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Laboratory Notes Preparing Chemical Solutions
Laboratory Notes Preparing Chemical Solutions
The weight in grams of one mole of a substance is the molecular weight (MW), or molar mass, of
that substance. To determine the number of moles, n, in a given quantity of a substance, you
divide the given quantity of the substance by the molecular weight:
!"## !" !"#!$%&'( ( !) !
𝑛 = !"#$%&#'( !"#$!! ! !"#
= !"
A molar solution
The symbol M is pronounced ‘molar’. Molar solutions use the molecular weight of a solute to
calculate molar concentration in a litre of solution.
The molecular weight can be found on the chemical bottle label, in a data book or safety data
sheet (SDS), or by adding together the atomic weights of all of the atoms, which appear in the
chemical formula of the substance.
e.g. NaCl
1 sodium atom 1 x 22.9 g = 22.99 g
1 chloride atom 1 x 35.45 g = 35.45 g
Molecular weight = 58.44 g
Therefore, a 1M solution of sodium chloride consists of 58.44 g of NaCl dissolved in 1 L of water.
Note: If you are using a hydrated salt, the water(s) of hydration must be included in the
calculation of the molecular weight.
Once the molecular weight of a chemical is known the following formula is used to calculate the
weight of chemical to dissolve in solution for varying molar solutions.
𝑚 = 𝑐 𝑥 𝑉 𝑥 𝑀𝑊
Where:
m = mass of solute in grams (g)
c = concentration of solution in moles per litre) (mol/L)
V = volume of solution in litres (L)
MW = molecular weight of solute in grams (g)
‘1M’ is pronounced ‘one molar’ and contains the molecular weight of a chemical dissolved in one
litre of water. A ‘2M solution’ is pronounced ‘a two molar solution’ and has twice the molecular
weight of a chemical dissolved in one litre of water.
Example 1: Calculation for preparing 1 litre of a 0.5 M copper (II) sulfate solution
Note that we are using copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate, (CuSO4.5H2O)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑀𝑊 = 63.55 + 32.06 + (4𝑥15.99) + 𝟓((𝟐𝐱𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖) + 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟗)) = 249.68 𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐 = 0.5 𝑀
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉 = 1 𝐿
The quantity of the solid copper sulfate pentahydrate required to make 1L of 0.5M solution
𝑚 = 𝑐 𝑥 𝑉 𝑥 𝑀𝑊
= 0.5 𝑥 1 𝑥 249.68
= 124.84 𝑔
Examples 2 and 3 below compares the use of anhydrous, meaning no water, and monohydrate,
meaning having one water of crystallisation, solids of the same compound for preparation of 250
mL of 0.2 M solutions. Note the difference in molecular weights.
Example 2: Calculation for preparing 250 mL of a 0.2 M solution of sodium carbonate using
the anhydrous salt (Na2CO3).
Before performing the calculation, we convert the volume, 250 mL, to litres, i.e. 0.25 L.
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑀𝑊 = 105.99 𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐 = 0.2 𝑀
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉 = 0.25 L
The quantity of the solid sodium carbonate required to make 250 ml solution of 0.2 M solution
𝑚 = 𝑐 𝑥 𝑉 𝑥 𝑀𝑊
= 0.2 𝑥 0.25 𝑥 105.99
= 5.30 𝑔
Example 3: Calculation for preparing 250 mL of a 0.2 M solution of sodium carbonate using
sodium carbonate monohydrate (Na2CO3.H2O).
𝑚 = 1.5𝑔
This amount of sucrose is weighed out and dissolved in enough water to make up the volume to a
total of 300 mL.
!
From the equation 𝑐 = , 𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑉 is obtained.
!
200 mL of 100 volume hydrogen peroxide is added to approximately 500 mL of distilled water and
made up to 1L. The diluted solution should be mixed well.
Alternatively, the calculation using percentage concentrations also can be used. 30% is the initial
concentration and 6% is the final concentration.
𝑐2𝑉2
𝑐2𝑉2
𝑉1 =
𝑐1
6% 𝑥 1
𝑉1 =
30%
𝑉1 = 0.2𝐿 𝑜𝑟 200 𝑚𝐿