4.

Activities
1. Getting to Know you/ Introduction Activity
2. Finding definition of Literature through one word contribution of each student.

6. Evaluation:
A. Define literature.
B. 1. Explain why is literature useful in our lives.
2. Explain why literature is for pleasure.
C. Why does literature represent events which are true to life or to a reader’s
experience?
D. How does literature mirror the depth of a culture?

Literature is a type of writing that is valued as a work of art, particularly novels, plays,
short stories, and poetry. It is passed down from generation to generation before being
written down. Fictional and nonfictional stories can also be considered literature. When we
have free time, we always turn to literature for enjoyment and relaxation. It always broadens
our horizons and perspectives in life. We tend to find new things when we read things and
are able to experience actual things simply by reading. Literature always tells stories,
whether fictional or nonfictional. These always express our thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
Literature, in fact, provides significant aspects and transcends time, place, society, races, and
languages.
Literature symbolizes and reflects life since it helps us to link the experiences of others and
share what we have learned to help others be better in life. In literature, we meet new
people, have new experiences, go to new places, and learn about the world. It becomes the
foundation of our tale to tell and share. Literature offers its readers an escape path. It
provides solace and depicts life at its best.
Literature has a wide range of cultural connections. It is the foundation of literature
because everything we read is based on the writers' experiences from their respective
cultures. It consistently reflects our cultural values and ideas. Each culture's problems and
conflicts, beliefs, and experiences were conveyed from time to time. With diversity, one can
travel back in time and learn about life on Earth from those who came before us. We can
gain a deeper grasp of cultures and appreciate them more. We learn from the methods
history is documented, such as manuscripts and oral history.

7. Assignment

1. Give examples of different epics of the Philippines

Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events
usually of a hero involving supernatural forces/phenomena. The following are the
examples of epics in the Philippines.

1. Biag ni Lam-ang – Ilokanos

2. Hudhod hi Aliguyon – Ifugaos
3. Alim – Ifugaos
4. Ibalon – Bicol
5. Handiong – Bicol
6. Hinilawod – Bicol
7. Maragtas – Visayan
8. Haraya – Visayan
9. Lagda – Visayan
10. Hari sa Bukid – Visayan
11.Kumintang – Tagalog
12.Bernardo Carpio – Tagalog
13.Parang Sabir – Moro
14.Darangan – Moro
15.Indarapatra at Sulayman – Moro
16.Dagoy – Tagbanua
17.Sudsod – Tagnbanua
18.Tatuaang – Bagobo

2. Bring examples through illustrations/ drawings of epigrams, mottoes, proverbs

and riddles of Filipinos

Epigrams Mottoes

Proverbs Riddles
Isang prinsesa, nakaupo sa tasa
. 3. Search for legends or tales from your region
Legends are genres of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions perceived or
believed both by teller and listeners to have taken place within human history. It is a form of prose the
common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary,
devoid of truth and unbelievable.

Examples of Legends:

THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS.

“The Legend of the Philippine Archipelago”
Why the Sea is Salty
ELEMENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE

Evaluation
Multiple Choice
1. Practical philosopher, statesman, man of affairs, ancient teacher and moralist of China. a.
Tagore b. Khayyam c. Confucius d. Chang Kai
2. The Mohammedan Bible, a book of law, revelation and inspiration.
a. Islam b. Meccah c. Surah d. Koran
3. From the lyric of Arabian Story, one may conclude that the ancient Arab was a hard loving
son of _____ a. Sea b. prairie c. pampa d. desert
4. One of the world’s choicest treasures, the ____ is an anthology of the Hebrew nation’s
literature and philosophy of life. a. Songs b. Bible c. Odes d. Psalms
5. Man’s greatest perplexity and his call of justice is best personified in the Book of ______ a.
Moses b. John c. Job d. Jonas
6. The longest literary work of the Egyptians is the _____
a. Book of Days b. Book of Dead c. Book of Spirits d. Book of Ghosts
7. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece is the collection of short stories written in poetry entitled a.
The Raven b. Canterbury Tales c. Of Studies d. The Mask
8. Very Little is known about Homer but he was called the ___ poet of Greece.
a. Dynamic b. greatest c. blind d. mute
9. Homer’s ____ is the affirmation of the truth that man’s fate is the result of his actions. It is
the story of love and adventure a. Odyssey b. Iliad c. Aenied d. El Cid
10. Homer’s ____ is the story of love and hate; it shows the passion and cruelty found in the
war. a. Odyssey b. Iliad c. Troy d. Helen of Troy
11. The great war which swept like conflagration over Greece was ____
a. Trojan b. Vietnam c. World d. Civil
12. The Song of Roland is the major epic of _____ a. Egypt b. Rome c. Italy d. France
13. The her, El Cid is a ________ soldier, Rodrigo de Bivar who is known by the Arabic Title
of Sidi or The King. a. Spanish b. French c. Castillian d. Italian
14. The Divine Comedy is a Christian epic of _______ written by Dante. a. Scotland b. Italy
c. France d. Germany
15. Dante’s masterpiece is an _____ which intends to guide man from his state of misery to
state of happiness. a. Satire b. allegory c. Aphorism d. archive

Assignment 1. Watch the film Troy or Odyssey. Catch lines delivered by the characters. Make a
review about the film.

Odysseus: [to Achilles] War is young men dying and old men talking. You know this. Ignore
the politics.

Achilles: [to his men] Myrmidons! My brothers of the sword! I would rather fight beside you
than any army of thousands! Let no man forget how menacing we are, we are lions! Do you
know what's waiting beyond that beach? Immortality! Take it! It's yours!

Hector: You say you're willing to die for love but you know nothing about dying and you
know nothing about love!

The war has been existed since then. Countries fight for power, some for glory, and some
for love. Troy is one of them. It is a story of claiming power and honor, and love. It is a movie
inspired by Homer in The Iliad. The story boils down of two kingdoms go to war for gaining
power. Who is stronger and who is not? Despite the fight of power, it is also a fight for love but
eventually turned to deceiver their aspirations, fuels everyone of hatred, and death.
What I love to this movie is you cannot blame these people why they went too far. It’s
hard to pinpoint who has to blame hence everyone has a point and reasons. We cannot
distinguished who the villains are because they just fought what they believed in and fought on
their different perspective. For one man's avarice, the Greeks were nearly dragged into war. They
fight when taught to fight, and they die when commanded to die. Because of one man's devotion,
the Trojans had no choice but to attack the Greeks. And if they fought, they battled until the
bitter end, for being a slave was far worse than death.

2. Of the 12 literary compositions, which is the most simplified and is likened to Philippine
literary style?

Divine Comedy is perhaps likened to style in Philippine literary. The style is

sequential of the three realms of dead which is most Filipinos believed in. Some
stories inf the Philippines are more likely about journey of people and adventures.

PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY

Activity 1: Draw or make an illustration of what you understood about Philippine Literature.

(I don’t know how to draw)

Evaluation

1. Name five of the Pantheon gods and goddesses and briefly describe them.
1.1. Bathala. The head of honcho of the gods in the Tagalog myths. He controls the
heaven. Bathala is the creator of all things — the sea, the sky, the earth, and all the
plants. He dwelt in the highest realm of the
Sky

1.2. Apolaki and Mayari. Apolaki is known as Adlaw and Mayari is Bulan. They rule
over the moon and is known the most beautiful goddess in Bathala’s kingdom.
APOLAKI is the God of the Sun and War revered by the Tagalog and Pangasinan people
of the Philippines. Filipino mythology paints Apolaki as the son of the supreme God,
Bathala and a mortal woman, along with his sister Mayari, the Goddess of the Moon.

1.3. Amihan. She is the deity of the Wind. According to the stories, Amihan saved our
ancestors, “Malakas and Maganda” from the confinement of a bamboo. She is one of the
first three creatures in the world, including Bathala (Heaven) and Aman-Sinaya (Sea).

1.4. Bakunawa. It is a supreme being or God. He is known as the “Moon Eater.” He is

the god of the underworld. Bakunawa is apparently a major cause of the eclipse, for he
swallows the moon at that time.

1.5. The Marias. They are Maria Cacao, Maria Makiling, and Maira Sinkuan. They are
the goddesses of mountains with jurisdictions. Maria Makiling is the guardian of Mount
Makiling. . The mountain is said to resemble the profile of a woman, perhaps of Maria
herself. Maria Cacao watches the Mount Lantoy in it is said that her domain houses the
Cacao plants, a useful ingredient in most Filipino chocolate delicacies. Cebu. Maria
Sinukuan holds dominion over Mount Arayat in Pampanga. There, she is said to bring
forth bounti harvests from the mountain’s fruit trees.

2. Short Answers: (10 points)

2.1. According to Bathala’s story, who are the two gods who originally ruled the sky?

* Ulilang Kaluluwa
* Galang Kaluluwa

2.2. Who did Amihan save?

* Malakas at Magandaa from a bamboo plant

2.3. How many Marias are there, and what mountains did they guard over?
*There are three Marias.
Maria Makiling – Mount Makiling
Maria Cacao – Mount Lantoy
Maria Sinukuan – Mount Arayat
 2.4. Which two of Bathala’s children fought over ruling the Earth?

*Apolaki and Mayari

2.5. Who is known as the “Moon eater” and what does he look like?

*Bakunawa is the Moon Eater. He looks like a gigantic sea serpent or dragon.

3. Decisions, decisions: (15 points) – Answer each in 3 or more sentences

3.1. Between Apolaki, Mayari, and Tala, which of them would you have preferred taking
control of the Earth after Bathala’s passing? Why?

Marayi, in my opinion, deserves to be the ruler of the Earth. I chose her because she is
not greedy, whereas Apolaki did something rowdy only to acquire the position, and a leader
should not do anything terrible, but rather fight fairly and equally. A girl can also better lead and
control things. We must not diminish a woman's power. A woman is self-sufficient and can lead
decisively and authoritatively.

3.2. If you were to choose, which of the three Marias would be your patron? Why?

If I had to pick one of the three Marias, it would most likely be Maria Makiling. In the
Philippines, she is a well-known fairy. She is generous and compassionate. She is continually
protecting and guarding the mountain's natural treasures and fauna. In the ancient ancestral
traditions, she has remained humble, pure, and simple since then, which distinguishes her from
the other three fairies. 3) How would you prevent Bakunawa from eating the moon(s)?

4. The wanderer: – Answer in 5 or more sentences

After Ulilang Kaluluwa’s death in the hands of Bathala, the other sky-ruler Galang
Kaluluwa is invited into Bathala’s kingdom, and the two become fast friends. If you were
Galang, would you have gotten angry that your brother/partner was killed? Would you have
taken the opportunity to avenge Ulilang’s death? Explain why or why not.

I am a compassionate and forgiving person. If I were Galang, I would have been furious
at what had occurred. But I would never seek vengeance. It's because if I exact retribution and
kill the individual, I become the same as the person. I'd let God do anything he wanted. After all,
if God can forgive, why can't I? However, I may forgive the individual, but I will never forget
what he did because it has left a memory and scars.

7.Assignment
1. Research:

In the Encyclopedia, under “Deities,” pick a god/goddess and find an equivalent god/goddess in
another culture (Greek, Roman, Egyptian, etc.). Explain what the equivalent god/goddess does in
that particular culture. Minimum 200 words.

The Egyptian God is Amun-Ra. Zeus is the comparable god in Greek. Both are the
Supreme God of their respective locations, but with differing jurisdictions. Amun-Ra is
represented by the ram, which represents fertility and war, two tremendous elements that
generate and destroy humanity. She is a symbol of strength combined with compassion. He is the
Pharaoh's father and protector, and he was the subject of a cult. People born under this sign are
said to be stubborn, clever, confident, and authoritative. Zeus, on the other hand, is the deity of
the heavens, lightning, thunder, and justice. He is the protector, and father of all gods and
humans. He is known for being the wise, fair, merciful but easily angered. He is the most
powerful among all gods in the Greek Mythology.

2. Pick a god, any god:

Pick a god or goddess in the Encyclopedia, under “Deities.” There is barely much
information regarding myths about most of them. So here’s an opportunity to make up your own!
Write a description of this particular god/goddess. This can go from physical description, to
background story, to even a randomly created myth related to the particular god/goddess!
Minimum of 500 words for full points, please.

3. Note: If you want to split things up and do two gods/goddesses, then it’s a minimum of
250 words per deity, at 15 points each.

1. POSEIDON.
He is the God of the Sea and potentially earthquakes and horse. Its name usually known
as husband of the earth. He is the son of Cronus. Poseidon was the son of Kronos (Cronus) and
Rheia, as well as the grandson of Ouranos (the Heavens) and Gaia (the Earth). He was Zeus',
Haides', Hera's, Demeter's, and Hestia's brother. Poseidon married the marine-goddess
Amphitrite, the eldest child of Nereus, the first-born son of Pontos (the water), securing his
dominion over the water. Triton, the fish-tailed god, was their son.
He also had many mortal descendants, including giants like Antaios and the cyclops
Polyphemos, magical horses like Pegasos and Arion, and different human monarchs, heroes, and
villains like Theseus and Bellerophontes.
Since Poseidon is the sea god, he always has the trident, a symbol of his main weapon.
He was portrayed as a mature guy with a strong body and a dark beard, wielding a trident (a
three-pronged fisherman's weapon). The trident, a three-pronged fishing spear, was Poseidon's
most distinguishing feature. He also possessed a boulder encrusted with sea creatures (crayfish,
octopi, fish, and so on). The god was either dressed in a robe (chiton) and cloak (himation) or
was shown naked, with only a cloak wrapped loosely about his arms and shoulders.
He was frequently topped with a wild celery wreath or a simple headband. The bull,
horse, and dolphin were Poseidon's sacred creatures. He was closely identified with fish and
other aquatic creatures as the deity of the sea. A pair of fish-tailed horses (Greek: hippokampoi)
pulled his chariot. The Cretan Bull, sire of the Minotaur, was the most famous of his sacred
animals in myth. The pine tree and wild celery were Poseidon's sacred plants, and they were used
to crown winners at the god's Isthmian Games.

1. ATHENA.
Athena is the city's protector, the goddess of war, craft, and practical reasoning. She was
essentially urban and refined, the polar opposite of Artemis, the goddess of the outdoors. Athena
was most likely a pre-Hellenic deity who was later adopted by the Greeks. She was Zeus's
daughter, born without a mother and emerging fully formed from his brow. Another version goes
that Zeus swallowed Metis, the goddess of counsel, while she was pregnant with Athena, causing
Athena to emerge from Zeus. She wielded enormous power as Zeus' favorite child.
Athena came to be known as the goddess of crafts and skillful peacetime activities in
general. She was especially revered as the patroness of spinning and weaving. It was a logical
progression of her patronage of skill that she became allegorized to personify wisdom and
morality.

Aaron J. Atsma, Netherlands & New Zealand, (2017). Greek Mythology_Poseidon. Retrieved
from https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Poseidon.html

Adam Augustyn, (2023). Athena. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Athena-

Greek-mythology

4. Picture this:

4.1. Illustrate either Amihan or Bakunawa. You can do this by drawing, sketching,
painting, or using image manipulation programs (Photoshop, Paint Shop Pro, etc.) to showcase
this. The illustration can be anything from just solely Amihan or Bakunawa, or a scene in their
respective myths.

4.2. In some myths, certain gods and goddesses have emblems they call their own. Norse god
Thor has his hammer, Grecian Zeus his lightning bolts. Pick a god/goddess (from either the
lesson or the Encyclopedia, under “Deities”) and draw, sketch, paint, or Photoshop his/her
symbol. If they don’t have one, make it up. Think creatively!

Assignment:

1. Why is Philippine Literature important?

Philippine literature is significant since it is the foundation of our history. It connects us

to other ages and regions. These are all aspects of your current situation. We study the past
through studying their clothes, lifestyle, customs, and cultures as we study literature. We would
not know about the characters, social and political issues, viewpoints, and history of the people
and country that came before us if it were not for Philippine literature.

2. Give examples of different epics (Summarize the epic, from what region or province, who
wrote it?)of the Philippines

BIAG NI LAM-ANG
Pedro Bukanes

Biag ni Lam-ang is Filipino folk epic written by Pedro Bukaneg. I chose this story because
it’s the pride of the Philippines and it depicts the true Filipino mantra which when life is full of
trials and challenges, one must be strong, brave, and accept its reality.

The story begins when Namongan gives birth to a strong and courageous newborn boy
named Lam-ang. He then inquires of his mother regarding the whereabouts of his father. He
discovered that his father had gone to a fight with the Igorots. He decided to look for his father.
During the journey, he discovered that his father, Don Juan, had been slaughtered by the
Igorots. Lam-ang later discovered the Igorots' whereabouts in Sagang, where he was
celebrating a successful battle. The celebration included the exhibition of his father's head.
When he found out, he murdered all the Igorots with the spears he carried. In this case, he is
willing to die simply to seek justice for a guy he has never met but recognizes from their shared
history.
This story was chosen because it reminds us Filipinos that in this cruel and dangerous
world, we must always be ready to defend our family in the face of threat and persecution from
others. This also demonstrates how we fight for other people's love. When Lam-ang fell in love
with Ines, he fought various monsters and competed with and fought Sumarang, Ines's devoted
suitor. See? For the sake of the family and that one person, we will go to any length to get rid of
these people who are impeding our progress.

This is a story on the value of true friendship. His buddies were the reason he has a
second life after he died. His friends figure out how to bring him back to life. Friends, in addition
to our family, are present in times of fear, gloom, and disappointment. The Filipino
characteristics that I have described are only a few of the many that are reflected in the epic
''Biag Ni Lam-ang.'' Certainly, every feature of the epic has a consequence for the Filipino
people because it is a very original Filipino-made piece of art.

3. Of the 12 literary composition , which is the most simplified and is likened to Philippine
literary style ?

Divine Comedy is perhaps likened to style in Philippine literary. The style is

sequential of the three realms of dead which is most Filipinos believed in. Some
stories inf the Philippines are more likely about journey of people and adventures.

4. Define the following and give the names of the Filipino proponents and their literary
works.

1. Romaticism

Romanticism is a literary trend that lasted roughly from 1790 to 1850. A celebration of
nature and the average man, a stress on individual experience, an idealization of women, and an
embracing of isolation and melancholy defined the movement. John Keats, William Wordsworth,
Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Mary Shelley are among the most famous Romantic writers.

2. Realism

Literary realism is a literary movement that portrays reality by depicting commonplace,

everyday situations as they occur in actual life. It displays known people, places, and tales,
primarily from society's middle and lower strata. Instead of dramatizing or romanticizing a
narrative, literary realism strives to present it as realistically as possible. Aristotle is generally
regarded as the father of Realis

3. Surrealism

Surrealism seeks to transform human experience. It strikes a balance between a rational

view of life and one that acknowledges the power of the unconscious and dreams. The artists of
the movement discover wonder and unusual beauty in the unexpected and weird, the overlooked
and the unconventional. The willingness to challenge imposed ideals and norms, as well as the
struggle for freedom, are at the heart of their work.
 The poet Guilliame Apollinaire first coined the term “Surreal” in reference to the idea of
an independent reality, existing “beneath” our conscious reality.
4. Existentialism

Existentialism is a philosophical school of thought that stresses individual existence,

freedom, and choice. It is the belief that despite living in an irrational universe, humans define
their own purpose in life and attempt to make rational judgments. It is concerned with the
question of human existence and the sense that there is no purpose or explanation at the heart of
life. It contends that, because there is no God or other transcendent force, the only way to combat
nothingness (and so find meaning in life) is to embrace existence. Existentialism originated with
the 19th Century philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche

Jeffrey Somers, (2019). Romanticism in Literature: Definition and Examples. Finding beauty in nature and the
common man. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/romanticism-definition-4777449

MasterClass, (2021). What Is Literary Realism? Definition and Examples of the

Realism Genre in Literature. Retrieved from
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-literary-realism

Miro, Cheval, and etc. (2018). What Is Surrealism? How Art Illustrates the Unconscious.
Retrieved from https://www.parkwestgallery.com/what-is-surrealism-art/

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, (2013). The Basics of Philosophy. Retrieved from

https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_existentialism.html

5. Find the different stories of Juan Tamad

5.1. '"Juan Tamad and the Mud Crabs"

5.2. "Juan Tamad and the Rice Cakes"
5.3. "'Juan Tamad and the Flea-Killer'"
5.4. "Juan Tamad Takes a Bride"
5.5. "Juan Tamad's Burial"