Geography

Plate Tectonics
 Small volcanic belts are located round the edge of Pacific
Ocean, Through the islands of the Indian ocean and also
volcanic activity in iceland.

 Earthquakes and volcanoes can cause great damage like the

one in 2004 and japan.

 One belt of earthquake down the middle of Atlantic Ocean and

west coast of North and South America and goes round the
edge of the Pacific Ocean and all the way to New Zealand

 Earthquakes can trigger volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.

 Eruption and earthquakes often occur in the same places and

are usually found in long narrow zones of activity.

 The Earth was form 4,600 million years ago

 The crust is not one piece but broken into several pieces call
plates which flow on molten magma and move in millimetres
but year

 Underneath the crust, it is extremely hot and lava which flows

like treacle.

 The place where two plates meet is plate boundary.

 When two tectonic plates collide, one moves into the magma
floor which cause lava to go upwards and pour out of
volcanoes.

 Volcanoes are openings (vents) under the ground where

magma from deep inside the earth forces its way to the surface.

 The magma may flow in the form of molten lava as volcanic

bombs made of ash and dust

 Mt Etna is an example of an active volcano as it has erupted

many times and is expected to erupt more in the future

 Volcanoes that have not erupted in the past 2000 years are
known as dormant or sleeping and it is hard to predict

 Volcanoes that are unlikely to erupt again are knows as extinct,

thease volcanoes are mostly eroded since 50 million years ago
like the Edinburgh volcano in Scotland and Snowdown in Wales.

 In 1883, The indonesian island of Krakatoa erupted causing

huge amount of damage and could be heard till Australia 3000
miles away.

Diagrams
 ASH VOLCANO

LAVA VOLCANO

Environment

 Why should you learn about the environment?

 Because it helps us understand how we should use
earths resources.
 Recognise the need to recycle waste material and
reduce energy consumption.
 Appriciate the need to protect and conserve wildlife
and scenery.
 To develop interest in your surroundings.

 Why is planning and management necessary for

conservation of resources?
 Planning allows people to use resources to their best
advantage without polluting environment.
 They reduce conflict between people and between
people and environment.

 What is sustainable development?

 Conservation of the resources for future use and
limiting damage to the environment.
 Environment contains resources like coal, iron ore,
wood, mountains, wildlife
 People have to use resources carefull or they might
pollute the environment.
 Pollution is when people damage the natural
environment and can kill flora and fauna.

 There is also a lot of damage done due to illegal

activities such as poaching.
 Due to thease illegal hunting practises, Animals skin
have been used like crocodiles used for purses and
leather.
 Elephant are killed for their tusks which can used as
ivory ornaments but has been officially banned.

 What Has been done?

 CITES (Convention on International Trade In

Endangered Species) In 19190 this led to a world
ban on trading ivory.
 CITES is one of the largest and oldest conservation
and sustainable organisations and has been ratified
by 178 countries.

 Causes of industrial pollution can in in Air, Water,

Noise, Smell, land, Visual and Environmental.