1) Basic Aim 2) Apparatus Used 3) Theory = Electrolysis * Mechanism of Electrolysis ¥ Quantitative aspect of electrolysis = Faraday laws of electrolysis = Products of electrolysis ) Reactions Involved 5) Procedure 6) Observations 7) Precautions 8) BibliographyBASIC AIM In this project our basic aim is to study the electrolysis of Potassium lodide (KI). APPARATUS USED U-Tube Stand, electrodes, KI solution, battery eliminator THEORY lectrolysis: - It is defined as a _ process of decomposition of an electrolyte by the passage of electricity through its aqueous solution or molten (fused) state. Mechanism of electrolysis: - henever an electrolyte is dissolved ater or is taken in the molten e, the electrolyte dissociates to uce positively and negatively ged ions. On passing electric vent, the positively charged ions ve towards the cathode. And hence ave called cations, eveas the negatively charged ions ve towards the anode and hence ave ca\led anions.On reaching their respective ctrodes, ions lose their charge and me neutral. The cations accept ctrons from the cathode to become neutral species. Thus oxidation occurs at the anode while reduction takes place at the anode, The conversion of ions into neutral species at their respective electrodes is called Primary change. The product formed as a result of primary change may be collected as such or it may go under a Adary change to form the final products.Quantitative Aspects Of Electrolysis: - Michael Faraday was the first scientist who described the quantitative aspects of electrolysis. Faraday’s Laws Of Electrolysis- First Law:- The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any electrode during , electrolysis by a current is proportional to the quantity of electyicity passed through the electrolyte (solution or melt). ecbnd Law:- The amounts of different uGstances liberated by the same upntity of electricity passing through electrolytic solution ave oportional to their chemical uivalent weights (atomic mass of tal — number of electrons required reduce the cation).PRODUCT OF ELECTROLYSIS =Products of ee depend on the ure of material being and the type electrodes being used If the ctrode is inert, it does not | participate in the chemical reaction jand acts only as source or sink for | electrons. On the other hand, if the | electrode is reactive, it participates in the electrode reaction. Thus, the products of electrolysis may be different for reactive and inert electrodes. The products of electrolysis depend on the different oxidizing and reducing species present in the electrolytic cell and their standard eledtrode potentials. Moreover, some of th¢ electrochemical processes although feasible, are so slow kinetically that at lower voltages these do not seem to take place and extra potential (called evvoltage) has to be applied, which akes such processes wore difficult to occur.REACTIONS INVOLVED electrolysis of an aqueous solution of KI, | ions are at the anode preferentially to water molecules. reactions at anode ave as follows: - me) ~ (aq) > In (g) + 2 e 2 H,0O (I) > 4 H* (aq) + O2 + 4e- (2) Reaction (1) occurs in preference to reaction (7) due to 0 Beat electrode potential value of the following pectiony IGy+2e > 21 (aq) = ire (3) o/volt = + O.53V 4 Ht (aq) + On (G) + 2@- > 2ZH,O —reserersncnns (4) o/volt = + 1.53V Possible cathode reactions ave: Ke (aq) +e > KS) reneeeen (S) o lyalue of reduction reaction a) is much ller than that of reaction (6). Thus, reaction | occurs competitively over, reaction (5) at hode .Thus, violet colour of anode is due to faymation of iodine and its subsequent, reaction h starch Pink colour at cathode is due to famation of OH= ions which also render the sqlution alkaline. OH—ions give pink colour with phenolphthalein.PROCEDURE Prepare _O.1M solution of potassium iodide. Fix a U- shaped tube in a stand and insert two graphite electrodes into both ends of the U- tube through the corks. Assemble the apparatus as shown in the figure. Take about, 3Oml of 0.1M solution of potassium iodide in a 100ml| eaker add five or six drops of phenolphthalein solution and five to six drops of freshly prepared starch solution. Stir the solution and, transfer it into an peercuss — tube fitted with graphite electrodes. Pass electric current through the electrolyte and observe the appearance of colour. A pink colour pepears at the cathode and a violet olour appears at the anode. Bubble formation also occurs on the surface o the Power supply cathode. Electrical leads with crocodile clips Electrode holder Graphite electrode Ciamp U-tube Solution of salt and Universal indicatorOBSERVAITONS Aqueous solution Atthe anode, Free iodine is of potassium violet colour. evolved. iodide with five At the cathode: (i) OH ionis drops of (A) Pink colour formed. phenolphthalein —_(B) Formation (ii) Hydrogen and five drops of of bubbles is evolved. starch solution. )/Both the electrodes should be loosely d into the U- tube so as to allow the ape of evolved gasses. Electrodes should be cleaned befove use.CONCLUSION | In the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, I- ions ave oxidized at the anode preferentially to water wolecules. Violet colour at anode is due to iodine. Pink colour at cathode is due to formation of OH- ions which venders the jsolution alkaline. OH~ ions give colour with phenolphthalein.BIBLIOGRAPHY ™Experiments on formal level topics in chemistry. ™Chemistry — a textbook for class XIl. ™Chemistry Teacher : Mr. Indrapal Urmaliya Website : www.icbse.com