y y and from 6 to `.
8 8 zeros at x 5 0, 9
g(x) = x2 – 2x + 1 6 6 The relative minimum is at x 5 26. The
4 4 relative maximum is at x 5 0.
2
period: N/A
2
x x 4(d): The function is symmetric about the
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 line x 5 21.75.
–2 –2
The function is increasing from 2 ` to
–4 –4
21.75 and is decreasing from 21.75 to `.
–6
f(x) = x + 2
–6 zero at x 5 21.75
–8
–8 The maximum is at x 5 21.75.
period: N/A
1(f ): 1(f ): 4(e): The function is not symmetric.
y y The function is increasing from 2 ` to 0
8 and from 6 to `.
8
6 zeros at x 5 0, 9
6
4
4 The relative minima are at x 5 24.5336
g(x) = x – 2
2 and 4.4286. The relative maximum is at
2 x
f(x) = 2x x x 5 21.1323.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –2 period: N/A
–2
–4 4(f ): The function is not symmetric.
–4 The function is increasing from 24 to `.
–6
–6 zeros: none
–8
–8 maximum/minimum: none
d) 1(c): 5xPR6 period: N/A
b) 1(c): f : 5xPR6; g: 5xPR6 1(d): 5xPR6 7. y
1(d): f : 5xPR6; g: 5xPR6 1(e): 5xPR6 4
1(e): f : 5xPR6; g: 5xPR6 1(f ): 5xPR 0 x $ 26
1(f ): f : 5xPR6; g: 5xPR 0 x $ 26 3. 5xPR 0 21 # x # 16
x
–1 0 1
c) 1(c): 4. a) x 2 2 49
y b) x 1 10 –4
8 c) 7x 3 2 63x 2
6 d) 216x 2 2 56x 2 49
–8
4 e) 2 sin x
x21
8. a) e xPR ` x 2 22, 7, f
2 p 3p
x f ) 2x log(x 1 4) , or
5. 4(a): D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 2496
2 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
b) 5xPR 0 x . 86
2 4 6 8
4(b): D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 2106;
–2
c) 5xPR 0 x $ 281 and x 2 0, p, or 2p6
–4
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 06
d) 5xPR 0 x # 21 or x $ 1,
–6 4(c): D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR6
4(d): D 5 5xPR6; R 5 5 yPR 0 y # 06
–8
and x 2 236
4(e): D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 216; R 5 5 yPR6
9. ( f 3 p) (t) represents the total energy
4(f ): D 5 5xPR 0 x . 246;
consumption in a particular country at time t
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 06
10. a) R(x) 5 (20 000 2 750x) (25 1 x) or
R(x) 5 500 000 1 1250x 2 750x 2,
where x is the increase in the admission
fee in dollars

676 Answers NEL

 b) Yes, it’s the product of the function c) The range will always be 1. If f is of odd 1(c):
P(x) 5 20 000 2 750x, which degree, there will always be at least one y
represents the number of daily visitors, value that makes the product undefined 8
and F(x) 5 25 1 x, which represents and which is excluded from the domain. 6
g(x) = x2 + 4
the admission fee. If f is of even degree, there may be no 4
c) $25.83 values that are excluded from the domain. 2
f(x) = 4x
11. m(t) 5 ((0.9) t ) (650 1 300t) 16. a) f (x) 5 2x x
–4 –2 0 2 4
The amount of contaminated material is at g(x) 5 x 2 1 1
–2
its greatest after about 7.3 s. ( f 3 g) (x) 5 2x (x 2 1 1)
–4
12. The statement is false. If f (x) and g(x) b) f (x) 5 x
are odd functions, then their product will g(x) 5 sin (2px) –6

always be an even function. When you ( f 3 g) (x) 5 x sin (2px) –8

multiply a function that has an odd degree 17. a) f (x) 5 (2x 1 9)
with another function that has an odd g(x) 5 (2x 2 9) 1(d):
y
degree, you add the exponents, and when b) f (x) 5 (2 sin x 1 3)
8
you add two odd numbers together, you g(x) 5 (4 sin2 x 2 6 sin x 1 9)
1 6
get an even number. c) f (x) 5 x 2
13. f (x) 5 3x 2 1 2x 1 5 and 4 g(x) = x – 2
g(x) 5 (4x 5 2 3x 3 1 1)
g(x) 5 2x 2 2 4x 2 2 1 2

a) ( f 3 g) (x) 5 !2x log (x 1 10)

d) f (x) 5 x
14. 2x 1 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
The domain is 5xPR 0 210 , x # 06. g(x) 5 6x 2 5 –2
b) One strategy is to create a table of –4
values for f (x) and g(x) and to Lesson 9.4, p. 542 –6
f(x) = x + 2
multiply the corresponding y-values –8
together. The resulting values could 5
1. a) ( f 4 g) (x) 5 , x 2 0
then be graphed. Another strategy is to x 1(e):
graph f (x) and g(x) and to then create 4x 1 y
b) ( f 4 g) (x) 5 ,x2
a graph for ( f 3 g) (x) based on these 2x 2 1 2 8
4x f(x) = 8
two graphs. The first strategy is probably c) ( f 4 g) (x) 5 2 6
better than the second strategy, since x 14
4
the y-values for f (x) and g(x) will not (x 1 2) Q!x 2 2R 2
g(x) = 1 + (21 )
x

be round numbers and will not be d) ( f 4 g) (x) 5 ,x.2 x

x22
easily discernable from the graphs of 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
f (x) and g(x). e) ( f 4 g) (x) 5 –2
1 1 ( 12 ) x
c) y –4
x2
8 f ) ( f 4 g) (x) 5 ,x.0 –6
log (x)
6 2. a) 1(a): –8

4 y
2 8 1(f ):
x y
f(x) = 5 6
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8

Answers
–2 4 g(x) = x 6
–4 2
x f(x) = x2 4
–6
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 2
–8 –2 x
–4 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
1 –6
15. a) f (x) 3 51 –4
f (x) –8
b) 5xPR 0 x 2 25 or 56 –6 g(x) = log(x)

y 1(b): –8
y
b) 1(a): domain of f : 5xPR6;
8
8
domain of g: 5xPR6
6

1(b): domain of f : 5xPR6;

4 6

domain of g: 5xPR6
4 g(x) = 2x – 1
2

1(c): domain of f : 5xPR6;

x 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 f(x) = 4x x
domain of g: 5xPR6
2 4 6 8
–2 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–4 –2 1(d): domain of f : 5xPR6;
–6 –4 domain of g: 5xPR0 x $ 26
–6 1(e): domain of f : 5xPR6;
domain of g: 5xPR6
–8
–8
1(f ): domain of f : 5xPR6;
domain of g: 5xPR 0 x . 06
NEL Answers 677
 c) 1(a): 1(f ): 22x 3
y
c) ( f 3 g) (x) 5
y x15
D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 256
8 g(x) = x
20
f(x) = 5 6 16 d) ( f 3 g) (x) 5 8100x 2 2 1
4 12 D 5 5xPR6
a) R(h) 5 90 cos a hb sin a hb
2
8 p p
x 6.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 4 6 6
f(x) = x2
2 102 sin a hb 2 210 cos a hb 1 238
–2 x p p
–4 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 6
–4
–6 b) Average Revenue
y = (gf )(x) = x5 –8 D(h)
–8 g(x) = log (x) 600
–12
500

Average revenue
2
1(b): –16 y = (gf )(x) = x
log (x) 400
y –20
300
8
200
6 d) 1(a): domain of ( f 4 g): 5xPR 0 x 2 06 100
g(x) = 2x – 1
1(b): domain of ( f 4 g): exPR0 x 2 f
4 1 h
0
2 2 2 4 6 8 10 12
1(c): domain of ( f 4 g): 5xPR6
f(x) = 4x x Hours after 6 a.m.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
1(d): domain of ( f 4 g): 5xPR 0 x . 26
2 4 6 8 c) about $470.30
–2
–4 1(e): domain of ( f 4 g): 5xPR6 80
7. a) ( f 4 g) (x) 5
1(f ): domain of ( f 4 g): 5xPR 0 x . 06 x
D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 06
–6
y = (gf )(x) = 2x4x– 1 3. a) 2.798 cm/day
–8
b) about 30 days 10x 2
b) ( f 4 g) (x) 5 2
c) 6.848 cm/day x 23
D 5 5xPR 0 x 2 6 !36
1(c):
d) It slows down and eventually comes to
y
zero. This is seen on the graph as it x18
!x 2 8
8 c) ( f 4 g) (x) 5
becomes horizontal at the top.
D 5 5xPR 0 x . 86
6
g(x) = x2 + 4
4 7x 2
f(x) = 4x Mid-Chapter Review, p. 544 d) ( f 4 g) (x) 5
2 log x
D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06
x 1. multiplication
2. a) 5 (29, 2), (26, 29), (0, 14)6
–4 –2 0 2 4

b) 5 (29, 2), (26, 29), (0, 14)6

–2
y = ( gf )(x) = 24x
8. csc x, sec x, cot x
x +4
c) 5 (29, 26), (26, 3), (0, 210)6
–4
–6
d) 5 (29, 6), (26, 23), (0, 10)6 Lesson 9.5, pp. 552–554
–8 3. a) P(x) 5 25x 2 1 140x 2 30
1. a) 21
b)
1(d): Revenue, Cost, and Profit b) 224
y 1200 R(x) = –5x2 + 150x c) 2129
y = (gf )(x) = (x + 2) x – 2 P(x) = –5x2 + 140x – 30 7
x–2 8 1000
d)
Cost ($1000s)

6 800 16
600
e) 1
4
g(x) = x – 2 f ) 28
2 400
x 2. a) 3
200 C(x) = 10x + 30
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 b) 5
–2 0 c) 10
10 20 30 40
–4 Product (1000s) d) ( f + g) (0) is undefined.
–6 c) $738 750 e) 2
f(x) = x + 2 f) 4
–8 4. a) R(h) 5 24.39h
b) N(h) 5 24.97h 3. a) 5
1(e): c) W(h) 5 24.78h b) 5
y d) S(h) 5 25.36h c) 4
8 e) $317 d) ( f + f ) (2) is undefined.
f(x) = 8
6 1 4. a) C(d(5)) 5 36
5. a) ( f 3 g) (x) 5 x 2 1 x 1
4 4 It costs $36 to travel for 5 h.
D 5 5xPR6
x
g(x) = 1 + (21 ) b) C(d(t)) represents the relationship
2
b) ( f 3 g) (x) 5 sin (3x) ( !x 2 10)
x between the time driven and the cost of
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 106
2 4 6 8 gasoline.
8 –2
y = (gf )(x) =
1 + (1 ) –4
x
2
–6
–8

678 Answers NEL

 5. a) f (g(x)) 5 3x 2 2 6x 1 3 g( f (x)) 5 4x 3 2 6x 2 1 2x 2 3 g( f (x)) 5 4 sin x
The domain is 5xPR6. The domain is 5xPR6. The domain is 5xPR6.
y y y
8
8 8
6
6
4 4
4
2 2
x x x
0
–4 –2 2 4 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4
–4 –4
2
g( f (x)) 5 3x 2 1 –6 –6

The domain is 5xPR6. –8 –8

y
f ) f ( g(x)) 5 0 x 1 5 022
4 3 2
d) f ( g(x)) 5 x 1 4x 1 5x 1 2x
The domain is 5xPR6.
8
The domain is 5xPR6.
y y
4 8
8
6
x 6
0 4
–4 –2 2 4 4
2
x 2
–4 x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
b) f ( g(x)) 5 2x 4 1 5x 2 1 3 –2 –2
The domain is 5xPR6. –4 –4
y –6 –6
8
–8 –8

g( f (x)) 5 0 x 0 1 3
4 2
g( f (x)) 5 x 2 x 1 1
The domain is 5xPR6.
4
The domain is 5xPR6.
x y y
8
–4 –2 0 2 4 8
6
6
–4 4
4
2
4 3 2 x 2
g( f (x)) 5 4x 1 4x 1 x 1 1 x
The domain is 5xPR6. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
y
–2 –2
8 –4 –4
–6 –6

Answers
4 –8 –8

x e) f (g(x)) 5 sin 4x
–4 –2 0 2 4 The domain is 5xPR6. 6. a) f + g 5 3 !x 2 4
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 46
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 06
y
–4
8
6 g + f 5 !3x 2 4
c) f ( g(x)) 5 16x 3 2 36x 2 1 26x 2 7
The domain is 5xPR6. D 5 U xPR 0 x $ 3 V
4 4

8
y 2
x
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 06
6 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 b) f + g 5 !3x 1 1
D 5 U xPR 0 x $ 2 3 V
–2 1
4
R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 06
–4
2
–6
g + f 5 3 !x 1 1
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 06
2 4 6 8 –8
–2
–4 R 5 5yPR 0 y $ 16
–6
–8

NEL Answers 679

 c) f + g 5 "4 2 x 4
D 5 5xPR 0 2 !2 # x # !26
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 06
g + f 5 4 2 x2
D 5 5xPR 0 22 # x # 26
R 5 5 yPR 0 0 , y , 26
d) f + g 5 2 !x 2 1
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 16
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 16
g + f 5 !2x 2 1
D 5 5xPR 0 x $ 06
R 5 5 yPR 0 y $ 06
e) f + g 5 x
D 5 5xPR 0 x . 06
R 5 5 yPR6
g+f5x
D 5 5xPR6
R 5 5 yPR6
f ) f + g 5 sin (52x 1 1)
D 5 5xPR6
R 5 5 yPR 0 21 # y # 16
g + f 5 52 sin x 1 1
D 5 5xPR6
R 5 U yPR 0 25 # y # 26V
26
7. a) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 !x and g(x) 5 x 2 1 6
b) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 x 6 and g(x) 5 5x 2 8
c) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 2x and g(x) 5 6x 1 7
d) Answers may vary. For example,
1
f (x) 5 x and g(x) 5 x 3 2 7x 1 2
e) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 sin 2 x and g(x) 5 10x 1 5
f ) Answers may vary. For example,
f (x) 5 " 3
x and g(x) 5 (x 1 4) 2
8. a) ( f + g) (x) 5 2x 2 2 1
b) y 2
8
g(x) = x2 4
0
–4 –2
(f 8 g)(x) = 2x2 – 1
f (x) = 2x – 1
–4
–8
c) It is compressed by a factor of 2 and
translated down 1 unit.
9. a) f ( g(x)) 5 6x 1 3
The slope of g(x) has been multiplied
by 2, and the y-intercept of g(x) has
been vertically translated 1 unit up.
b) g( f (x)) 5 6x 2 1
The slope of f (x) has been multiplied
by 3.
680 Answers
10. D(p) 5 780 1 31.96p 5. a) x 8 2.5 d) x 8 22.1
11. f ( g(x)) 5 0.06x b) x 8 2.2 e) x 5 10
12. a) d(s) 5 "16 1 s 2; s(t) 5 560t c) x 8 1.8 f ) x 5 1 or 3
b) d(s(t)) 5 "16 1 313 600t 2, where 6. a) x 5 21.81 or 0.48
t is the time in hours and d(s(t)) is the b) x 5 21.38 or 1.6
distance in kilometres c) x 5 21.38 or 1.30
d) x 5 20.8, 0, or 0.8
c(v(t)) 5 a
40 1 3t 1 t 2 2
13. 2 0.1b 1 0.15; e) x 5 0.21 or 0.74
500
f ) x 5 0, 0.18, 0.38, or 1
The car is running most economically
7. (0.7, 21.5)
2 h into the trip.
8.
They will be about the same in 2012.
14. Graph A(k); f (x) is vertically compressed
9.
a) xP (20.57, 1)
by a factor of 0.5 and reflected in the
b) xP30, 0.584
x-axis. Graph B(b); f (x) is translated 3
c) xP (2 `, 0)
units to the left.
d) xP (0.17, 0.83)
Graph C(d); f (x) is horizontally e) xP (0.35, 1.51)
1
compressed by a factor of 2 .
f ) xP (0.1, 0.5)
10.
Graph D(1); f (x) is translated 4 units down. Answers may vary. For example,
Graph E(g); f (x) is translated 3 units up. f (x) 5 x 3 1 5x 2 1 2x 2 8 and
g(x) 5 0.
Graph F(c); f (x) is reflected in the
11.
y-axis. Answers may vary. For example,
15. Sum: y 5 f 1 g f (x) 5 2x 2 1 25 and g(x) 5 2x 1 5.
12.
4 a 8 7, b 8 2
f (x) 5 ; g(x) 5 1 13. Answers may vary. For example:
x23
Product: y 5 f 3 g Perform the necessary algebraic
x11 operations to move all of the terms on
f (x) 5 x 2 3; g(x) 5
(x 2 3) 2 the right side of the equation to the left
Quotient: y 5 f 4 g side of the equation.
f (x) 5 1 1 x ; g(x) 5 x 2 3
Composition: y 5 f + g
4 Construct the function f (x), such that
f (x) 5 1 1; g(x) 5 x 2 3 f (x) equals the left side of the equation.
x
16. a) f (k) 5 27k 2 14
b) f (k) 5 2 !9k 2 16 2 5
Graph the function f (x).
Lesson 9.6, pp. 560–562
1 7 Determine the x-intercepts of the
1. a) i) x 5 , 2, or
2 graph that fall within the interval
ii) x 5 21 or 2 provided, if applicable.
1 7
b) i) , x , 2 or x .
2 2
ii) 21 , x , 2 The x-intercepts of the graph are the
x
1 7 solutions to the equation.
2 4 c) i) x # ; 2 # x #
2 2
ii) x # 21 or x $ 2 14. x 5 0 6 2n, x 5 20.67 6 2n or
1 7 x 5 0.62 6 2n, where nPI
d) i) # x # 2 or x $ 15. xP (2n, 2n 1 1) , where nPI
2 2
ii) 21 # x # 2
2. a) x 8 0.8 Lesson 9.7, pp. 569–574
b) x 5 0 and 3.5
c) x 8 22.4 1. a) Filling a Swimming Pool
d) x 8 0.7 20
3. x 5 21.3 or 1.8 16
Volume (m3)
4. f (x) , g(x): 1.3 , x , 1.6 12
f (x) 5 g(x): x 5 0 or 1.3 8
f (x) . g(x): 0 , x , 1.3 or 4
1.6 , x , 3 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (h)
NEL
 8000
b) y 5 6.25p a b
x 8. a)
b) P(t) 5 Sunshine in Toronto

Average monthly sunshine (h)

4 1 1 9(0.719) t
300
c) about 1.6 h Trout Population
6.25p 250
2. a) y 5 64 (x 2 8) 2

Trout population
8000
200
Swimming Pool Leak 6000
150
20 4000
100
16 2000
Volume (m3)

50
12 0
4 8 12 16 20 0
8 Time (years) 2 4 6 8 10 12
Month
4
c) about 2349
0 d) 387.25 trout per year b) Sunshine in Toronto
2 4 6 8

Average monthly sunshine (h)

5. a) the carrying capacity of the lake; 8000
Time (h)
b) Use (0, 800) and (10, 6000). 250
6.25p a 5 7200, b 8 0.88
b) V(t) 5 (t 2 8) 2 200
64 c) Trout Population
c) V(2) 8 11 m3 150
24.3 m3>h

Trout population
8000
d)
100
e) As time elapses, the pool is losing less 6000
water in the same amount of time. 4000 50
3. a) Answers may vary. For example: 2000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Air Leakage in Space Station
0 Month
4 8 12 16 20
200 (0, 200) Time (years)
c) S(t) 5 297 cos a
p
(t 2 1)b 1 181
Volume (m3)

160 d) P(4) 8 3682 6

120 e) 720.5 trout per year d) From the model, the maximum will be
(4, 80) at t 5 7 and the minimum will be at
80 f ) In the model in the previous problem, the
carrying capacity of the lake is divided by t 5 1.
40
a number that gets smaller and smaller, e) It doesn’t fit it perfectly, because,
0 while in this model, a number that gets actually, the minimum is not at t 5 1,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (h) smaller and smaller is subtracted from the but at t 5 12.
carrying capacity of the lake. 9. a) Wind Chill
Air Leakage in Space Station 10
6. Answers may vary. For example, the first 0
200 (0, 200)

Wind chill (°C)

model more accurately calculates the current 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
–10
price of gasoline because prices are rising
Volume (m3)

160 –20
quickly.
120 –30

7. a) V(t) 5 0.85 cos a

(4, 80) p
80 (t 2 1.5)b –40
Wind speed (km/h)
3

Answers
40
V(t) b) Answers may vary. For example,
2
0 C(s) 5 238 1 14(0.97) s
4 8 12 16 20 1
Time (h) c) C(0) 5 224 °C
t C(100) 8 237.3 °C
b) V(t) 5 230t 1 200; 0 1 2 3 C(200) 8 238 °C
t 8 6.7 –1 These answers don’t appear to be very
c) V(t) 5 200(0.795) t; –2 reasonable, because the wind chill for a
t 8 10 wind speed of 0 km> h should be
4. a) Trout Population b) The scatter plot and the graph are very 220 °C, while the wind chills for wind
8000 close to being the same, but they are speeds of 100 km> h and 200 km> h
7000
(10, 6000) not exactly the same. should be less than 238 °C. The model
Trout population

6000
c) V(6) 5 0 L>s only appears to be somewhat accurate
for wind speeds of 10 to 70 km> h.
5000
4000
d) From the graph, the rate of change
3000 appears to be at its smallest at 10. a) Answers will vary. For example, one
2000 t 5 1.5 s. polynomial model is
1000 (0, 800) e) It is the maximum of the function. P(t) 5 1.4t 2 1 3230, while an
0 f ) From the graph, the rate of change exponential model is
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (years) appears to be greatest at t 5 0 s. P(t) 5 3230(1.016) t. While neither
model is perfect, it appears that the
polynomial model fits the data better.

NEL Answers 681

 b) P(155) 5 1.4(155) 2 1 3230 Chapter Review, pp. 576–577 C2
c) A(r(C)) 5
8 36 865 4p
P(155) 5 3230(1.016) 155 8 37 820 1. division C2
2. a) Shop 2 d) 8 1.03 m
c) A case could be made for either model. 4p
The polynomial model appears to fit b) S112 5 t 3 1 1.6t 2 1 1200
11. f (x) , g(x): 21.2 , x , 0 or x . 1.2
the data better, but population growth c) 1 473 600
f (x) 5 g(x): x 5 21.2, 0, or 1.2
is usually exponential. d) The owner should close the first shop,
f (x) . g(x): x , 21.2 or 0 , x , 1.2
d) According to the polynomial model, in because the sales are decreasing and will
12. a) x 8 4.0
2000, the population was increasing at eventually reach zero.
b) x 8 2.0
a rate of about 389 000 per year, while 3. a) C(x) 5 9.45x 1 52 000
c) x 8 20.8
according to the exponential model, in b) I(x) 5 15.8x
d) x 8 0.7
2000, the population was increasing at c) P(x) 5 6.35x 2 52 000
13. a) P(t) 5 600t 2 1000. The slope is the
a rate of about 465 000 per year. 4. a) 12 sin (7x)
rate that the population is changing.
11. a) P(t) 5 3339.18(1.132 25) t b) 9x 2
b) P(t) 5 617.6(1.26) t, 617.6 is the
b) They were introduced around the c) 121x 2 2 49
initial population and 1.26 represents
year 1924. d) 2a 2b 3x
the growth.
c) rate of growth 8 2641 rabbits per year 5. a) C 3 A 5 42 750 000 000(1.01) t
14. P(t) 5 2570.99(1.018) t
d) P(65) 8 10 712 509.96 1 3 000 000 000t(1.01) t
p b) Taxes Collected World Population
12. a) V(t) 5 155.6 sin (120pt 1 2 ) 400 7000

Population (millions)
b) V(t) 5 155.6 cos (120pt) 320 6000
Taxes ($billion)

c) The cosine function was easier to 240 5000

determine. The cosine function is at its 4000
160
maximum when the argument is 0, so 3000
80
no horizontal translation was necessary.
2000
13. a) Answers will vary. For example, a linear 0
10 20 30 40 50 0
model is P(t) 5 29t 1 400, a Years from now

00
60

80
90
50

70
19
23

19
19

19
19
20
quadratic model is P(t) 5 90 (t 2 30) 2 d) about $156 402 200 032.31 Year

1 170, and an exponential model is 21 When t 5 13, P(t) 5 3242.

6. a)
P(t) 5 400(0.972) t. x When t 5 23, P(t) 5 3875.
1 When t 5 90, P(t) 5 12 806.
The exponential model fits the data far b)
2x 1 9
better than the other two models.
b) P(t) 5 29t 1 400 "x 1 15 Chapter Self-Test, p. 578
c)
P(60) 5 2140 kPa x 1 15
23 x3 1. a) A(r) 5 4pr 2
P(t) 5 (t 2 30) 2 1 170, d)
90 2 log x 3 3V
Å 4p
b) r(V) 5
P(60) 5 400 kPa 7. a) 5xPR 0 x 2 06
2
P(t) 5 400(0.972) t, P(60) 8 73 kPa
b) e xPR 0 x 2 4, x 2 2 f b
9 3V 3
c) The exponential model gives the most c) A(r(V)) 5 4pa
2 4p
realistic answer, because it fits the data c) 5xPR 0 x . 2156
d) 5xPR 0 x . 06
2

b 8 4 m2
the best. Also, the pressure must be less 3(0.75) 3
d) 4pa
than 170 kPa, but it cannot be negative. 8. a) Domain of f (x): 5xPR 0 x . 216 4p
14. As a population procreates, the population Range of f (x): 5yPR 0 y . 06 2. y
becomes larger, and thus, more and more Domain of g(x): 5xPR6 8
organisms exist that can procreate some Range of g(x): 5yPR 0 y $ 36 6
more. In other words, the act of procreating 1
4
!x 2 1 4
enables even more procreating in the future. b) f ( g(x)) 5
15. a) linear, quadratic, or exponential 2
3x 1 4 x
b) linear or quadratic c) g( f (x)) 5
c) exponential x11 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
1 –2
1 1 1 d) f ( g(0)) 5
16. a) T(n) 5 n 3 1 n 2 1 n 2 –4
6 2 3
e) g( f (0)) 5 4 –6
For f (g(x)): 5xPR6
1 1 1
b) 47 850 5 n 3 1 n 2 1 n f) –8
For g ( f (x)): 5xPR 0 x . 216
6 2 3
So, n 8 64.975. So, it is not a tetrahedral
9. a) x26
number because n must be an integer. From the graph, the solution is
b) x29
17. a) P(t) 5 30.75(1.008 418) t 21.62 # x # 1.62.
c) x 2 12
b) In 2000, the growth rate of Canada was 3. Answers may vary. For example, g(x) 5 x 7
d) x 2 3(1 1 n)
less than the growth rate of Ontario and and h(x) 5 2x 1 3, g(x) 5 (x 1 3) 7
10. a) A(r) 5 pr 2
Alberta. and h(x) 5 2x
C
b) r(C) 5
2p

682 Answers NEL

 4. a) N(n) 5 1n 3 1 8n 2 1 40n 1 400 9. Division will turn it into a tangent function b) Answers may vary. For example,
b) N(3) 5 619 that is not sinusoidal. Niagara: 159 years; Waterloo:
5. ( f 3 g) (x) 5 30x 3 1 405x 2 60 years
1 714x 2 4785 c) Answers may vary. For example,
Cumulative Review Chapters 7–9,
6. a) There is a horizontal asymptote of Waterloo is growing faster. In 2025,
y 5 275 cm. This is the maximum pp. 580–583 the instantaneous rate of change for
height this species will reach. 1. (d) 10. (d) 19. (c) 28. (a) the population in Waterloo is about
b) when t 8 21.2 months 2. (b) 11. (a) 20. (d) 29. (d) 6800 people/year, compared to about
7. x 5 4.5 or 4500 items 3. (a) 12. (b) 21. (b) 30. (d) 2000 people/year for Niagara.
8. y 4. (a) 13. (d) 22. (a) 31. (c) 37. m(t) 5 30 000 2 100t,
60 T
5. (d) 14. (d) 23. (c) 32. (d) a(t) 5 2 10,
6. (c) 15. (c) 24. (c) 33. (d) 30 000 2 100t
40
log Q1 2 300 R
t
7. (d) 16. (a) 25. (c) 34. (b)
20 8. (b) 17. (b) 26. (b) v(t) 5 2 2 gt;
log 2.72
9. (c) 18. (b) 27. (a) T
x
35. 27° or 63° at t 5 0, 2 10 must be greater than
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 30 000
36. a) Answers may vary. For example,
–20 0 m>s2, so T must be greater than
Niagara: P(x) 5 (414.8) (1.0044x );
300 000 kg 3 m>s2 (or 300 000 N)
Waterloo: P(x) 5 (418.3) (1.0117x )
–40

–60

The solutions are x 5 23.1, 21.4,

20.6, 0.5, or 3.2.

Answers

NEL Answers 683

Index
A Average rate of change, 68, 75–78, 99, 101, horizontal, 33, 35
116, 189, 239 logarithmic functions, 454–456
Absolute maximum/minimum, 131 cubic functions, 191 sine function, 337–346
Absolute value, 73 dependent variable, 68, 93 vertical, 31, 35
Absolute value functions, 14–17, 25, 53 determining, 93 Concept map/web, 13, 95, 122
asymptotes, 20, 25 difference quotient, 115 Conjecture, 412
characteristics, 26 equations, 74, 75, 93 Continuity, 8, 18, 23, 61, 62, 188, 516
discontinuity, 25 exponential functions, 502–508 characteristics, 27
domain, 15, 19, 25, 27, 30 graphing, 71–73 exponential functions, 21
end behaviour, 25, 27 independent variable, 68, 93 functions, 8, 61
graphing, 16, 26, 29–35 instantaneous rate of change, 93 piecewise functions, 50, 51, 52
intervals of decrease/increase, 22, 25, linear relationships, 70–71 sine function, 19
27, 30 logarithmic functions, 502–508 Continuous function, 259
range, 15, 19, 20, 25, 27, 30 polynomial functions, 235 Cosecant function, 374, 386
symmetry, 15, 25 population, 77 graphing, 350–353
transformations, 16 rational functions, 298–305, 307 Cosine function, 9, 314, 324, 331–332, 382,
turning point, 30 secant lines, 70–73, 93, 366 386, 580
y-intercepts, 25, 27 sinusoidal functions, 375 addition formula, 399
zeros, 19, 25 table of values, 68–69, 71–73, 93 amplitude, 342
Absolute value notation, 60 trigonometric functions, 363–373 axis, 334
Acceleration due to gravity, 205 Axis, 314 domain, 9, 334
Addition. See also Sum cosine function, 334 double angle formula, 406
functions, 523–525, 528 sine function, 334 equivalent, 388–393
Addition identities, 416 tangent function, 334 graphing, 333–336
Algebraic approach/model/strategy, 4–5 maximum/minimum, 342
exponential equations, 480–482 modelling, 354–355, 358–360
instantaneous rate of change, 82
B
period, 334, 342
inverse relation, 58 Bacterial growth, 68–69, 110 periodicity, 33
logarithmic equations, 487–490 Base of exponential functions, 21 range, 9, 334
minimum, 109 Blood pressure, 14, 111 subtraction formula, 399
piecewise functions, 47–49 Body temperature, 119 transformations, 33, 348
polynomial functions, 232–235 turning point, 33
rational equations, 278–279, 281–282 Cost function, 111, 544
rational inequalities, 291–292, 293–294
C
Cotangent function, 374, 386
trigonometric equation, 421–422 Carbon-14, 63 graphing, 350–353
Amplitude, 314 Cartesian plane, 347 Counterexample, 413
cosine function, 334, 342 angles, 323–332 Cube, 88
sine function, 334, 337–341 radians, 323–332 Cubic equation, 198
tangent function, 334 CAST rule, 329, 419, 438 Cubic functions, 139
Angles, 314, 316–322, 347 Centred intervals, 81–85, 94 average rate of change, 191
Cartesian plane, 323–332 Circles, 44, 88 graphing, 125, 126
negative, 320 Circular motion, 9 instantaneous rate of change, 380
principal angle, 386 Cofunction identity, 389, 392, 414 transformations, 149–158
related acute angle, 386 Common logarithms, 452 zeros, 147, 148, 380
rotation, clockwise/counterclockwise, 320 Complementary angles, 389 Curve of best fit, 92
standard position, 324, 347, 386 Composition of functions, 545–554, 575
Area of circle, 44 Compound angle formulas, 394–401
Argument, 340, 490 trigonometric functions, 410
D
trigonometric functions, 412 Compound angles, 395–401 Damped, 531
Asymptotes, 8, 15, 25, 381 trigonometric ratio, 398–399 Decay functions, 112
oblique, 260 Compound interest, 66, 483, 485, 501, 581 Decomposition, 551
rational functions, 263–265 Compressions, 31, 33, 35–37, 58, 151, 155, Decreasing intervals, 15
reciprocal functions, 246 , 275, 276 157, 158, 185, 188 Decreasing reciprocal functions, 248

684 Index NEL

Degree, 124, 134–138, 382 polynomial functions, 143, 184 polynomial functions, 171–177, 183
even, 129–130 quadratic functions, 25 quadratic trigonometric equations, 431
odd, 129–130, 132 rational functions, 263 sum of cubes, 178–182
Degrees, 316–322, 347, 386 sine functions, 25 Factors
Dependent variable, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 39, 68, 79, 93 square root function, 25, 34 order, 139
Difference. See Subtraction Epidemiology, 515 polynomial division, 166–167
Difference of cubes, 183 Equation of the axis, 314 Finite differences, 66, 122, 123, 127
factoring, 178–182 Equations, 57, 245 Flow chart, 37, 53
Difference of functions, 54–56, 59 average rate of change, 74, 75, 93 Following intervals, 80–85, 85, 94
Difference quotient, 82, 85, 94, 115, 299–300 functions, 57 Fractal, 121
instantaneous rate of change, 367–368 instantaneous rate of change, 79–85 Frequency modulation, 313
Differences in sine functions, 521 inverse relation, 40 Function notation, 4, 10
Discontinuity, 23, 25, 61, 62 parent function, 20 Functions, 10
characteristics, 27 polynomial functions, 140, 141 See also various types of functions
piecewise functions, 50, 51, 52 techniques for solving, 555–562 addition, 523–525, 528
rational functions, 302–303 Euler’s Number, 237 combined, 518–520
reciprocal functions, 276 Even functions, 18, 23, 27, 62, 131, 188, 389, composition, 545–554, 575
Discontinuous functions, 18 516, 582 domain, 528
Displacement, 102, 103–106, 113 Exponential equations, 509 families of, 527
Distance, 394 algebraic method/strategy, 480–482 products, 531–539
Division of polynomial functions, 162–170 graphing, 482 quotients, 540–542
Domain, 2, 6, 7–13, 17, 23, 60, 62, 188, solving, 480–486 subtraction, 523–525, 528
381, 582 Exponential functions, 17, 25, 90, 445, 446,
absolute value functions, 15, 19, 25, 27 477, 564–565, 568–569, 581
G
composite function, 549 asymptotes, 25
cosine function, 9, 334 average rate of change, 502–508 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 123
exponential functions, 19, 21, 25 base, 21 General point, 85, 94
functions, 528 continuity, 21 Golden Rectangle, 286
intersection, 525 discontinuity, 25 Graphic organizer, 95
inverse functions, 25, 43, 449, 450 domain, 19, 21, 25, 30 Graphical model, 6–7
inverse relation, 59, 61 end behaviour, 19, 25 Graphing, 29–35, 57, 66
linear functions, 19, 25 graphing, 29–35 absolute value functions, 16
logarithmic functions, 448, 450, 455, 456 horizontal asymptote, 19, 21 average rate of change, 71–73
parent function, 20, 28 instantaneous rate of change, 502–508 cosecant function, 350–353
piecewise functions, 47, 51 intervals of decrease/increase, 22, 25, 30 cosine function, 333–336
polynomial functions, 142 maximum/minimum, 112 cotangent function, 350–353
reciprocal function, 246, 251–253 range, 19, 21, 25, 30 exponential equations, 482
restrictions, 45 solving problems with, 493–501 instantaneous rate of change, 83–84,
scatter plot, 15 symmetry, 21, 25 89–91
sine function, 9, 19, 25, 334 turning point, 30 inverse relation, 38, 58
square root function, 25, 34 y-intercepts, 25 logarithms, 459–463
table of values, 28 zeros, 19, 21, 25 piecewise functions, 46, 48–49, 52
tangent function, 334 Extrapolating, 569 polynomial functions, 140, 143, 191
translations, 32, 33 polynomial inequality, 220–221,
Double angle formulas, 402–408 222–223, 225–228
F rates of change, 96–102
Double angle identities, 416
Double angles, 424 Factor table for polynomial inequality, rational function, 263–274, 302
Doubling functions, 468, 485 222–223 rational inequalities, 289–290, 292
Factor theorem, 174, 176, 177, 185, 198, reciprocal function, 246, 248–257, 275
Index

202, 206, 216 reciprocal trigonometric functions,

E sum of cubes, 179 350–353
End behaviour, 23, 130, 132–138, 161 Factored form of polynomial functions, secant function, 350–353
absolute value functions, 25, 27 139–145, 159–160 sine function, 333–336
exponential functions, 19, 25 Factoring, 194 speed, 114
inverse functions, 25 difference of cubes, 178–182 Greatest integer functions, 53
linear functions, 25 grouping, by, 199–200

NEL Index 685

Growth equation, 189 Interpolating, 569 asymptotes, 25
Growth rates, 513 Intersection, 525 average rate of change, 70–71
Guess and check, 459, 463 domain, 525 discontinuity, 25
Guess and improvement strategy, 555–556 Interval notation, 22, 207 domain, 19, 25
Intervals of decrease/increase, 17, 23, 60 end behaviour, 25
absolute value functions, 22, 25, 27 graphing, 125, 126
H
exponential functions, 22, 25 intervals of decrease/increase, 25
Half-life, 467 inverse functions, 25 range, 19, 25
Horizontal asymptote, 8 linear functions, 25 reciprocal functions, 251–254, 275
absolute value functions, 20 parent function, 28 symmetry, 25
exponential functions, 19, 21 quadratic functions, 22, 25 x-intercepts, 25
parent function, 28 sine functions, 25 y-intercepts, 25
square root function, 25, 34 zeros, 19
I translations, 32 Linear inequality, 207–215, 217, 218
Inverse, 2 Linear relations, 66
Identity, 389, 412, 580 Inverse functions, 2, 17, 42, 188, 448, 449, Logarithmic equations, 509
Increasing intervals in scatter plot, 15 450, 477 algebraic method/strategy, 487–490
Increasing reciprocal functions, 248 asymptotes, 25 solving, 487–492
Independent variable, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 39 discontinuity, 25 Logarithmic functions, 445, 446, 448–451,
average rate of change, 68, 93 domain, 25, 30, 43, 449, 450 477, 478, 581
centred intervals, 81 end behaviour, 25 average rate of change, 502–508
instantaneous rate of change, 79, 93 graphing, 42 compressions, 454–456
Inequalities, 193, 245, 381 intervals of decrease/increase, 25, 30 domain, 448, 450, 455, 456
techniques for solving, 555–562 inverse relation, 59, 61 instantaneous rate of change, 502–508
Infinity, 18 range, 25, 30, 43, 449, 450 range, 448, 450, 455, 456
Inflation, 501, 581 symmetry, 25 reflections, 454–455, 456
Inflection point. See Turning point turning point, 30 solving problems with, 493–501
Instantaneous rate of change, 79–88, 92, 99, x-intercepts, 25 stretches, 454–455, 456
101, 110, 114–115, 117, 189, 239 y-intercepts, 25 transformations, 452–458
algebraic approach, 82 zeros, 25 translations, 454–455, 456
average rate of change, 93 Inverse operation, 208–215 Logarithms
centred intervals, 81–85, 94 Inverse relations, 2, 38–43, 44–45, 58, 59, 61 bases, 484
cubic functions, 380 algebraic representation, 58 evaluating, 459–468, 478
dependent variable, 79, 93 algebraic strategy, 41–42 general properties, 464–465
difference quotient, 82, 94, 115, 367–368 domain, 59, 61 graphing, 459–463
equations, 79–85 equations, 40 laws of, 469–476
estimation, 83–84, 94 graphing, 38, 58 power laws, 471, 474
exponential functions, 502–508 range, 59, 61 product law, 469–470, 474
following intervals, 80–85, 94 table of values, 38, 58 quotient laws, 470, 474
general point, 82, 94 translations, 58 Lowest common denominator, 247
graphing, 83–84, 89–91 vertical line test, 41
independent variable, 79, 93 Investments, 66, 116
logarithmic functions, 502–508
M
Iteration, 121
maximum, 111 Magnitude, 73
minimum, 108, 111 Mapping diagram, 8, 10
polynomial functions, 229–231
K Marginal revenue, 298–299
preceding intervals, 80–85, 94 Kepler, Johannes, 467 Maximum, 107, 112, 117, 118, 131, 189
rational functions, 298–305, 307 cosine function, 342
scatter plot, 83 decay functions, 112
sign, 115
L
exponential functions, 112
sinusoidal functions, 375 Leading coefficient, 130, 132, 135–138 instantaneous rate of change, 111
slope of a tangent, 301 polynomial functions, 184 profit function, 107
table of values, 79–85 Libby, Dr. W. F., 63 rates of change, 114
tangent lines, 94 Light intensity, 447, 500 sine function, 337–341
trigonometric functions, 363–373 Linear equation, 563 volume, 383
Interest, compound, 66 Linear functions, 17, 25 Mind map, 95

686 Index NEL

Minimum, 108, 109, 112, 117, 118, 131, 189
algebraic strategy, 109
cosine function, 342
decay functions, 112
exponential functions, 112
instantaneous rate of change, 108, 111
rates of change, 114
sine function, 337–341
Modelling, 3, 14, 195, 283–284, 526,
563–574, 579
cosine function, 354–355, 358–360
sine function, 356–357, 358–360
trigonometric functions, 354–362
Multiplication. See Product
N symmetry, 25
Natural numbers, 123
Newton’s Serpentine, 305
Non-linear relations, 66
Number line, 15, 16
Numerical model, 5–6
O
Oblique asymptote, 260
Odd functions, 18, 23, 27, 131, 188, 389,
516, 582
Order of factors, 139
Ordered pairs, 13, 36
P Quotients
Parameters, 31
sine function, 337–346
transformations, 149–158
Parent function, 24
domain, 20, 24, 28
equations, 20
graphing, 24
horizontal asymptote, 28
intervals of decrease/increase, 28
range, 20, 24
vertical asymptotes, 28
zeros, 24
Patterns, 123
Period, 314, 374
cosine function, 334, 342
sine function, 334, 337–341
tangent function, 334
Periodicity, 19, 33
pH, 494–495, 511
Piecewise functions, 46–51, 59, 61
algebraic model, 47–48, 49
continuity, 50, 51, 52
discontinuity, 50, 51, 52
NEL
domain, 47, 51
flow chart, 53
graphing, 46, 48–49, 52
range, 47, 51
table of values, 46, 48–49
Point of tangency, 90, 92
Points of intersection, 556
Polynomial division, 162–170, 183, 185
factors, 166–167
remainder, 165
Polynomial equation, 193, 196, 203–206, 216
unfactorable, 202–203
Polynomial functions, 121, 189
algebraic model/strategy, 232–235
average rate of change, 235
characteristics, 129–135, 159
division, 162–170
domain, 142
end behaviour, 143, 184
equation, 141
exploring, 124–126
factored form, 139–145, 159–160
factoring, 171–177, 183
family of, 139–145
graphing, 140, 143, 191
instantaneous rate of change, 229–231
leading coefficients, 184
quotients, 258–262
range, 142
rates of change, 229–231
secant, 232–235
slope, 232–235
tangent, 231, 232–235
transformation, 159–160
turning points, 184
y-intercept, 143
zeros, 143, 147, 184
Polynomial inequality, 219–228, 238–242
factor table, 222–223
graphing, 220–221, 222–223, 225–228
unfactorable, 223–224
Population, 77, 78, 80–81, 86, 87, 95
Power laws and logarithms, 471, 474
Preceding intervals, 80–85, 94
Principal angle, 314
angles, 386
related acute angle, 325
related angles, 390, 392
Product
functions, 54–56, 59, 531–539
subtraction, 531–539
Product law for logarithms, 469–470, 474
Product of functions, 54–56, 59
Profit, 77
Profit function, 107, 118
Pythagoras, 286
Pythagorean identities, 416
Pythagorean theorem, 439
Q
Quadratic functions, 17, 24, 25, 90
asymptotes, 25
discontinuity, 25
domain, 25, 30
end behaviour, 25
family of, 146
graphing, 29–35, 125, 126
intervals of decrease, 22, 25, 30
intervals of increase, 22, 25
range, 25, 30
reciprocal functions, 251–254, 275
transformations, 191
turning point, 30
x-intercepts, 25
y-intercepts, 25
zeros, 25, 146, 147, 148
Quadratic trigonometric equation,
429–437, 439
Quartic functions, 139, 189
graphing, 125, 126
roots, 153–154
transformations, 149–158
zeros, 147
Quintic functions, graphing, 125, 126
Quotient identities, 416
Quotient laws of logarithms, 470, 474
functions, 540–542
polynomial functions, 258–262
R
Radians, 316, 317–322, 347, 382, 386, 580
Cartesian plane, 323–332
special triangles, 323–332
Radioactive age dating, 63
Radioactive decay, 467, 508, 512, 581
Radius, 38–39, 44
Range, 2, 6, 7–13, 17, 23, 60, 62, 381, 582
absolute value functions, 15, 19, 20, 25, 27
composite function, 549
cosine function, 9, 334
exponential functions, 19, 21, 25
Index
inverse functions, 25, 43, 449, 450
inverse relation, 59, 61
linear functions, 19, 25
logarithmic functions, 448, 450, 455, 456
parent function, 20
piecewise functions, 47, 51
polynomial functions, 142
Index 687
 quadratic functions, 25 Reflections, 34, 35, 42, 58, 60, 151, 153, 155, graphing, 29–35, 333–336
reciprocal function, 246, 251–253 157, 158, 185, 188 intervals of decrease/increase, 25, 30
restrictions, 45 logarithmic functions, 454–456 maximum/minimum, 337–341
scatter plot, 15 Regression, 567–568 modelling, 356–357, 358–360
sine function, 9, 19, 25, 334 Related acute angle, 314 parameters, 337–346
square root function, 25, 34 angles, 386 period, 334, 337–341
table of values, 28 principal angle, 325 periodicity, 19
tangent function, 334 Related angles, 390, 392 range, 9, 19, 25, 30, 334
translations, 32, 33 Relations, 2, 4, 7–11 stretch, 337–346
Rates of change, 66, 107–111 Remainder, 169 subtraction formula, 399
average. See Average rate of change polynomial division, 165 sums, 521
body temperature, 119 Remainder theorem, 172, 176, 177, 185, 189 symmetry, 25
graphing, 96–102 Restrictions transformations, 348
instantaneous. See Instantaneous rate domain, 45 translation, 337–346
of change range, 45 turning point, 30
maximum/minimum, 114 Revenue function, 113, 298–300, 544 y-intercepts, 25
polynomial functions, 229–231 Richter scale, 445, 496, 511 zeros, 19, 25
Rational equations, 306 Roots of quartic functions, 153–154 Sinusoidal functions, 90, 315
algebraic model/strategy, 278–279, Rotational symmetry, 27 average rate of change, 375
281–282 instantaneous rate of change, 375
solving, 278–287 transformations, 348
S
zeros, 282–283, 285 Sinusoidal model, 315
Rational expressions, 247 Scatter plot, 14–15, 38, 69, 569 Sketching of functions, 29–35
Rational functions, 245, 258 asymptotes, 15 Slope, 66, 69, 75, 89–91, 93, 95, 100–102, 117
asymptotes, 263–265 decreasing intervals, 15 magnitude, 73
average rate of change, 298–305, 307 domain, 15 polynomial functions, 232–235
characteristics, 265–269 increasing intervals, 15 Solution sets, 16
continuity, 259, 261 instantaneous rate of change, 83 Sound intensity, 497–498, 500, 501, 511, 581
discontinuity, 302–303 range, 15 Special triangles, 314, 329
end behaviour, 263 zeros, 15 radians, 323–332
graphing, 263–274, 302 Secant and polynomial functions, 232–235 Speed, 102–106, 113, 114, 118
instantaneous rate of change, 298–305, 307 Secant function, 374, 386 Sphere, 38–39, 40, 87, 88
Rational inequalities, 288, 306 graphing, 350–353 Square root functions, 17, 25
algebraic model/strategy, 291–292, 293–294 Secant lines, 69, 70–73, 75–78, 89–91, 93, asymptotes, 25
graphing, 289–290, 292 100–102, 117 discontinuity, 25
sign chart, 291–292, 293–294 average rate of change, 366 domain, 25, 30, 34
solving, 288–297 Set notation, 22, 207 end behaviour, 25, 34
zeros, 290 Sets, 16 graphing, 29–35
Rational number, 73 Sign chart of rational inequalities, 291–292, intervals of decrease/increase, 25, 30, 34
Rational zeros, 206 293–294 range, 25, 30, 34
Real numbers, 41, 62 Sine function, 9, 17, 25, 314, 324, 331–332, reflections, 34
Reciprocal functions, 25, 277 382, 386, 580 stretches, 34
asymptotes, 246, 275, 276 addition formula, 399 symmetry, 25
characteristics, 250–253, 275 amplitude, 334, 337–341 translations, 34
decreasing, 248 asymptotes, 25 turning point, 30, 34
discontinuity, 276 axis, 334 y-intercepts, 25
domain, 246, 251–253 combinations, 521 zeros, 25
graphing, 29–35, 246, 248–257, 275 compression, 337–346 Squeeze technique, 81, 82, 298–299
increasing, 248 continuity, 19 Standard position, 386
linear functions, 251–254, 275 damped, 531 angles, 324, 347, 386
quadratic functions, 251–254, 275 differences, 521 Step function, 53
range, 246, 251–253 discontinuity, 25 Stepwise functions. See Piecewise functions
Reciprocal identities, 416 domain, 9, 19, 25, 30, 334 Stopping distances, 67
Reciprocal trigonometric functions, double angle formula, 406 Stretches, 32, 35, 36–37, 58, 60, 151, 155,
350–353, 374 end behaviour, 25 157, 158, 185, 188
graphing, 350–353 equivalent, 388–393 horizontal, 35

688 Index NEL

 logarithmic functions, 454–456 Temperature, 379 U
sine function, 337–346 Transformations, 2, 35–37, 58, 60, 62, 122,
square root function, 34 161, 185, 188 Unit circle, 333, 394
vertical, 33, 35 See also Compressions, Reflections,
Subtraction. See also Difference of cubes, Stretches, Translations V
Difference of functions, Difference absolute value functions, 16
quotients cosine function, 33, 348 Variable, 4
functions, 523–525, 528 cubic functions, 149–158 dependent. See Dependent variable
products, 531–539 graphing, 29–35 independent. See Independent variable
Subtraction identities, 416 logarithmic functions, 452–458 Vertical asymptotes, 8, 28
Sum. See also Addition order of, 34 Vertical line test, 8–11, 13, 41
functions, 54–56, 59 parameters, 149–158 Viscosity, 227
sine functions, 521 polynomial functions, 159–160 Volume, 38–39, 40, 87
Sum of cubes, 183 quadratic functions, 191 maximum, 383
factor theorem, 179 quartic functions, 149–158
factoring, 178–182 sine function, 348 W
Sum of functions, 54–56, 59 sinusoidal functions, 348
Surface area, 88 trigonometric functions, 337–346, 383 Web diagram, 13, 95
Symmetry, 23, 135 Translations, 31, 32, 35–37, 58, 60, 151, 152,
absolute value functions, 15, 25 153, 155, 158, 185, 188 X
even function, 27 characteristics, 33
exponential functions, 21, 25 domain, 32, 33 x-intercepts, 23, 25, 27
inverse functions, 25 horizontal, 35
linear functions, 25 intervals of increase, 32 Y
odd functions, 27 inverse relation, 58
quadratic functions, 25 logarithmic functions, 454–456 y-intercepts, 17, 23
sine functions, 25 range, 32, 33 absolute value functions, 25, 27
square root functions, 25 sine function, 337–346 exponential functions, 25
Synthetic division, 164, 169, 183, 185 square root function, 34 inverse functions, 25
vertical, 35 linear functions, 25
Trigonometric equation, 438 polynomial functions, 143
T quadratic functions, 25
double angles, 424
Table of values, 6, 8 quadratic, 429–437 sine functions, 25
average rate of change, 68–69, 71–73, 93 solving, 419–428, 438 square root functions, 25
domain, 28 Trigonometric functions, 313
instantaneous rate of change, 79–85 argument, 412
Z
inverse relation, 38, 58 average rate of change, 363–373
piecewise functions, 46, 48–49 compound angle formula, 409, 410 Zeros, 15, 17, 18, 66, 132, 133, 134, 135,
range, 28 equivalent, 388–393, 409 161, 557
Tangent, 89–92, 94, 95, 102 instantaneous rate of change, 363–373 absolute value functions, 19, 25
polynomial functions, 232–235 modelling, 354–362 cubic functions, 147, 148, 380
Tangent function, 324, 382, 386, 580 proving identities, 412, 413–418 exponential functions, 19, 21, 25
addition formula, 399 transformations, 337–346, 383 inverse functions, 25
amplitude, 334 Trigonometric identity, 438 linear functions, 19
axis, 334 Trigonometric ratio polynomial functions, 143, 147, 184
domain, 334 compound angles, 398–399 quadratic functions, 25, 146, 148
double angle formula, 406 determining the value of, 396–401 quartic functions, 147
period, 334 Turning points, 30, 33, 34, 130, rational equations, 282–283, 285
range, 334 132–138, 161 rational inequalities, 290
Index

subtraction formula, 399 number of, 130–131 sine functions, 19, 25

Taxicab number, 182 polynomial functions, 184 square root functions, 25

NEL Index 689

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