Dual

MODERN
natue of ligkt:
PHYSICS For photoel ectrie emissim: fa <o and Snaphsi photouunt
2> ’no emission. photocwant
C)Wave natwe : E2
E

Young's double alit erpesimnt. Photo electric cuut

The onitted e Cam haue
(2) Panicle natuu: Stopging potential
Kinetic enesgg (kiE.)
photodetie elet. betn
(KE)ma :eVo Sntensity
>Photon theoryin light:
Vacuum1
kemE-d Vo = (KE phtocunt I,

" Apued o photon sodurotjon

* Thashold taat: Cut

Vo s -Vo voltage
"Rust mass o phetm i 0 m C
s l o p eÀ
intercep t.
t a n g

" Enengy¬ =nhe nh b Vo photutuutt -Atwstion

cUnt

wku, fuquung.
2- wauulength ,n=no.phton
Plamk' (ost. (h)=6.626x10 Te
-34 + Thneshold waulength O)
e maybl emited i
"inear monnetum C): CyExamgl:
nh
>Intensitye light photo wnt

’2she/o I-E (unit: W)

voltage
At
dntemity f bigatt,(r)theo ALea
time
Heu) DiRfunr intunsitiy
aiuen wauelengt I^ photo wwent ‘
no,a photos ossing a 2<o (eemiss (on)
may happn
aLo ineeas in a
e phote Photoeunt
9iuen ttme. tnegy o ach Einstins Gxplarotion, Cwnent
Photon semains same. emited
(KEmax =E-p
Pouse. Jntensity nes dacida
anod
Eng) stopping potential. potential)
P-E photons
(ce. - he Nste: KE.
ecton
-*Foa ane intensities,
game photo wAnt.
>Photoelectaie efet:Cornpanin9 witk staight ind He, I, - I (3ntensity)
Electos au jted by the Ren:K-E
s l o(
pme=)he

metal when Light o Smau + KE more stopPig

potentiuied poteniale
Far sama sto PPina
n it Same
neuen de cide cuent
N E - he = 1240 ev
A (in nm Duning the interation f
photons and eleetrons,
metl b momentu
* Wak tunction () Engy.
is consrad.
min. eneg9 on eamissienmvros = he( )
wher, m nass of e
o.eeemitted
Photo
nin: 4equuncy Vmer = elec no. ehotovs
abserbed
So that e mey ba phetoelee? emission esjieny
=
De-bae
oku,
ovekeyThemso'a
pè momantummodel
Atemit |8D Bdtayn-tag
absobl
Specthal soies :
Sehie Ryion
>Plum pudaing luata--exeitation!
melon model; olased Lyman
2,3,.
Baner visiHe 3,4,5...co

Paschen In7akud
P=S2km wkere, K- Kinetie Blaket Snyasd
enugy G,?,
matte

N2mk Ruthenfed' s |ORadiuwfront (Rz

N2mqy> |Acatring xpuiment: an Z
SRydbengs tonstant
Apathia
K qv ;K- evc(one) , = 0.529 n
For K=eV ie. for e : adioactiue
Rydng's etmula;
Aini) = 150
bedm f paticdes
Velouty:
Vcinvolts) J at
Fer ga mdue : Arricatims: n

h T=timp lasest distanu he

Kg= Boltzman
N3mke Constat
3Enegy of nth orbit
E33 x 16T
k Atmik
’ Max. & min in any
Radiation Fu
Pressus :
and atom
Amoy n,
acoading to,
si ),n, = M, +1
OFe sautin: Amin n, (" ), n, = 0
Tntensi Smpat paramtter (b)
|Freguerny innotbit senies:
20ACos'ol (1 distome o velocty , B, , S line in any
plats
C
usctoa ok paaticle om unt
n²
Aea Smpact
plads (A) parameter 2
Fos tine
FoA ine :
Fo S ine :
Time pniod :
bz kXecat) T= 2T1n
tor 100%% absbtiorn (KE JAlse |pliting Apecta lines unde the
Kinetic Rngy |inglene magnetic gield.
Stank t!
>Bohr'> atomic Apetio ines unda the.
Aaea (A )
model:
F IA Sine ca Kze Dmagnatic 4id (ey:|
n5

(LmV = nh
l magnetie
monent obit
amgula mmentu no. ()
Consued ) Angulas mmomntum:
’Nucleus: Mass Oefect: Qvalu- fm.pol
-Panticle
Z»Atornic no. Am Zm;t (A-Zm,-M
AMoss mo.
wh, vale B.E Prudut 8.¬ ’ Nule f Helium
Fuatont
Radiws nudei: mass pr
protom +2
chag
H- tom
| Unit
R- RoA Ro-2m Ma . 00 AMU
o Radioatiuiy sig ktty aleead by
IB = Idisintegnation /Aee mgneic B elecic
>vlume nucdei: AmU Bietd.
| =3.t.x1o°des/ee ’ uast pentatiom
ME mmass o torm pown
>Binding Cngy Bpartide
’Denkity f nudei. B.E. = A mc
>Radioactive decay lay ’ •leethons
dN
dt >ngligibla mas
Binding engy p nydn:
>Nuclean cei 8'E. pe nuellon = B.E.
A
wh, a= disintigation tont
N o poatiles byt
* Ranqe : in ondeno"m natatsAlthrsgh
>Natwe! athactiui al
Aepulaie B.¬. per nucear
N=N,e-at r (mm

muleom stability Ao = A No
t0
Fa ( atbactiny > Nuceas fission: t t T-patide
Rate o dis integnattom ’ Electomgntie rodiation
nudei bieak A-Ap-t A=A,2/T
Heouy ’ No chag
’No mas
’Spin dependance; maus no. deheae
E
Ú).in opposite din spin: N,e-at ’ Unallted by 8X
B.E. per nuem ineae ’ peneet ates 30 cm thick
Fa >ime
(ii) in sanespin gains stabitity
Nucsas utien;
A
o-Decay
d-dacy.
Z-2
+ He' +
>Practicaly mn Lighter nucei >fusion
coservatie; Cten atabil ity)
werk done is poth
=

N
oependet. Kig' heneen mass is giuen
in AMU Cin Qu.) then dor AE -(M&y)
’Nuedoan Atabi lity' B.E. = Ame2 B : n ’ P+e+
= no. o neuton
’ Hal life: Py^+ e+
paoton B-E. = fAm) 931:5 mey time at which N 2No p>n +et +
Einstein engy
mes n mas
value ye'
2 AE = Mx - My - 2 me JCi
detet: meam life: T-Decay : (eny emit
E- mc A+B +
He,
mean =