© OCT 2019 | IRE Journals | Volume 3 Issue 4 | ISSN: 2456-8880

Design of Threshing Cylinder for a Combine Paddy

Harvester (KUBOTA)
WINT WINT THET1, SOE KYAW2, MYINT MYINT SEIN3
1, 2, 3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pyay Technology University

Abstract-This paper intends to describe the

threshing cylinder design for combining paddy
harvester (25hp). This paper discusses about the
threshing cylinder of combining paddy harvester
with axial flow type produced in the Industrial Zone
at Pyay. The threshing cylinder is attracted with
threshing discs, bars and teeth. The threshing
cylinder is constructed with mild steel and threshing
teeth are made with medium carbon steel. The speed
of the threshing shaft is 540 rpm at power supplied
8 kW. The weight of threshing cylinder, power,
pulley design, belt design, shaft diameter, threshing
torque, torsional moment, bearing design, key and
critical speed are calculated in design consideration.
Indexed Terms-Axial flow, Critical speed, Power,
Shaft diameter
I. INTRODUCTION
Rice is one of important crop in the world, including
Myanmar.Myanmar is an agricultural country, and
agriculture sector is the backbone of its
economy.Agriculture sector contributes 34% of GDP,
15.4% of total export earnings, and employs 61.2%
of the labor force. Myanmar is considered an agrarian
economy with a contribution of 34% of area and 12
million hectares are agricultural land. Paddy is one of
the mainly cereal crop. Production of paddy was 32.8
million tons. Most farmers can not adopt advanced
reaper, thresher with power, combine harvester,
transport vehicles or trucks. For rice production
process, threshing is an integral part of postharvest
activities. In many developing countries, threshing is
carried out manually by farmers that lead to low
quality of paddy rice and grain loss. When the rice
production increases, consequently the manual
threshing becomes arduous. In general, the
agricultural mechanization level in Myanmar is not
high.
Fig. 1. Threshing cylinder
In order to mechanize this process, two main types of
stationary threshing machines have been developed.
They are “through-flow” type combine harvester and
“axial-flow” type combine harvester. The mechanical
threshing operation becomes a customary practice
now. The effect of cylinder speed on threshing
performance is highly significant all machine
settings. Power consumption and broken grains
increase and unthreshed grains decrease with the
increase in cylinder speed. Though the unthreshed
grainlosses decrease, but the total grain losses
increase with the increase in cylinder speed [9].
II. POWER DELIVERED BY SHAFT
A. Power delivers by a shaft to Threshing Cylinder
Power is given by the shaft to the threshing
cylinder is [9],
Power  F    r (1)
Where,
F- weight of threshing cylinder (N)
ω - angular velocity (rad/sec)
r- threshing radius (m)
B. Weight of Threshing Cylinder
Weight of threshing cylinder is,
F  Wdiscs  Wbars  Wteeth (2)

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Where, Where,
Wdiscs -weight of threshing discs (N) F-centrifugal force (N)
Wbars -weight of threshing bars (N) m- mass of threshing bars (kg)
Wteeth -weight of threshing teeth (N) ω-angular velocity (rad/sec)
r- radius of the arm of the threshing bar (m)
C. Calculation the Weights of bars, discs and teeth N- speed of the shaft (rpm)
Weight of threshing bar is,
Wbars = m  g (3) III. BELT DESIGN

Where, A. Power transmitted by belt

m- mass of threshing bar (kg) A belt provides a convenient means of transferring
g- acceleration due to gravity (m/s²) power from one shaft to another. Belts are frequently
Weight of threshing discs is, necessary to reduce the higher rotational speeds of
electric motors to lower values required by
Wdiscs = (W1  n)+(W2  n ) (4) mechanical equipments [6]. The procedure for
selecting a V-belt drive is dependent on the motor
Where, horse power and the speed (rpm) rating. V-belts are
W1- weight of outside discs (N) rated from class A to E. It is always based on weaker
W2 - weight of inside discs (N) pulley and the procedure is as follows.
n - number of discs The velocity of belt is [6],
Weight of threshing teeth is, D N
V (10)
60
Wteeth = m  g (5)
Where,
D - diameter of weaker pulley (m)
Where,
N - rpm of weaker pulley (rpm)
m- mass of threshing teeth (kg)
Area of V-belt is,
g- acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
1
A  (a  b)  h (11)
D. Determination of Threshing Torque 2
The torque is given by [9],
T=Fxr (6) Length of belt,
 (D  D 2 )
Where, L  2C  (D1  D 2 )  1 (12)
F- weight of threshing cylinder (N) 2 4C
r - threshing radius (m)
Mass of pelt per length,
E. Force Required to Thresh Paddy m  ρA (13)
The threshing bars, which are attached to the shaft
contained in the threshing cylinder, rotate with the Where,
shaft, giving rise to centrifugal force. m - mass of belt per length (kg)
 -density of rubber belt (kg/m³)
Centrifugal Force at rmax, Centrifugal tension (Tc),
F= m  ω²  rmax (7)
Tc  m  V 2 (14)
Centrifugal Force at rmin,
F = m  ω²  rmin (8) Maximum tension in the belt (Tmax),
2N Tmax    A (15)
 (9)
60 Where,
 - Stress of rubber belt (N/m²)

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Belt tension ratio is [6], IV. SHAFT DESIGN FOR THRESHING

CYLINDER


T1  Tc sin
(16) Design of the shaft, based on strength is controlled by
 exp 2
T2  Tc the maximum bending and shear theory. Shafting is
Where, usually subjected to bending and torsion. Shaft
T1 -tension in the tight side (N) diameter is mainly considered from the weights and
T2 -tension in the slack side (N) forces acting on the shaft [4].
 -contact angle (degree)
 -coefficient of friction In this shaft design, shaft diameter is calculated from
θ -groove angle (degree) the ASME code equation. Distributed load on shaft
D  D1 from threshing cylinder and concentrated load from
sinβ  2 (17)
pulley weights are considered as the forces acting on
2C
α  180 - 2β (18) the shaft. The following equations are based on shaft
design calculation for bending moment, torsion and
shear stress.
Where,
A. Determination of pulleys weight
C - distance between pulleys (m)
The weight of pulley can be determined as
D1 - radius of smaller pulley (m)
follows.
D2 - radius of larger pulley (m)
Weight of pulley,
β - angle of wrap (degree)
 (22)
V   D 2  (e  2f )
1 1
4
The power transmitted by belt,
 (23)
P = (T1 – T2) V (19) V2   D 22  (2e  2f )
4

Design Power is given by, V3   D 32  (e  2f ) (24)
Pdesign = P  SF (20) 4
m=ρV (25)
Where, W pulley =m  g (26)
SF-service factor
Where,
B. Number of belts D - diameter of the pulley (m)
The number of belts required for a given power m - mass of pulley (kg)
transmission is [6], V - volume of pulley (m³)
Pdesign Wpulley - weight of pulley (N)
n
(21)
Prate  K   K L
B. Calculation of Torsioinal Moment
Torsioinal moment acting upon the camshaft is [8],
Where,
9550 kW (27)
Prate - Rated power (kW) Mt 
rpm
Kθ - Arc of contact factor
KL - Length correction factor M t  (T1  T2 )  r (28)

C. Pulley Groove Dimensions Where,

The groove dimension for pulleys has been from kW- power delivered (kW)
standardized size depending on the type of class of N- revolution per minute (rpm)
belt intended for use. Classes of belts, pitch diameters
of the pulley, and the groove has been selected from
B type [1].

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E. Shear Stress
Shear stress is determined using [10],
Tr (32)

J
Where,
T- torque (N-m)
J - polar moment of inertia (m4)

F. Angle of twist
The amount of twist permissible depends upon the
particular application and is given by,
584 M T  L
 (33)
Fig. 2. Bending Moment Diagram Gd4
Where,
C. Determination of Minimum Diameter of Shaft θ - angle of twist (degree)
By using ASME code equation [5], L - length of shaft (m)
16 G - torsional modulus of rigidity (N/m2)
d3   (K b M b )2  (K t M t )2 (29)
Ss
V. BEARING SELECTION
Where,
d - diameter of the shaft
Bearing must be selected based on its load carrying
Mt - torsional moment (N-m)
capacity, life expectancy and reliability. The
Mb - bending moment (N-m)
relationship between the basic rating life, the basic
Kb - combined shock and fatigue factor
dynamic rating and the bearing load are [6]:
Kt - combined shock and fatigue factor p
C (34)
Ss - allowable shear stress (MN/m²) L 
P
For shaft without key-way, Where,
Ss = 55MN/m2. L -nominal life in million of revolution
C -basic dynamic capacity (N)
For shaft with key-way, P -equivalent bearing load (N)
Ss = 40MN/m2.  C  - loading ratio
 
P

A shaft with key-way was used for this work. p= 3 for ball bearing
60NL n (35)
So Mt, Mb, Ss and d can be calculated and checked L
for design satisfactory. 1,000,000

D. Bending Stress Ln-nominal life in working (hr)

Bending load, bending stress (tension or P = (X Fr + Y Fa) (36)
compression) is [10]:
M b  r (30) Where,
b  X- radial load factor for the bearing
I
For circular shaft [2], Y- axial load factor for the bearing
Fr- actual radial bearing load (N)
d 4
I (31) Fa- actual axial bearing load (N)
64
Where,
σb - bending stress (N/m²)
I - moment of inertia (m4)

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VI. KEY DESIGN   A1x1  A 2 x 2  A 3 x 3  ...... (46)

Where,
A. Key Dimensions A1 - area of portion I of the M/EI diagram
The function of a key is to prevent relative rotation of
a shaft and the member to which it is connected, e.g.,
x1 - distance from the ordinate at point A to the
hub of a gear, pulley or crank [6]. centre of gravity of A1
A2 - area of portion I of the M/EI diagram
For a good result, the width of a key is: x1 - distance from the ordinate at point A to the
d (37) centre of gravity of A2
b
2 The critical speed of the shaft given by Rayleight-
The thickness of a key is: Ritz equation is [5],
d
t (38) g  W (47)
6 ωc 
The length of the key can be calculated as:  W 2
d Where,
L (39)
2 ωc- critical speed (rad/s)
δ - deflection (m)
B. Shear Stress in Key
Shear area=b × L (40)
Fs=ss × b × L (41)
Ts=Fs × r (42)

Where,
Ts - torque due to shear (N-m)
Fs - force to resist shear (N)

C. Compressive Stress in Key

t  L (43)
Compression area 
2
s tL
Fc  c (44)
2
Tc=Fc×r (45)

Where, Fig.3. Shaft deflection and Bending Moment

Fc - force to resist compression (N)
sc - compression stress (N/m²) VIII. RESULTS OF THRESHING CYLINDER
Tc - torque due to compression (N-m) DESIGN

VII. CALCULATION OF CRITICAL SPEED Input data for design calculations is obtained from
the Pyay Industrial Zone. They are;
All rotating shaft even in the absent of external load,
deflect during rotation. It magnitude of the deflection TABLE I SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESIGN
depends upon the stiffness of the shaft and its CALCULATION
supports, the total mass of shaft and attached parts.
Parameters Symbol Uni Valu
The deflection is considered as a function of speed, t e
show maximum values at so called critical speed. Diameter of bar Db mm 31.7
And it is calculated by using moment area method 5
and Rayleigh-Ritz Equation.

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Length of bar L mm 1339 POWER KW 8 3.62 2.314

. INPUT
Number of bars n - 6 TENSION N 1137.795 334.64 274.08
Outer diameter of outside Do mm 472. IN TIGHT 5 5
disc 4 SIDE
Inner diameter of outside Di mm 444. TENSION N 308.779 32.256 2.30
disc 5 IN SLACK
Length of cylinder Do mm 1358 SIDE
Diameter of teeth Di mm 12 VELOCITY M/S 20 12 8.944
OF
Thickness of discs t mm 4
WEAKER
Number of discs n - 3 PULLEY
Diameter of teeth Dt mm 14 LENGTH M 1.01 2.23 1.01
OF BELT
Length of teeth L mm 86
MASS OF KG 0.224 0.224 0.87
Number of teeth n - 108 PER
Speed of threshing N rp 540 LENGTH
cylinder m
Service factor SF - 1 DANSITY KG/ 1140 1140 1140
OF M3
TABLE II RESULT TABLE FOR THRESHING RUBBER
CYLINDER BELT
POWER N 32.236 3.62 2.319
Parameters Symbol Unit Value RATING
Weight of threshing Wdiscs N 19 NUMBER - 3 2 2
discs OF BELT
Weight of threshing Wteeth N 80
teeth TABLE IV RESULT TABLE FOR SHAFT DESIGN
Weight of threshing Wbars N 489.1
bars 4 Parameters Symbol Unit Valu
Weight of threshing F N 39.74 e
shaft 4 Weight of auger pulley F1 N 8.78
Weight of threshing F N 622.2 Weight of threshing F2 N 19
cylinder 2 pulley
Threshing Power P kW 8 Weight of sieve pulley F3 N 12.6
Threshing Torque T N-m 141.6 5
7 Torsional Moment Mt N-m 63.7
Angular velocity ω rps 56.55 8
Diameter of the shaft d mm 43
TABLE III RESULT TABLE FOR V-BELT DESIGN Bending Stress σb MN/m 47.0
² 1
Shear Stress τ MN/m 5.92
FOR FOR FOR ²
PARAMET UNI THRESHI BLOW AUGE Angle of Twist θ degree 0.11
ERS T NG ER R 8
PULLEY PULL PULL
EY EY

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TABLE V RESULT TABLE FOR BEARING X. CONCLUSION

DESIGN
Parameters Symbo Unit Value This paper is designed of threshing unit for
l combining paddy harvester with 347mm diameter
Service life Ln hr 8000 and 840mm length cylinder from the Pyay Industrial
Loading ratio C/P - 7.96 Zone and got the specification data from it. Design
Equivalent bearing load P N 2657.85 calculations of these machines are necessary to
Basic dynamic loading C N 21156.5 decide whether they are fitted with standards or not.
Bearing number SKF-6280 In this paper, existing theories and calculated results
are nearly the same. So, design is satisfied.
Inner diameter d mm 40
Outside diameter D mm 80
REFERENCES
Width B mm 18

[1] Abdulkadir Baba Hassan, Matthew Sunday

TABLE VI RESULT TABLE KEY DESIGN AND
Abolarin.“The Design and Construction of
CRITICAL SPEED
Maize Threshing Machine,”Niger State Nigeria.
2009.
Parameters Symbol Unit Value
Length of key L mm 59.6 [2] PSG Tech. “Design data. Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering,” Poolamedu Sathankulam
Width of key w m 9.5
Govindsamy Naidu College of Technology (PSG
Thickness of key t m 6.3
Tech), DPV Printers, Coimbatore, India.1989.
Shear force Fs kN 22.648
Compression force Fc kN 20.76 [3] Oni, K.C.; and Ali, M.A. “Factors influencing the
Torque due to shear Ts N-m 430.312 threshability of maize in Nigeria.”Agricultural
Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America
Torque due to Tc N-m 394.45
(AMA) 17(4): 39-44. 1986.
compression
Critical speed ωc rad/s 167.34 [4] Kaul,R.N.;and Egbo,C.O “Introduction to
agricultural Mechanization Macmillan,” London,
IX. RESULT AND DISCUSSION England, UK. pp. 128-41. 1985.
[5] Robert L. Mott, P.E, 1985. “Machine Elements in
In the threshing cylinder design, total cylinder Mechanical Design, Macmillan Publishing
weight, threshing power, threshing speed, critical Company,” New York.
speed, deflection, threshing torque and moment are [6] Black, P.H.; and Adams, O.E., Jr. “Machine
calculated. In the design calculations of power design. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill,”New York, NY,
transmission shafts, calculations are made by USA. 1968.
assuming that the shafts are in the state of torsion and
[7] Robert L. Mott, P.E,. “Machine Elements in
bending only. In V-belt drive calculation, the
Mechanical Design, Macmillan Publishing
appropriate belt type to be used and the number of
Company,”New York. 1985.
belts is calculated. In bearing design and selection,
the appropriate bearing numbers are calculated for [8] International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),
each bearing. After checking the results, existing “Standard Paper of Throw-in Type Thresher,”
theories and calculated results are nearly the same. Drawing and Test .1981.
But there are some weak points in the design [9] Lambert Henry Wilkes, M.S.,“Farm Machinery
calculations of the machine. Because calculations are and Equipment.”McGraw-Hill Book Company,
made by considering only load conditions on the New York. 1961.
driving shaft and other forces are not considered such [10] Williams, W.A. “Mechanical power transmission
as dynamic, vibration effect and so on. And also feed manual.”Conover-Mast Publ., New York, NY,
rate and moisture content of paddy are not considered USA.1953.
in this research.

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