LESSON 1: INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE- in a community “being involved in community service, where you

help others or contribute to your community, is crucial for a good quality of life. It benefits both the person doing the
service and the one receiving it. It's a way for us to grow and develop as individuals In essence, helping others and
being part of a community makes our lives better and more fulfilling.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS - THE CORE ESTABLISHMENTS THAT BIND PEOPLE TOWARD A SPECIFIC ADVOCACY OR GOAL. WHEN
ARE LEFT TO THEIR OWN DEVICES, THEIR INHERENT POWER IS LIMITED SO THEY NEED TO COME TOGETHER AND FORM
FACTIONS AND GROUPS THAT SHARE A COMMON PURPOSE.

INSTITUTIONS- Grand social structures that are made up of individuals who, when viewed as a whole, exhibit
patterns of behavior that create conventions and norms in our society.

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS – An institution grants its Citizens with liberties and rights.

- has the power to lead and govern its citizens within a confined territory.

GOVERNMENT - born from the social agreement among the governed and by virtue of compliance and
reinforcement the state

- Gains legitimacy through its processes.

BRANCHES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT:

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH- Authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine
Congress.

-This is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.

SECTION 1: Legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a
House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision of initiative

and referendum.

SECTION 2: The Senate shall be composed of 24 Senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified voters of
the Philippines, as may be provided by law.

SECTION 3: No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the
election, is at least 25 years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not
less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election.

SECTION 4: The term of office of the Senators shall be 6 years and shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law,
at noon on the 13th day of June next following their election.

-No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.

-Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity
of his service for the full term of which he was elected.

SECTION 5: The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than 250 members, unless otherwise fixed
by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan
Manila area by the number of their respective inhabitants, and based on a uniform and progressive ratio, and those
who, as provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral
parties or organizations.
SECTION 6: No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least 25 years of age, able to read and write, and, except the party-list
representatives, a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not
less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.

SECTION 7: The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of 3 years which shall begin,
unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the 13th day of June next following their election.

-No Member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than 3 consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of
the office for any length of time shall not be considered an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term
for which he was elected.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH- Carries out laws. It is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by
direct popular vote and serve a term of 6 years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his
Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.

SECTION 1: The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.

SECTION 2: No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered
voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for
at least ten years immediately preceding such election.

SECTION 3: There shall be a V-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be elected
with, and in the same manner, as the President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as the President.

-The V-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such an appointment requires no confirmation.

SECTION 4: The President and the V-President shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a term of 6 years
which shall begin at noon on the 13th day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the
same date, 6 years thereafter.

-The President shall not be eligible for any re-election. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as
such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time.

-No V-President shall serve for more than two successive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of
time shall not be considered an interruption in the continuity of the service for the full term for which he was elected.

JUDICIAL BRANCH- Evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a
Supreme Court and lower courts.

SECTION 1: Judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and such lower courts as may be established by law.

-Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting
to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.

SECTION 2: The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the various
courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof.

-No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its Members.

SECTION 3: The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced by the
legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall be automatically and
regularly released.
SECTION 6: The Supreme Court shall have administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof.

SECTION 7: No person shall be appointed Member of the Supreme Court or any lower collegiate court unless he is a
natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A Member of the Supreme Court must be at least forty years of age, and must
have been for fifteen years or more, a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.

(2) The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of lower courts, but no person may be appointed judge
thereof unless he is a citizen of the Philippines and a member of the Philippine Bar.

(3) A Member of the Judiciary must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence.

JUS SOLI - Latin for "right of the soil," is the principle that a person acquires citizenship of a country by being born
within its territorial boundaries, regardless of the citizenship status of their parents.

JUS SANGUINIS - Latin for "right of blood," is the principle that citizenship is determined by one's ancestry or
lineage. In this system, individuals acquire citizenship through their parents' citizenship, irrespective of the place of
their birth.

NATURALIZATION - A process by which an individual acquires citizenship in a country where they were not originally a
citizen. It is the legal act or procedure through which a person who is not a citizen of a given country becomes one

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT- President (1 term of 6 years without re-election)

Vice-President (2 consecutive terms allowed with 6 years per term)

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT- Senate ( 2 consecutive terms allowed with 6 years per term)

District and party-list representatives

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT- No term Limit ( but they are mandated to hold office during good behavior until they reach
the age of 70 or become incapacitated to discharge

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION - The mechanism in which goods, services, and money are distributed.

- In a market system these are transacted by actors whose actions are dictated by the law of supply and
demand.

MICROECONOMICS - Studies the implications of human action, specifically about how those decisions affect the
utilization and distribution of scarce resources. It shows how and why different goods have different values, how
individuals make more efficient or more productive decisions, and how individuals best coordinate and cooperate.

MACROECONOMICS - studies how an overall economy—the market systems that operate on a large scale—behaves.
Macroeconomics studies economy-wide phenomena such as inflation, price levels, rate of economic growth, national
income, gross domestic product (GDP), and changes in unemployment.

RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION - a constant reminder that VALUES and MORES are grounded on spirituality.

RELIGION - One of the Pillars from which our civilization is built

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION - Our initial impression of the community stems from our experiences in our very own
schools.

-Basic education paves the way for individuals to be functional in our society.
- The task of the school system is to arm us with the needed skills and knowledge about the demands of our
environment.

FAMILY INSTITUTION - The building blocks of our society and the center of every society. it is where the community
and our society draw strength from.

LESSON 2: CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE ABOUT COMMUNITY

“ THE GREATEST PROBLEM FOR THE HUMAN SPECIES, THE SOLUTION OF WHICH NATURE COMPELS TO SEEK, IS
THAT OF ATTAINING A CIVIL SOCIETY WHICH CAN ADMINISTER JUSTICE UNIVERSALLY.”

-The biggest challenge for humans is to create a society where justice is applied to everyone fairly. Nature pushes us
to find a solution to this problem, emphasizing the importance of establishing a civil society that ensures universal
justice. it means that humans need to work towards creating a fair and just society for everyone.

CIVIL SOCIETY - The combination of organizations, establishments, and individuals that operate outside the influence
of the governmental institution. These contribute to the values of charity and altruism for the welfare of others and
from which many civil society organizations, foundations, etc, pattern their values and mission.

MANIFESTATIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS

-The emergence of civil society groups is well received by development practitioners in varied forms.

-Such groups are formed based on the customs and norms of the prevailing society.

- These groups as an intermediary of the citizens in their relationship with their government and the private sector.

- Diversity is the fitting word to describe the world of civil society groups.

- Many of these groups advocate the concerns or needs of various institutions.

- Each organization embodies an identity that is parallel to its specific goal or principal advocacy.

ROLE OF SOCIETY ORGANIZATION:

- Is a very essential part of our liberal society.

- They operate outside the control of the state and government but work toward the fulfillment of the same
ends.
- State power may be seen by some as absolute.
- It is the entity that somehow balances the power of the people and the government.
- Counterweight to the government.
- Power is the most essential thing to study in terms of because the strength of social groups only relies on
how their environment allows power to flourish.
- Representation is achieved across all classes and groups.

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:

- Formed by individuals who are willing to contribute to the cause of the group.
- NGOs tend to reinforce the role of the government by enhancing initiatives that are put in place.
- Promote the values and societal norms that liberal democracies espouse.
 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

- Groups that exist for a sole purpose or issue and fizzle out once it is attained.

- Exist through the sheer will of their members in spreading their concerns on various platforms. Ex. Rallies

- High Mobility is another core strength of social movements.

Characteristics: Informal, Issue-Based, and Progressive

LOCAL/GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS – A state agency that is directly appointed by the government to carry out
its duties for a specified goal. It is considered to be permanent as long as the state deems it is necessary.

EX: DepED, DSWD

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS - They cover a wide array of issues, including global concerns such as poverty,
malnutrition, and the environment, and have international membership and their coverage also goes beyond state
borders or global.

EX: UNITED NATIONS

LESSON 3: GENDER DIFFERENCE ( Differentiating Sex and Gender )

SEX - refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.

PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS - include internal and external genitals. EX: men have a penis and testes, while
women have a clitoris and ovaries

SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS - Includes non-genital differences. EX: men produce more testosterone, while
women produce more estrogen.

Also in SSC, the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deep voice in boys develop.
Pubic hair and hair in the armpit both grow.

Sex = Male and Female

Gender = Masculine and Feminine

SEX:

1. Biological Fact
2. Natural attribute that a person is born with
3. Sex characteristics are universal

GENDER

1. Gender characteristics are not universal. It may differ from society to society.
 2. Created, produced, reproduced, and maintained by social institutions Acquired/learned. Can be unlearned
3. Gender characteristics are not universal. It may differ from society to society.

GENDER ROLES - Patterns in how cultures divide up work between women and men.

STRENGTH THEORY: Men tend to get assigned work activities that require physical strength and mobilizing strength
in a burst of energy

THE COMPATIBILITY WITH CHILDCARE THEORY: Women tend to be assigned work activities that are compatible
with caring for infants and young children.

THE ECONOMY OF EFFORT THEORY: Women and men tend to get assigned work activities that are located near
each other.

THE EXPANDABILITY THEORY: Men tend to get assigned more dangerous work because reproductively they are
more expendable.

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN GENDER DIFFERENCES

1. Hormones, Social Behavior, and Cognitive Skills - Hormones may organize a biological predisposition to be
masculine or feminine during the prenatal period
2. Brain Lateralization and Gender Differences - Gender differences in the organization of the brain may be
reflected in the greater lateralization of brain functioning -E.g., male success at spatial and math skills. female
tendencies to be more flexible than males and to withstand injury to the brain more effectively.

KOHLBERG’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY:

- a.) The child notices physical and behavioral clues, and classifies herself as a girl;
- b.) the child then finds it rewarding to behave in a gender-appropriate manner and imitate
same-gender models.

EXAMPLE: A girl says, "I am a girl because I am more like my mother and other girls than
like boys; therefore I want to dress like a girl, play girl games, and feel and think like a girl."
GENDER SCHEMA THEORY:

Suggests that children develop naive mental schemas that help them organize their experiences in such a way that
they will know what to attend to and how to interpret new information.

Social Institutions that Influence a Person’s GENDER:

1. EDUCATION – has a profound influence on an individual's life and the gendered nature of this institution
can have both positive and negative impacts

INFLUENCE OF THE FAMILY ON GENDER TYPING:

- Parents' Influence on Children's Gender-Typed Choices

- Parental Behavior toward Girls and Boys
- Modeling Parents' Characteristics
- Parental Absence or Unavailability

INTERSEX: A variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem
to fit the typical definitions of female or male.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION: An enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a

combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more
than one gender.

- It describes what a person is sexually attracted to. It describes who a person is pursuing. Often this is just
restricted to who we desire sexually, but it can also describe how we relate to others romantically. It’s all
about who you want to be with.

HETEROSEXUALITY- Opposite sex or gender.

HOMOSEXUALITY - Same-sex or gender.

BISEXUALITY – Both male and female.

ASEXUALITY - lack of sexual attraction to anyone, or low or absent interest in sexual activity

PANSEXUAL – attracted to multiple genders or any gender.

GENDER IDENTITY - A person's innate, deeply felt psychological identification as a man, woman or some other
gender

Agender - no gender or being gender-neutral.

Androgyne - having a gender that is a mix of both male and female characteristics, or as being neutral.

Bigender - having two distinct gender identities, either simultaneously or at different times.

Cisgender - gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth. For example, someone assigned female at
birth who identifies as a woman is cisgender.
 - if you were born with a vagina and identify as a woman, you’re a cisgender woman.

Genderqueer - individuals whose gender identity doesn't conform to traditional categories, or who reject the concept
of a strictly binary gender system.

Pangender - A person who identifies with all genders or who doesn't conform to any specific gender.

LESSON 4: GENDER OPPRESSION

- The systematic manner in which certain groups are privileged or disadvantaged because of their
gender.
- It intersects with discrimination based on race, sexuality, ability, class, age, religion, language and
citizenship status.

Patriarchy - The dominance of men in society and the oppression of women for men’s gain.

Discrimination -Unfair/unequal treatment of women.

Gender Stereotyping - Negative generalizations/misconceptions about women. These are perpetuated in the media,
as well as the education system

Economic Dependency - Women give up work to take care of childcare/housework

responsibilities, thus becoming dependent on their husbands

Emotional Work - Women are expected to do the majority of emotional café for their family, on top of their job and
housework; the so-called “triple shift.”

Two Major Theories of Gender Oppression:

Psychoanalytic Feminism - maintains that gender is not biological but is based on the psycho-sexual development
of the individual.

- Believe that gender inequality comes from early childhood experiences, which lead men to believe
themselves to be masculine, and women to believe themselves feminine.

Freudian Feminists are more concerned with the production of male dominance and the development of gendered
subjects in societies where women are responsible for mothering.

Radical Feminism - Perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy
is eliminated in all social and economic contexts

Radical feminists want to free both men and women from the rigid gender roles that society has imposed upon
them. They also believe that eliminating patriarchy and other systems which perpetuate the domination of one group
over another, will liberate everyone from an unjust society.

RADICAL-LIBERTARIAN FEMINISM - Believes that femininity and reproduction limit women’s capacity to contribute
to society. They believe that women should control every aspect of their sexuality.
RADICAL-CULTURAL FEMINISM - Believe that women should encompass their femininity because it is better than
masculinity. They also believe that men are jealous of women and that they try to control them

-Women are oppressed because they're socialized to be dependent on men and remain in second place.

-Feminists believe that the media often presents women as cleaners, housewives, domestic servants providing
support for men, a man’s sex object to service men’s sexual needs, etc.

-Feminists believe that religion is a patriarchal institution.

-Feminists have also been written and interpreted by males by incorporating many traditional male stereotypes and
biases.

“Men are superior to women, Jesus is superior to men and God is above all. Women should worship all of
them.”(Corinthians 14:34-35)

GENDER EMPOWERMENT- Giving both men and women equal opportunities, rights, and treatment. It involves
promoting fairness and ensuring that everyone, regardless of their gender, has the chance to participate fully in all
aspects of life, like education, work, and decision-making. The goal is to create a society where both men and women
have equal access to resources and opportunities, and are treated with respect and fairness.

GENDER EQUITY - Fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective and differentiated needs.
This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits,
obligations, and opportunities. In the development context, a gender equity goal often requires built-in measures to
compensate for the historical and social disadvantages of women. Hence, both gender equity and gender equality
must be pursued in a complementary manner where gender equality is the ultimate.