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Kereaktifan Logam

Bab
4 Reactivily of Metals
1 Hematit ialah sebatian semula jadi yang 3 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan
ditemui dalam kerak Bumi. Apakah persamaan perkataan bagi tindak
yang terkandung dalam hematit? kalsium karbonat.
Hematite is a natural compound found in The diagram below shows a word equation for
the Earth's crust. What are the elements that the reaction of calcium carbonate.
formed the hematite?
A Ferum dan Kalsium Garam
Iron and sulphur karbonat + P → kalsium + Q+ Air
B Stanum dan Calcium Calcium
Stanum and oxygen carbonate +P→ salt
+ Q + Water
C Ferum dan oksigen
Iron and oxygen Apakah P dan Q?
D Silikon dan oksigen What are P and Q?
Silicon and oxygen
2 Kalsium karbonat ialah sebatian semula jadi
Asid Karbon dioksida
yang terdiri daripada gabungan beberapa Acid Carbon dioxide
unsur. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan Karbon dioksida
susunan radas untuk menyiasat kesan Alkali
Alkali Carbon dioxide
pemanasan terhadap kalsium karbonat.
Calcium carbonate is a natural compound Asid/ Acid Hidrogen/ Hydrogen
that consists of a combination of several Alkali/ Hidrogen/ Hydrogen
elements. The diagram below shows the D
apparatus set-up to investigate the effects of 4 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan
heat on calcium carbonate. pemanasan logam X dan Y dengan kehadiran
Serbuk kalsium karbonat oksigen.
Calcium carbonate powder The table below shows the results of heating
metals X and Y in the presence of oxygen.

Tindak balas Warna hasil


Logam dengan oksigen Colour of
Panaskan Metal Reaction with
dengan Panas Sejuk
oxygen
Heat strongly Ho Cold
Air kapur Berbara dengan
Limewater sangat terang Kuning Putih
Glows very brightly Yellow Whit
Unsur-unsur manakah yang bergabung
dalam kalsium karbonat? Glows dimly
Berbara dengan Hitam Hitam
Which elements combine in calcium Black Black
carbonate? malap
Kalsium Apakah logam X dan
Calcium What are metals X and Y?
Karbon
Carbo
III Oksigen Plumbum/ Lead
Oxygen Kuprum/Copper
I dan II sahaja C Il dan Ill Plumbum/ Lead Ferum/Iron
Iand Il only Il and III only Zink/Zinc
B I dan III sahaja Kuprum/Copper
D I, Il dan III
I and III only 1, II and D Zink/ Zinc Ferum/ Iron

22
5 Soyah da Dewina die rikan a tsan le guru unk men malpas mineral dalamkerak Bumi.

Ema Unsur Bauksit


Gold Element Bauxite

i-THINK Peta Pokok

Mineral
Minerals

Sebatian
(1) Compound

(ii) (ili)
13 markah/ marks]
(b) Sebatian semula jadi ialah gabungan beberapa unsur.
A natural compound is a combination of several elements.
(i) Nama saintifik bagi batu kapur ialah kalsium karbonat.
Suaikan sebatian semula jadi yang berikut dengan nama saintifik masing-
The scientific name for limestone is calcium carbonate.
Match the following natural compounds to their scientific names.

Sebatian semula jadi Nama saintifik


Natural compound Scientific name

Bauksit Ferum (III) oksida


Bauxit Iron (III) oxide

Galena Aluminium oksida


Galena Aluminium oxide

Hematit Plumbum (II) sulfida


Hematite Plumbum (II) sulphide

13 markah/ marks]
(ii) Lorekkan unsur yang terkandung dalam sebatian semula jadi yang berikut.
Shade the elements contained in the following natural compounds.

Sebatian semula jadi Gabungan unsur


Natural compound Combination of elements

Bauksit Ferum Aluminium Oksigen Karbon


Bauxite Iron Aluminium Oxygen Carbon
Hematit Ferum Plumbum Oksigen Sulfur
Hematite Iro Plumbum Oxygen Sulphur
[2 markah/ marks]

23
6 Pak Ali telah mengusahakan kebun sayur-sayuran sejak lima tahun yang lalu. Valau bagaimanapun,
hasil sayur-sayurannya merosot sejak kebelakangan ini. Kemerosotan ini tidak mungkin disebabkan
oleh perosak kerana dia mengikut jadual semburan racun perosak yang telah dicadangkan
oleh Jabatan Pertanian. Pak Ali telah dicadangkan oleh seorang pegawai pertanian supaya
membuat rawatan tanah menggunakan kalsium karbonat sebelum penanaman musim baharu.
Didapati hasil sayur-sayurannya meningkat selepas mempraktikkan nasihat pegawai pertanian
tersebut.
Pak Ali has been working on a vegetable farm since five years ago. However, his vegetable crops have
been declining lately. The decline is unlikely to be caused by pests because he follows the schedule of
pesticide spray proposed by the Department of Agriculture. Pak Ali is suggested by an agricultural
officer to make land treatments using calcium carbonate before planting for the new season. It is
found that the vegetable crops increased after he followed the advice of the agricultural officer.

(a) Apakah sifat kimia bagi kalsium


What is the chemical property of calcium carbonate?

[1 markah/ mark)
(b) Bagaimanakah kalsium karbonat membantu menyelesaikan masalah kebun sayur-sayuran
Pak Ali?
How does calcium carbonate help in solving the problem of Pak Ali's vegetable farm?

[1 markah/ mark)
7 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji tindak balas antara magnesium
dengan oksigen.
so The diagram below shows the apparatus set-up to study the reaction between magnesium and
oxygen.

Serbuk magnesium
Magnesium powder
as wool P Kapas kaca Q
Glass wool Q

Kalium manganat (VII) -


Kalium manganate (VII) Bekas seramik
Ceramic container

Kaki retort
Panaskan Retort stand
Panaskan
Heat Heat

(a) Nyatakan peranan kalium manganat (VII) dalam eksperimen itu.


State the role of potassium manganate (VII) in the experiment.

[1 markah/ mark)
(b) Apakah fungsi kapas kaca P?
What is the function of glass wool P?

[1 markah/ markl
(c) Terangkan apa yang akan berlaku sekiranya kapas kaca Q tidak ada di tempat seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam rajah. KBAT Menganalisis
Explain what will happen if glass wool Q is not in place as shown in the diagram.

12 markah/ marks]
(d) Tulis persamaan perkataan yang mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku antara magnesium
dengan oksigen.
Write the word equation representing the reaction that occurs between magnesium and oxygen.

+
[2 markah/ marks]
(e) Eksperimen di atas diulang dengan menggantikan serbuk magnesium dengan serbuk
aluminium, serbuk zink dan serbuk ferum. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian
daripada eksperimen
The above experiment is repeated by replacing magnesium powder with aluminium powder,
zinc powder and iron powder. The table below shows the observations from the experiment.

Jenis logam Pemerhatian


Type of metal Observation
Magnesium Terbakar dengan sangat cergas
Magnesium Burnt very vigorously

Aluminium Terbakar dengan cergas


Aluminium Burnt vigorously

Ferum Terbakar secara perlahan


Iro Burnt slowly
Zink Terbakar dengan sederhana cergas
Zinc Burnt moderately

(i) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, susun logam magnesium, aluminium, ferum dan zink mengikut
kereaktifan bertambah.
Based on the above table, arrange the metals of magnesium, aluminium, iron and zinc in
order of increasing reactivity.

[2 markah/ marks]
(ii) Terangkan pemerhatian anda sekiranya serbuk emas digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.
Explain your observations if gold powder is used in this experiment.

12 markah/ marks)

[25
8 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pengekstrakan timah daripada bijih timah di dalam relau bagas.
The diagram below shows the extraction of tin from its ores in a blast furnace.

Campuran batu kapur, Gas


arang kok dan bijih timah Furnace gases
Mixture of limestone, coke
and tin ore

Udara panas
Udara panas = Hot air
Hot air
- Produk Q (5)
(1) Produk P Product
Product P -

(a) Apakah tujuan menambah batu kapur ke dalam relau bagas?


What is the purpose of adding limestone in the blast furnace?

[1 markah/ mark]
(b) Nyatakan satu bendasing yang terdapat dalam bijih timah.
State an impurity found in a tin ore.

[1 markah/ mark]
(c) Apakah produk P dan Q yang diekstrak daripada tapak relau itu?
What are products P and Q extracted from the base of the furnace?

(i) Produk P:
Product P:
(ii) Produk Q:
Product Q:
12 markah/ marks)
(d) Tulis satu persamaan perkataan bagi pengekstrakan timah
Write a word equation for the extraction of tin.

11sebagai
(e) Pada era masyarakat prihatin alam sekitar ini, projek perlombongan dilihat markah/aktiviti
mark)
tidak lestari. Projek perlombongan menghasilkan tinggalan lubang lombong tidak tertutup
yang membahayakan dan memberikan pemandangan yang buruk. Cadangkan satu usaha
yang boleh dilakukan untuk memulihara kawasan perlombongan ke arah pembangunan yang

In this era of environmentally conscious communities, mining projects are seen as


unsustainable activities. The mining project produces a dangerous open pit mine and gives
a bad sight. Suggest an effort that can be taken to conserve mining areas towards sustainable
development.

[1 markah/

26
Termokimia
Bab
5 Thermochemistry
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan B Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran
termokimia Heat is released to the surroundings
What is meant by thermochemistry? C Suhu campuran meningkat
A Perubahan haba dalam suatu tindak Temperature of a mixture increases
balas kimia D Bekas larutan menjadi panas
Heat changes in a chemical reaction Container of a solution becomes hot
B Tindak balas kimia yang menyerap haba
A chemical reaction which absorbs heat 5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu tindak
C Tindak balas kimia yang membebaskan balas antara natrium dengan air.
haba The diagram below shows a reaction
A chemical reaction which releases heat sodium and water.
D Kajian tentang perubahan haba dalam
tindak balas kimia
Beaker
A study about the heat changes in a Natrium -
chemical Sodium Air
Water
2 Antara berikut, yang manakah suatu tindak
balas eksotermik? Apakah pemerhatian bagi tindak balas itu?
Which of the following is an exothermic What is the observation of the reaction?
reaction? A Haba diserap daripada persekitaran
A Penguraian kalsium karbonat oleh haba Heat is absorbed from the surroundings
Decomposition of calcium carbonate by B Suhu air meningkat
heat Temperature of the water increases
B Ais kering C Suhu air menurun
Dry ice Temperature of the water decreases
C Pembakaran petrol D Bikar menjadi sejuk
Burning of petrol The beaker becomes cold
D Fotosintesis
Photosynthesis 6 Contoh manakah yang merupakan
tindak balas eksotermik dan tindak balas
3 Apakah perubahan tenaga yang berlaku endotermik?
dalam suatu tindak balas endotermik? Which examples are the exothermic and
What is the energy change that occurs in an endothermic reactions?
endothermic reaction?
A Tenaga kimia → tenaga haba Tindak Tindak balas
Chemical energy → heat energy eksotermik endotermik
B Tenaga haba → tenaga kimia Exothermic Endothermic
Heat energy → chemical energy reaction reaction
C Tenaga kimia → tenaga cahaya Pendidihan Penyejatan
Chemical energy → light energy
Boiling Evaporation
D Tenaga cahaya → tenaga haba
Light energy → heat energy Pengaratan Kondensasi
Rusting Condensatio
4 Antara berikut, yang manakah ciri bagi
Membakar kek Membuat aiskrim
tindak balas endotermik?
Which of the following is the property of Baking a cake Making an ice cream
endothermic reaction?
A Haba diserap daripada persekitaran
D Respirasi Fotosintesi
Respiration Photosynthesis
Heat is absorbed from the surroundings

27
7 (a) Padankan jenis tindak balas yang berikut dengan maksud yang betul.
Match the following types of reactions with the correct meaning.

Tindak balas Maksud


Reaction Meaning

Tindak balas yang menyerap tenaga haba dari


•persekitaran
A reaction that absorbs heat energy from the
Eksotermik surroundings
Exothermic
Tindak balas yang melibatkan proses pengoksidaan
dan penurunan yang berlaku secara serentak
•A reaction that involves the oxidation and reduction
processes which happen simultaneously
Endotermik
Endothermic Tindak balas yang membebaskan tenaga haba ke
Opersekitaran
A reaction that releases heat energy to the surroundings

12 markah/ marks)
(b) Tandakan (/ ) pada dua ciri bagi tindak balas eksotermik.
Mark (/ ) on the two characteristics of an exothermic reaction.

(i) Suhu persekitaran meningkat


The temperature of the surroundings rises

(ii)Menyerap haba
Absorbs heat
(ili) Bahan tindak balas mempunyai lebih banyak tenaga berbanding dengan
hasil tindak balas
The reactants have more energy than the products of the reaction

(iv Tindak balas


Reverse reaction

[2 markah/ marks)
8 Tandakan ( / ) pada tindak balas eksotermik atau tindak balas endotermik berdasarkan
yang diberi.
Mark (/ ) on the exothermic reaction or endothermic reaction based on the given examples.

Contoh Tindak balas eksotermik Tindak balas endotermik


Example Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
(a) Kertas terbakar
Burning papers
(b) Fotosintesis
Photosynthesis

(c)Menggoreng telur
Frying egg

(d) Letupan bom


Bomb explosion

[4 markah/ marks]

28
9 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan suatu eksperimen yang dijalankan oleh sekumpulan murid dengan
melarutkan natrium hidroksida dan ammonium klorida di dalam air. Keputusan eksperimen
ditunjukkan dalam jadual yang berikutnya.
tratican am sim hope men cared out by up of pupils by disling soling

Termometer
Thermometer

Air suling
Distilled water

Natrium hidroksida Ammonium klorida


Sodium hydroxide Ammonium chloride

Perubahan suhu
Temperature change Keadaan dinding
Tabung uji tabung uji
Test tube Condition of test
Suhu awal (°C) Suhu akhir (°C)
Initial temperature (°C) Final temperature (°C) tube wall

30 38
30 24
(a) Berdasarkan perubahan suhu yang diperoleh, lengkapkan jadual di atas bagi menunjukkan
keadaan dinding tabung uji A dan B.
Based on the temperature changes obtained, complete the above table to show the conditions of
the test tube walls of A and B.
12 markah/ marks]
(b) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku di dalam tabung uji A dan B. Beri sebab bagi jawapan
anda. KBAT Menganalists
State the types of reactions occur in test tubes A and B. Give reasons for your answer.

[4 markah/ marks)
(c) Beri satu contoh tindak balas eksotermik dan satu contoh tindak balas endotermik dalam
kehidupan.
Give one example of exothermic reaction and one example of endothermic reaction in everyday

(i) Eksotermik/ Exothermic:


(ii) Endotermik/ Endothermic:

12 markah/ marks]

29
10 David perlu menjalani latihan olahraga untuk suatu pertandingan larian. Ketika menjalani
latihan, dia mengalami kekejangan otot pada kakinya. Dia menggunakan pek sejuk segera untuk
mengurangkan kesakitan. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pek sejuk segera yang digunakan oleh
David.
David needs to perform an athletic training for a running competition. During the training, he
experiences muscle cramps in his leg. He uses an instant cold pack to reduce pain. The diagram
below shows the instant cold pack used by David.

• Picit +
Squeeze Tiga lapisan:
Three layers:
- Pepejal ammonium nitrat
Solid ammonium nitrate
Pek Sejuk - Lapisan filem nipis
Cold Pack Thin film lining
- Air
Water

Pek sejuk segera itu perlu dipicit sebelum digunakan untuk memecahkan lapisan filem nipis yang
berada di antara ammonium nitrat dengan air.
The instant cold pack needs to be squeezed before used to break the thin film lining which is in
between ammonium nitrate and water.

(a) Apakah yang berlaku apabila lapisan lem nipis itu pecah setelah
dipicit?
What happens when the thin film lining breaks after being squeezed?

[1 markah/ mark]
(b) Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku berdasarkan jawapan anda di 10(a).
Name the type of reaction that happens based on your answer in 10(a).

(c) Terangkan bagaimana pek sejuk segera itu berfungsi berdasarkan jawapan [1 markah/
anda di mark]
Explain how the instant cold pack works based on your answer in 10(b).
10(b).
KBAT Mengapikasi

(d) Nyatakan satu bahan lain yang boleh digunakan dalam pek sejuk segera
13 selain
markah/daripada
marks!
ammonium
State nitrat.
one other substance that can be used in the instant cold pack instead of ammonium
nitrate

[1 markah/markl

30
fi

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