INDIAN POLITY AND

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GOVERNANCE

1.2 Governance

Definition ❖ World Bank: described good governance in its study "Governance and
Development" published in 1992 as "the way power is exercised in the development
management of a country's economic and social resources."

10th Five Year ❖ 10th Five Year Plan defines Governance as, “Governance relates to the
Plan management of all such processes that, in any society, define the environment which
permits and enables individuals to raise their capability levels, on one hand, and
provide opportunities to realise their potential and enlarge the set of available
choices, on the other”.

Dimensions of ❖ Department of Administrative reforms and Public grievances (DARPG) in its report
Governance “State of Governance – A framework of assessment” has deconstructed
governance into five broad dimensions viz.
➢ Political,
➢ Legal & judicial,
➢ Administrative,
➢ Economic and social,
➢ Environmental dimensions

2.2 Good Governance

Definition ❖ Good governance ensures that corruption is minimised, the views of minorities are
taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in
decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.
❖ Good Governance = Efficiency + Inclusivity

Data/Facts Good Governance Index 2021:

❖ Group A: Gujarat has topped the composite ranking in the Good Governance Index
2021 covering 10 sectors, followed by Maharashtra and Goa.

Components

Source: UNESCAP

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SDG Goals ❖ SDG Goal 16: It can be considered to be directly linked as it is dedicated to
improvement in governance, inclusion, participation, rights, and security.

Constitutional ❖ Provisions of Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic committing

Provisions itself to democracy, rule of law and welfare of people.

Historical ❖ Bhagavad Gita: provides numerous cues for good governance, leadership,
References dutifulness and self-realisation which are re-interpreted in the modern context.
❖ Kautilya’s Arthashastra: the welfare of people was considered paramount in the
role of King.
❖ Mahatma Gandhi: emphasised “su-raj'' which essentially means good governance.

Schemes and ❖ Right to Information (2005): The right to information promotes openness,
Initiatives to transparency and accountability in administration by making the government more
Promote Good open to public scrutiny.
Governance
❖ E-Governance: PRAGATI, Digital India Program, MCA21, Passport Seva Kendra
(PSK), online Income Tax Return, etc.
❖ Motto of 'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance’.
❖ Aspirational Districts Programme: by NITI Aayog
❖ Good Governance Index: launched on the occasion of Good Governance Day on
25 December 2019.

2.3 Ethical Governance

Definition ❖ Ethical governance implies absence of corruption in governance. Ethical

governance is driven by values such as honesty, integrity, public welfare, fairness,
selflessness etc. For governance to be good in the long-run, it is critical that it be
ethical governance.
❖ Ethical Governance = Governance + Morals + Ethical Values

Historical ❖ The ethical concern of governance has been given in both eastern and western
References literature like Bhagavad Gita, Arthashastra, by Confucius, Plato, Mill, etc.

Components of ❖ Accountability; Responsibility; Openness; Transparency; Decentralization and

Ethical Devolution; Corruption free public service; Impartiality; Honesty; Probity;
Governance Perseverance; Truthfulness; Citizen centricity.

Examples ❖ Citizen charter is one of the ways through which ethical governance can be upheld.
❖ Right to Information is the foremost tool to maintain transparency.
❖ Following the letter and spirit of rule of law during riot situations.
❖ Social audit is one of the prime examples of Citizens participation.

2.4 E-Governance

Definition ❖ The World Bank defines “e-Governance as the use by government agencies of
information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile
computing) that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses,
and other arms of government”.

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Data/Facts ❖ UN e-governance Development Index (2022): India ranks 105 out of 193
countries.
❖ Aadhar authentication: Around 85.41% of ration cards have been linked to
Aadhaar up until August 2019, still leaving out a significant number.
❖ e-PoS machines: As per data on the Annavitran portal, out of total 79,050, only
37,392 FPS have e-PoS machines as of January 2020.
❖ Digital Divide: Only 28% of women in rural areas have access to the internet
❖ E-Courts: Between 2006 -2019, there has been an overall increase of 22% in the
pendency of cases across all courts, total pending cases have now surpassed 4.4
crores mark.

Different ❖ e-Administration: The use of ICTs to modernise the state; the creation of data
Connotations Of E- repositories for Management Information System (MIS) and computerization of
Governance records. For e.g.: land, health etc.
❖ e-Services: The emphasis here is to bring the state closer to the citizens. For eg:
Provision of online services.
❖ e-Governance: The use of IT to improve the ability of the government to address
the needs of society.
❖ e-Democracy: The use of IT to facilitate the ability of all sections of society to
participate in the governance of the state.

Pillars Of E- ❖ People
Governance ❖ Process
❖ Technology
❖ Resources

Smart Features Of ❖ S-Simple: Government rules and procedures need to be simplified to make them
E-Governance more user-friendly.
❖ M-Moral: Since anti-corruption and vigilance agencies have improved, officers
are being instilled with ethics and values.
❖ A-Accountable: ICT aids in the establishment of performance criteria and the
effective measurement of those standards.
❖ R-Responsive: Service delivery that is efficient and government that is
responsive to the people.
❖ T-Transparent: Information that was once kept secret is now available to the
public, bringing equity and the rule of law in government departments.

2nd ARC ❖ G2G (Government to Government): Eg: The Office of the Controller General
Recommendations: of Accounts created and introduced the Public Finance Management System
Types of (PFMS); E–Samiksha.
Interaction In E-
❖ G2C (Government to Citizens): Eg: Aarogya Setu; Co-WIN Portal;
Governance
Computerisation of Land Records; Digi locker; etc.
❖ G2B (Government to Business): Eg: SWIFT (Single Window Interface for
Trade)
❖ G2E (Government to Employees): Eg: Sandes messaging application

Legal Provisions ❖ The Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000: provides for legal recognition for
transactions through electronic communication, also known as e-commerce.

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Government ❖ Aadhar Enabled Payment System (AEPS)
Schemes and ❖ E-procurement
Initiatives
❖ The e-Court Mission Mode Project (MMP)
❖ MyGov portal
❖ Digital India
❖ Digi Locker
❖ e-Hospital-Online Registration Framework (ORF)
❖ DARPAN
❖ PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation)
❖ National Centre of Geo-informatics (NCoG)
❖ National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

Case Study ❖ Telangana: MeeSeva portal (delivering e-governance through a web-based

platform) - currently boasts of over 550 services in its platform and is one of the
most widely used online G2C service delivery platforms in the country.

2.5 Corporate Governance

Definition ❖ OECD defines Corporate Governance as ‘procedures and processes according to

which an organisation is directed and controlled’. Negligence of business ethics in
corporate governance is a responsible factor for the failure of corporations.

Data/Facts ❖ Indian corporations: Around 12 Indian companies have been featured in the
Forbes list of the worlds’ 2,000 best-regarded firms. Infosys, TCS, Tata Motors
secured the 31st, 35th and 70th ranks, respectively

Gandhian ❖ Gandhi's idea of trusteeship arose from his faith in the “law of non-possession”. It
theory of was founded on his religious belief that everything belonged to God and was from
trusteeship God.
❖ It provides a means by which the wealthy people would be the trustees of trusts that
looked after the welfare of the people in general.

Relevance of ❖ Prevailing inequality: Oxfam report reveals "India's top 10% population holds
Idea of 73% of the wealth".
Trusteeship ❖ Degrading environment: the emission of greenhouse gases is affecting the global
climate, and causing various catastrophic disasters and diseases.
❖ Overexploitation of natural resources: Minerals, oil, gas and coal are non-
renewable resources. Their use as materials and energy sources leads to depletion of
the Earth's reserves.

Guidelines for ❖ Cadbury Committee Report - The Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance
Corporate (1992)
Governance at ❖ OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (2004)
International
Level ❖ UNCTAD Guidance on Good Practices in Corporate Governance Disclosure
(2006)

Legal ❖ The Companies Act, 2013

Provisions ❖ The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956

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 ❖ The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992
❖ The Depositories Act, 1996

Corporate ❖ It brings in the participation of the upper strata in building a just society and
Social decreasing inequalities.
Responsibility ❖ India is the first country in the world to make CSR mandatory through the
(CSR)
Companies Act, 2013. The indicative activities, which can be undertaken by a
company under CSR, have been specified under Schedule VII of the Act

Types of CSR ❖ Environmental Responsibility

Responsibilities ❖ Ethical Responsibility
❖ Philanthropic Responsibility
❖ Economic Responsibility

Committee and ❖ Uday Kotak Committee recommendations

Commissions

Government ❖ SEBI Guidelines: SEBI is a regulatory authority having jurisdiction over listed
Initiatives companies and which issues regulations, rules and guidelines to companies to ensure
the protection of investors.

2.6 Judiciary

Data/Facts ❖ Vacancies: The total sanctioned strength in the 25 High Courts is 1,080. However, the
present working strength is 661 with 419 vacancies as of March 1, 2021.
❖ Pendency: Courts saw an increase of over 27% in pendency between December 2019
and April 2022, as per the National Judicial Data Grid.
➢ As of May 2022, over 4.7 crore cases are pending in courts across different
levels of the judiciary. Of them, 87.4% are pending in subordinate courts, 12.4%
in High Courts, while nearly 1,82,000 cases have been pending for over 30 years.
❖ Fast Track Special Courts:
➢ There are 389 districts in the country where the number of pending cases under
POCSO Act exceeds 100.
➢ These FTSCs will dispose-off 1,66,882 cases of Rape and POCSO Act, that are
pending trial in various courts.
❖ All India Judicial Services to fill up vacancies: as recommended by Parliamentary
Standing Committee on Law and Justice in 2013
❖ Per capita spending on free legal aid: The per capita spending on legal aid in India
is just Rs 0.75 ($0.008 USD). In Australia, it is $23 and in Argentina $17.
❖ Gram Nyayalayas: They were expected to reduce around 50 % of the pendency of
cases in subordinate courts. Only 208 Gram Nyayalayas are functioning in the
country.

SDG Goals ❖ SDG 16 (Peace, Justice & Stronger Institutions)

Constitutional ❖ Art. 13; Art. 21; Art. 32 and 226; Art. 38; Art. 39A; Art. 50; Art. 124-147; Art. 214 to
Provisions 231; Art. 233-237; Art. 372 (1).

Legal ❖ Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

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Provisions ❖ Family court Act 1984
❖ Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
❖ The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985

Government ❖ Pro Bono Legal Services

Schemes and ❖ National Judicial Data Grid
Initiatives
❖ Nyaya Mitra
❖ Judicial Service Centre
❖ Inter-operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS)
❖ Tele-Law Initiative

2.7 Parliament and Legislatures of UTs and States

Data/Facts ❖ Question Hour: Functioned only 77% of time in Lok Sabha; 47% of the time in Rajya
Sabha (PRS Legislative Research).
❖ Bills Referred to Committees: In 17th Lok Sabha: 11% of all bills (15th Lok Sabha
- 71% of all bills).
❖ Criminalization of Politics: There is an increase of 109% (in 2019) in the number of
MPs with declared serious criminal cases since 2009. 29% of those elected to the Lok
Sabha in 2019 have declared serious crimes.
❖ Increased Participation in both houses since independence: Between the First Lok
Sabha (1952) and the Seventeenth Lok Sabha (2019) women’s representation has
increased from 4.4 percent to 14.4 percent. Women’s representation in Rajya Sabha
has also increased from 6.9 percent in 1952 to 11.4 percent in 2014.
❖ Lower than the global average: Global average is 22.9 percent. India ranks 153 out
of 190 nations in the percentage of women in the lower house of world parliaments.
❖ More women representation in local bodies: There are approximately 13.45 lakh
Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) in PRIs which constitute 46.14% of total
Elected Representatives (ERs). Women sarpanches accounted for 43 percent of total
gram panchayats (GPs) across the country.

SDG Goals ❖ SDG 16 (Peace, Justice & Stronger Institutions)

Constitutional ❖ Art. 79 to Art. 122; Art. 79; Art. 168; Art. 368.
Provisions

2.8 Election and Politics

Data/Facts ❖ Voter Turnout: 67.4% turnout in 17th Lok Sabha Elections.

❖ Women Turnout: 67.18% better than men at 67%, highest ever women turnout.
❖ State Funding of Election: The Election Commission of India has set an expenditure
limit of Rs 70 lakh for the candidates in the Lok Sabha elections 2019.
❖ Election Funding: 75% electoral bonds to the ruling party (Rs. 3400 Crores).
❖ Election Spending: Between Rs 55,000 and Rs. 60,000 crores were spent on the 2019
Lok Sabha and assembly elections in India; 100 Crores per Constituency
Approximately - Centre for Media Studies Report.
❖ Unrecognised Political Parties: 97.5% of all registered parties (2-time increase in a
decade)- ADR Report.

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Constitutional ❖ Art. 81; Art. 82; Art.170; Art. 243K &243ZA; Art. 323Bl; Art. 324; Art. 325; Art. 326;
Provisions Art. 327; Art. 329; 84th Constitutional Amendment Act.

Legal ❖ Representations of Peoples Act, 1951

Provisions ❖ Delimitation Commission Act of 2002

Committee ❖ The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008)

And ❖ Election Commission of India - Proposed Electoral Reforms (2004)
Commissions ❖ Jeevan Reddy Committee (2004)
❖ National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2001)
❖ Law Commission Report on Reform of the Electoral Laws (1999)
❖ Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections (1998)
❖ Vohra Committee Report (1993)
❖ Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms (1990)
❖ Tarkunde Committee (1974)
❖ Jaya Prakash Narayan Committee (1974)

2.9 Custodial Violence

Data/Facts ❖ National Campaign Against Torture: a joint initiative by multiple NGOs, about
3/4th deaths in police custody occurred primarily as a result of torture in 2019.
❖ Dismal regard of Fundamental Rights: A report by Common Cause and CSDS-
Lokniti, showed that 12% of police personnel never receive human rights training.
❖ Misuse of power of arrest: The National Police Commission (3rd Report) had
observed that 60% of all arrests were “unnecessary”.

Constitutional ❖ Article 21; Article 22 (1); Article 39A.

Provisions

Legal ❖ Section 41 of Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC): amended in 2009 to include

Provisions safeguards under 41A, 41B, 41C and 41D, so that arrests and detentions for
interrogation have reasonable grounds and documented procedures in a transparent
manner.

2.10 Prison Reforms

Data/Facts ● Decrease in number of prisons: The total number of prisons at national level
has increased from 1,306 in 2020 to 1,319 in 2021, having increased by 1.0%-
NCRB, Prison Statistics- 2021.
● Overcrowding in Jails: The NCRB report said a total of 1,361 jails across
the country had over 4.50 lakh prisoners, around 60,000 more than the total
capacity of all prisons, at the end of year 2017.
● Under trial Prisoners: The number of undertrial prisoners has increased by
9.4% during 2015-17.
● Increase in registered cases: Data shows an increase of 3.6% in the
registration of cases over 2016.
● Delay in Trials: In 2016, 67% of the people in Indian jails were undertrials
which is extremely high by international standards like it is 11% in the UK,
20% in the US and 29% in France.

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 ● Severe staff crunch: 33% of the aggregate prerequisite of jail authorities
still lie vacant, whereas, the ratio between the prison staff and the prison
population in India is approximately 1:7.

SDG Goals ● SDG 3 (Good Health & Well Being); SDG 16 (Peace, Justice & Stronger
Institutions); SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals).

Constitutional ● State Subject: 'Prisons/persons detained therein' is a State subject under Entry 4
Provisions of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India.
● Art. 21; Art. 22 (3)(b); Art. 22 (4); Article 39A.

Legal ● Prison Act, 1894 and Prisoner Act, 1900

Provisions

Committee and ● Justice AN. Mulla Committee (1980)

Commissions ● Krishna Iyer Committee (1987)
● Justice Amitava Roy (retd.) Committee (2018)

Quote ● “It is not the prisoners that need reformation, it is the prisons” – Oscar Wilde

2.11 Gram Panchayat

Data/Facts ❖ Panchayats and Pandemic: With 2.6 lakh rural local bodies (or gram panchayats)
and over 10 lakh frontline functionaries (ASHAs, ANMs etc.), they can play a vital
role in ensuring that welfare services get delivered on the ground and no person is
left behind from accessing relief packages for want of documentation or lack of
knowledge.

Constitutional ❖ Art. 40; 73rd Amendment Act 1992; Part IX: Article 243-243O; Schedule 11
Provisions ❖ Other Important articles:
➢ 243 G - Authority
➢ 243 H – Representation
➢ 243 I - Finance commission

Evolution of ❖ British rule: Mayo's Resolution (1870); Ripon Resolution (1882); Royal
Panchayati Raj Commission on Decentralization (1907); Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919);
Government of India Act, 1935.
❖ Post-Independence: Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957); Ashok Mehta
committee (1977); Hanumantha Rao Committee (1984); L M Singhvi Committee
(1986), Mani Shankar Aiyar Committee(2012) etc.

2.12 Citizen Charter

Data/Facts ❖ Citizens' Charters initiative in India had started in 1997.

❖ About 98 central Government Charters and nearly 25 state government charters have
already been implemented.
❖ A comprehensive Website of Citizens' Charter (goicharters.nic.in) in the Government
of India has been developed and was launched by the Department of Administrative
Reforms and Public Grievances on 31 May 2002.

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Objective ❖ Quality: Eg – Information requested through RTI is provided in digital format in
well readable format.
❖ Choice: Eg - People are given choices to get the LPG connection through cylinder or
piped connection.
❖ Standards: Eg - Water quality standards offered by various private agencies and
public agencies are published, which allows people to select service standards
according to their needs.

2.13 NGO

Data/Facts ❖ Taxation: All NGOs are required to file income tax under Section 12A, IT Act 1961.
❖ Darpan Portal: More than 67,000 NGOs are registered with the NITI Aayog on their
NGO Darpan platform — which was created to bring about greater partnership.
❖ NGOs Under RTI: Earlier, various reports, including reports of CBI and Intelligence
Bureau, have shown the misappropriation of funds by a large number of NGOs, which
could cost India around 2-3% of its GDP.

Constitutional ❖ Art. 19(1)(c); Art. 43

Provisions ❖ Concurrent List in Entry 28: mentions about Charities and charitable institutions,
charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions.
❖ Part IX B – cooperative societies;
❖ State list – entry 32.

Legal ❖ Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010

Provisions ❖ Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999)

Committee ❖ S. Vijay Kumar Committee

and
Commissions

Case Studies ❖ Pratham foundation: brought out its ASER Reports measuring parameters of
educational performance at school level. These inputs help administrators re- calibrate
their policies where they may be going wrong.
❖ PETA: believed to be encroached upon the centuries-old tradition and culture of the
people, and lead to mass protest at times. E.g.: Jallikattu Issue

2.14 SHG

Definition/ ❖ Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are informal associations of people who choose to come
Meaning together to find ways to improve their living conditions

Data/Facts ❖ About 1 crore SHGs with active bank linkages in India.

❖ Involvement of 10 crore people of India.
❖ The aggregate bank balance of about Rs.7000 crores.
❖ 90% of SHGs in India consist exclusively of women.

Case Studies ❖ Kudumbashree in Kerala (1998): to wipe out absolute poverty through community
action.

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 ❖ Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra: Community
managed resource centre (CMRC) under MAVIM was launched to provide financial
and livelihood services to SHGs.

2.15 Role of Civil Society

Definition/ ❖ The term civil society refers to both formal and informal entities and encompasses the
Meaning private sector, the media, and other organisations.
❖ World Economic Forum: Civil society is the "region outside the family, market, and
state".

Data/Facts ❖ Contribution of CSOs during COVID-19: According to a reply submitted by the

central government in the Supreme Court on 7th April, a total of approx. 84 lakh people
were provided meals across the country during the lockdown that started on 25th
March.
❖ Overall, there were 9 states and UTs where NGOs fed more than 75% of the people
who were provided meals during the lockdown.

Examples of ❖ Amnesty International,

Well-Known ❖ International Trade Union Confederation
Civil Society ❖ World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Organizations
❖ Greenpeace
❖ The Danish Refugee Council (DRC)
❖ Reporter without border

Government ❖ Mission Karmayogi

Schemes & ❖ Lateral entry scheme
Initiatives ❖ Robust Vigilant Mechanism
❖ 360-degree system of appraisal

2.16 Human Resources

Data/Facts ❖ Human Development Index, 2022 (UNDP): India ranked 132 among 191 countries.
❖ Window of opportunity: Demographic Dividend advantage for India is available from
2005-06 to 2055-56, longer than any country in the world.
❖ Economic Survey 2018-19: India’s Demographic Dividend will peak around 2041,
when the share of working-age, i.e. 20-59 years, the population is expected to hit 59%.
❖ Present and future: India has 62.5% of its population in the age group of 15-59 years
which is ever increasing and will be at the peak around 2036 when it will reach
approximately 65%.

SDG Goals ❖ SDG 3 (Good Health & Well Being); SDG 4 (Quality Education).

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 2.17 Skill Development

Data/Facts ❖ As per the Wheebox India Skills Report, 2023:

➢ In contrast with last year’s employability figures of 46.2%, 50.3% of young people
were found to be highly employable overall.
➢ The percentage of the employable women workforce has increased to 52.8%,
compared to 47.2% for men.
➢ The report also points out that 89% of graduates were actively seeking internship
opportunities.
➢ Candidates from Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Delhi had the highest
employability.
❖ Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana- Flagship skill development program of
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship launched in 2015 to mobilise,
train, certify large numbers of youths to take up industry relevant skill training. Key
Achievements:
➢ More than 7.36 Lakh candidates trained under Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas
Yojana (PMKVY) 3.0 over the last one year.
➢ 2.28 lakhs students enrolled in 1957 Skill Hubs.

SDG Goals ❖ SDG 8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth)

2.18 Health

Data/Facts ❖ Economic Survey 2021-22: As a percentage of GDP, expenditure increased from 1.3%
in 2019-20 to 2.1% in 2020-21.
❖ Economic Survey 2020-21: An increase in public healthcare spending from 1% to 2.5-
3% of GDP can decrease the out-of-pocket expenditure from 65% to 35% of overall
healthcare spending.
❖ NFHS 5: social indicators such as total fertility rate, sex ratio and health outcome
indicators viz., infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, institutional birth rates
have improved over the year 2015-16.
❖ Government expenditure on health: as percentage of GDP in 2019-20 was 1.6% (up
from 1.5% in 2018-19).
❖ Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OPE): as a percentage of Current Health Expenditure
fell down to 58.7% in 2016-17 from 60.6% in 2015-16.
❖ Health insurance coverage: About 14% of the rural population and 19% of the urban
population had health expenditure coverage.
❖ Source of hospitalisation expenditure: Rural households primarily depended on their
‘household income/savings’ (80%) and on ‘borrowings’ (13%) for financing
expenditure on hospitalisation. The figure is 84% and 9% respectively for Urban
households.
❖ Life Expectancy: According to the National Health Profile (NHP 2019), India’s life
expectancy is estimated at 67.4 years for males and 70.2 for females.
❖ Hospital beds: World Health Organization tracks country-wise data on hospital
beds per 10,000 people. India has only seven compared with US- 29, China- 42,
South Korea- 143.
❖ Doctor-population ratio: The present ratio in India is 1:1456. The government aims
to achieve the doctor patient ratio of 1:1000 as prescribed by WHO by 2024.

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 ❖ Child Health: As per estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child
mortality estimation Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) has declined from 126 in
1990 to 34 in 2019, with Annual Rate of Reduction (ARR) of 4.5 per cent in the time
period 1990-2019.
❖ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): It has declined from 89 in 1990 to 28 in 2019.
❖ Neonatal mortality rate: It has declined from 57 in 1990 to 22 in 2019.
❖ Maternal Health: about 90% childbirths were institutional (in Government/private
hospitals) deliveries in rural areas and it was about 96% in urban areas.
❖ Pre and Postnatal Care: Among women in the age-group 15-49 years, about 97% of
women took prenatal care and about 88% of women took postnatal care.
❖ Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): It has declined from 130 in 2014-2016 to 122 in
2015- 17.
❖ Mental Health: According to an estimate by the World Health Organization
(WHO), mental illness makes up about 15% of the total disease conditions around the
world. The same estimate also suggests that India has one of the largest populations
affected by mental illness.

SDG Goals ❖ SDG 3 (Good Health & Well Being).

Constitutional ❖ Art. 21; Art. 38; Art. 39(e); Art. 41; Art. 42; Art. 47; Art. 48A.
Provisions ❖ 11th schedule and 12th schedule provisions: drinking water, health and sanitation,
family welfare, women and child development, social welfare etc.
❖ Seventh schedule: Health is a state subject under the seventh schedule of the Indian
constitution.

Legal ❖ The Epidemic Disease Act 1897

Provisions ❖ Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations
2002.
❖ The Consumer Protection Act 1986.
❖ Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940.
❖ Clinical Establishment Act 2010
❖ The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act 2017, etc.

International ❖ Astana Declaration by WHO - Global commitment to strengthen Primary Health Care
Efforts

Landmark ❖ Paschim Bangal Khet Mazdoor Samity case (1996): SC held that in a welfare state,
Judgement in the primary duty of the government is to secure the welfare of the people and moreover
This Regard it is the obligation of the government to provide adequate medical facilities for its
people.
❖ Paramanand Katara v Union of India: SC held that every doctor at government
hospital or otherwise has the professional obligation to extend his services with due
expertise for protecting the life of a patient

2.19 Education

Data/Facts ❖ Economic Survey 2021-22: Expenditure on the education sector increased by nearly
20 percent in 2020-21 (presently, 3.1 % of GDP).

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 ❖ ASER 2021:A clear shift from private to government schools — from 64.3% in 2018
to 65.8% in 2020, to 70.3% in 2021.
❖ Almost a third of all children in Classes I and II did not have a smartphone
available at home.
❖ ASER 2019 Report: gap between learning outcomes of children with mothers who
were educated upto Standard 12th or higher was 40% more than children of uneducated
mothers.
❖ AISHE 2018-19: SC & ST enrollment is 14.89% and 5.53% respectively.
❖ Economic Survey 2018: School going children in India will decline by 18.4% between
2021- 2041.
❖ E-learning and Digital Literacy: At least or 31% (463 million) of school children
worldwide cannot be reached by remote learning programs. 15% of rural India has the
internet, 42% of urban India has the internet.
❖ UNESCO data: India has one of the lowest public expenditure rates on education
per student, especially compared to other Asian countries like China.

SDG Goals ❖ SDG 4 (Quality Education)

Constitutional ❖ Article 21A; Article 28; Article 29; Article 30; Article 41; Article 45; Article 46;
Provisions Article 51 (k) (added after 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002); Art. 350-A;
86th Amendment Act of 2002.

Legal ❖ Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009

Provisions ❖ 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act

Landmark ❖ Unnikrishnan JP vs State of Andhra Pradesh & Others: SC held that Education is
Judgement a Fundamental right flowing from Article 21.

Committee ❖ Ramamurti Committee (1990)

and ❖ Tapas Majumdar Committee (1999)
Commissions
❖ TSR Subramanian Committee (2016)
❖ Kasturirangan Committee (2017)

NGO's In ❖ Pratham: Publishes the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER).

Education ❖ The Akshaya Patra Foundation (TAPF): addresses malnutrition and supports the
Sector right to education of disadvantaged children
❖ Bachpan Bachao Andolan: by the Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi

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