Midterm Study Guide

Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab

 Anatomical Terminology

Frontal • Person stands erect

plane
• Feet flat on floor
Transverse • Arms at sides
plane
• Palms, face & eyes facing
forward
Know the Following terms:
Sagittal
plane
Ventral:___________ Dorsal:____________
Anterior:__________Posterior:__________
Superior:__________Inferior:____________
Proximal:__________Distal:_____________
Medial:____________Lateral:____________
Superficial:_________Deep:_____________
Cephalic:____ Rostral:_____ Caudal:_____
 The cell The cell:
 Golgi Complex
(apparatus)
 Golgi Vesicles  Nucleoli
 Centrioles
 Nucleus

 Nuclear Envelope

 Ribosomes

 Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum

 Mitochondria
The cell The cell:
(Find the Organelle and write their function)

 Nucleus
› ___________________
 Nucleoli
› ___________________
 Nuclear Envelope
› ___________________
 Ribosomes
› ___________________
 Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
› ___________________
 Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
› ___________________
 Golgi Complex (apparatus)
› ___________________
 Secretory Vesicles
› ___________________
 Lysosome
› ___________________
 Peroxisome
› ___________________
 Mitochondria
› ___________________
 Centrioles
› ___________________
Check out the differences in the two models

You need to know the structures and the functions.

Cell Cycle Structures

 Nuclear
envelope

 Centriole
 Spindle
Fiber
Prophase- Check how the nuclear envelop breaks down and the centrioles travel to the poles. In Metaphase- Chromosomes are aligned on cell
the second picture, notice how the nuclear envelop disappears and the spinal fibers appear. equator

Anaphase- chromosomes migrate toward each pole of the cell and division of cytoplasm into Telophase- Chromatids cluster on each side of
two cells begins. Notice in the second picture the cell is pinched that is called Cytokinesis the cell and the nuclear envelop reforms
 Cell Cycle:
First Determine the Phase: Remember PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Then find the following structures:
 Centriole
 Nucleolus
 Nucleus with Chromosomes
 Spindle Fiber
 Cleavage Furrow

Cell Cycle:
Now Determine what is happening in each phase: (This will help you determine which
model you are looking at on your test)

 Prophase
› ________________________________________________________________
 Metaphase
› ________________________________________________________________
 Anaphase
› ________________________________________________________________
 Telophase
› ________________________________________________________________
 Membrane Transport

• Simple diffusion—the net

movement of particles from area
of high concentration to area of
low concentration
• Also known as movement
down the concentration
gradient—concentration of a
substance differs from one
point to another
 Osmosis—flow of water from
one side of a selectively
permeable membrane to the Solute

other
• From side with higher water
concentration to side with Water
lower water concentration
 Osmolarity and Tonicity
• Hypotonic solution
o Has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular fluid
(ICF)
• High water concentration
o Cells absorb water, swell, and may burst (lyse)
• Isotonic solution
o Concentrations in cell and ICF are the same
o Cause no changes in cell volume or cell shape
o Normal saline
• Hypertonic solution
o Has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes
• Low water concentration
o Cells lose water + shrivel (crenate)
 Tissues: Epithelium
Simple Pseudostratified
squamous Columnar
epithelium epithelium
 Looks
multilayered;
• Single row some not
of thin cells reaching free
• Permits surface; all
rapid touch
diffusion or basement
membrane
transport of  Nuclei at
substances several layers

Simple cuboidal Stratified

epithelium squamous
epithelium
• Single layer
of square or  Multiple cell
round cells layers with
• Absorption cells
and secretion, becoming flat
mucus and scaly
production toward
and surface
movement

Simple Transitional
columnar epithelium
epithelium
 Multilayered
• Single row epithelium
surface cells
of tall, that change
narrow from round to
cells flat when
stretched
• Oval nuclei  Allows for
in basal filling of
half of cell urinary tract
 Tissue: Epithelium Cont.
Stratified Stratified columnar
epithelium
cuboidal
• Two rows of tall,
epithelium narrow cells is rare
• One place you can
• Two or find it is in the largest
more rows ducts of salivary
glands (parotid,
of square submandibular, etc).
or round The basal layer of
cells cells are cuboidal
cells and the layer
nearest the apical
surface includes
columnar cells

Tissue: Connective (Adipose tissue)

Adipose Tissue

• Empty-looking
cells with thin
margins;
nucleus
pressed against
cell membrane
• Energy
storage,
insulation,
cushioning
Tissue: Connective (Areolar, Reticular, Dense Fibrous)

Areolar tissue Dense regular

connective tissue
 Loosely
organized fibers,  Densely
abundant blood packed, parallel
vessels, and a
collagen fibers
lot of seemingly
empty space  Compressed
 Has Fibroblast, fibroblast
elastic and nuclei
collagen fibers  Elastic
tissue/fibers,
wavy sheets

Reticular tissue Dense irregular

connective tissue
 Mesh of  Densely
reticular packed,
randomly
fibers and
arranged,
fibroblasts collagen fibers
and few visible
cells
 Withstands
unpredictable
stresses
Tissue: Connective (Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage)
Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage

 Clear, glassy  Cartilage

microscopic
appearance containing
because of elastic fibers
unusual
fineness of the
collagen fibers
(not visible under
a microscope)
 Has chondrocytes
and fibers that are
not visible.

Fibrocartilage

 Cartilage
containing
large, coarse
bundles of
collagen fibers
 Has
Chondrocytes
and collagen
fibers

Osseous (Bone) Tissue

 Compact bone is arranged

in cylinders that surround
central (haversian or
osteonic) canals that run
longitudinally through
shafts of long bones
 Bone matrix deposited in
concentric lamella
 Onionlike layers around
each central canal
Bone Tissue: Model

• Circumferential
lamellae
• Osteon
• Central Canal or
Haversian canal
• Perforating or
Volksmann’s canal
• Periosteum

• Lacuna’s with
osteocyctes
• Sharpey’s fibers
• Concentric lamellae
• Spongy Bone
• Periosteum
Bone Tissue: Model • Identify
o Spongy Bone
o Periosteum
o Osteon
o Lacuna
o Central Canal or
Haversian canal
o Perforating or
Volksmann’s
canal
o Lacuna’s with
osteocyctes
o Circumferential
lamellae
o Concentric
lamellae
o Sharpey’s fibers
Now Quiz Yourself:

Name the Structure:

Name the Structure:

Name the Structure:

Name the Structure:

Name the Structure:

Name the Structure:

 Integumentary System

 Stratum Corneum

 Stratum Lucidum
 Stratum Granulosum
• Stratum Spinosum

 Stratum Basale

Dermis and Hypodermis-

Structures

 Hair shaft
 Sebaceous gland  Dermal papilla
 Merocrine sweat gland  Tactile corpuscle
 Hair root (touch receptor)
 Hair bulb  Merocrine sweat
gland
 Lamellar (pacinian)
corpuscle (pressure
receptor)
 Apocrine sweat gland
 Piloerector muscle
 Hair bulb
 Integumentary System
Epidermis- Stratums

From bottom to top

 Stratum Basale
 Stratum Spinosum
 Stratum Granulosum
 Stratum Lucidum (only
in thick skin)
 Stratum Corneum

Dermis and Hypodermis-

Structures

 Dermal papilla
 Tactile corpuscle
(touch receptor)
 Hair follicle
 Apocrine sweat gland
 Merocrine sweat gland
 Hair bulb
 Hair root
 Hair shaft
 Piloerector muscle
 Lamellar (pacinian)
corpuscle (pressure
receptor)
Skeletal System- (Skull)

Dorsum Sellae
 Skeletal System-

Anterior
Fontanel
Manubrium

Body
Shaft
Head

Xiphoid process Articular facet

for transverse
process

Tubercle

Sternal End- Rounded end

Acromial end- flattened

end
 Knee Ligament Model

Posterior
cruciate Anterior
ligament cruciate
Lateral meniscus
ligament
Medial
Medial
meniscus
meniscus
Fibular
Fibular
collateral
collateral
ligament
ligament

Lateral
meniscus
Fibula
Tibial
Tibial collateral
Lateral- Medial- collateral ligament
Fibula Tibia ligament
Key for the Knee Ligaments