See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/339789046

Family Tree of LANGUAGES – Part I: Indo-European (2022)

Poster · March 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12975.76964/1

CITATIONS READS

0 23,349

2 authors:

Theodor C. H. Cole Erika Siebert-Cole

Freie Universität Berlin Independent Researcher
909 PUBLICATIONS 152 CITATIONS 73 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Theodor C. H. Cole on 01 April 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 FAMILY TREE of LANGUAGES
PART I: Indo-European
THEODOR C. H. COLE, Dipl. rer. nat., FU Berlin, Germany & ERIKA SIEBERT-COLE, M. A., Heidelberg, Germany

~5.4 mill. • F 2 • Armenian

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran Armenian
~13.3 mill. • Greek
Greece, Cyprus, Albania Greek
~6 mill. (L1) • ML 4 • Latin, Greek
African
Dravidian
Albania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo Albanian
~3 mill. • Latin
Lithuanian
Uralic
Caucasian Lithuania
Afro-Asiatic
~1.7 mill. (L1) • ML 2 • Latin
Latvian
Indo-European
A merican Latvia
Transeurasian
~260 (154) mill. • Cyrillic
Russian
S ino-Tibetan
Hmong-Mien Russia (+ neighboring countries)
Kra-Dai
~4 (1.5) mill. • Cyrillic
B elarusian
Austroasiatic
Austronesian Belarus

balto- ~33 mill. • Cyrillic

slavic Ukraine (+ neighboring countries) U krainian
~41 mill. • Latin
Poland Polish
~7.3 (5.2) mill. • Latin
Slovakia, Czechia Slovak
~13.5 (10.7) mill. • Latin
Czechia, Austria, Slovakia C zech
~2.2 mill. • Latin
Slovenia, Austria, Italy Slovenian
~18.8 mill. (L1) • ML 4 • Latin, Cyrillic
Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro Serbo-C roatian
~1.7 mill. • Cyrillic
North Macedonia Macedonian
~8.2 mill. • Cyrillic
Bulgaria, Turkey, Ukraine B ulgarian
~1.2 mill. • Latin
Ireland Irish
~600,000 • Latin
celtic England (Wales) Welsh
~200,000 • Latin
France (Brittany) B reton
~24 mill. • Latin
Romania, Moldova, Ukraine R omanian
~68 mill. • Latin
Italy, Romania, Croatia, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland Italian
~200,000 • Latin
italic
France, Italy, Spain (NW Catalonia), Monaco Occitan (Provençal)
~600,000 • Latin
Belgium (Wallonia) Walloon
~274 (80) mill. • Latin
worldwide French
~9 (4) mill. • Latin
Spain (mainly Catalonia, Valencia, Balearic Islands), Andorra, France C atalan
~548 (475) mill. • Latin
Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar, the Americas etc. Spanish
~258 (232) mill. • Latin
Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinée Bissau etc. Portuguese
~1452 (373) mill. • Latin
worldwide English
~330,000 • Latin
Iceland Icelandic
~13 (10) mill. • Latin
germanic
Sweden, Finland, Åland Islands Swedish
~5.3 mill. • Latin
Norway N orwegian
~5.6 mill. • Latin
Denmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) D anish
~156 mill. • Latin
Germany, Austria, Switzerland German *
~24.4 mill. • Latin
Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), Suriname, Dutch Caribbean D utch
~17.6 (7.3) mill. • Latin
South Africa A frikaans
~54 mill. (L1) • ML 3 • Arabic (Naskh, Nastaliq)
Afghanistan, Pakistan Pashto (Pushto)
~8.8 mill. (L1) • ML 3 • Arabic (Nastaliq, Naskh), Latin, Cyrillic (Turkmenistan)

iranian
Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, United Arabic Emirates B aluchi
~8.2 mill. • Cyrillic
Tajikistan, China (Xinjiang), Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan Tajik
~66 mill. (L1) • ML 2 • Perso-Arabic
Iran, Afghanistan (Dari), Pakistan (Dari) P ersian (Farsi)
~25 mill. (L1) • ML 3 • Perso-Arabic, Latin
indo-
iranian
Iraq (Kurdistan), NW Iran, E/SE Turkey, Syria K urdish
~7 mill. • Perso-Arabic, Devanagari
Kashmir, Jammu K ashmiri
~17.5 (15.5) mill. • Sinhala
Sri Lanka Sinhala
~ 2.3 (1.6) mill. • ML 7 • Latin, Cyrillic
indo-
aryan
various minority languages, mainly Eastern Europe R omani
~17.5 mill. (L1) • ML 2 • Devanagari
Nepal, India (Sikkim, West Bengal) N epali
~52 mill. • Devanagari
India, Nepal Bhojpuri
~273 (234) mill. • Bengali
Bangladesh, India B engali
~15.3 mill. • Bengali
A ssamese
Cole, Siebert-Cole 2022 (CC-BY)

India (Assam)
~40 (34) mill. • Odia (Oriya)
India (Odisha) Odia (Oriya)
~99 (83) mill. • Devanagari
COLE TCH, SIEBERT-COLE E (2022) FAMILY TREE of LANGUAGES
PART I: Indo-European
India (Maharashtra) M arathi
~62 mill. • Gujarati
• a selection of languages and language families
• hypothetical tree from phylolinguistic analyses (chiefly following Rama 2016 and Garrett 2018, adapted)
India (Gujarat), Tanzania Gujarati
• branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale
~33 mill. • Perso-Arabic (Pakistan), Devanagari, Gurmukhi (India)
Sindhi
• numbers, countries/regions, and scripts chiefly taken from 'Ethnologue' (2022) and 'Glottolog' (2022)
©

• figures for the number of speakers given as: Pakistan (Sindh), India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh)
total world followed by first language speakers (L1) in parentheses (all figures approximate/rounded)
• ML (macrolanguage) and F (family) including x number of individual ISO 639-3 coded languages
~602 (344) mill. • Devanagari
* including the three most spoken High German languages:
Alemannic (Swiss German), Standard German, and Bavarian (Austrian)
** including Eastern Panjabi and Western Panjabi
India, Nepal H indi
~118 mill. • Perso-Arabic (Pakistan), Gurmukhi, Devanagari (India)
Selected References
Bouckaert R et al. (2012) Science 337: 957–960
E Pakistan, NW India (Panjab) Panjabi**
Chang W et al. (2015) Language 91: 194–244
~231 (70) mill. • Urdu (Perso-Arabic), Nastaliq
U rdu
Eberhard DM et al. (eds.) (2022) Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 25th edn., 3 Vols., SLI
Garrett A (2018) Proc Am Phil Soc 162(1): 25–38 Pakistan, India, Nepal
Gray RD et al. (2011) Phil Trans R Soc B 366: 1090–1100
Hammarström H et al. (2022) Glottolog 4.5, Jena: MPI for the Science of Human History
Longobardi G et al. (2013) J Hist Ling 3(1): 122–152
Rama T (2016) in: Bentz C et al. (eds.) Proc. Leiden Workshop on Capturing
Phylogenetic Algorithms for Linguistics. Univ. Tübingen
Serva M, Petroni F (2008) EPL 81: 68005, doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/81/68005

View publication stats