Induction Machine

By
Dr. Krishna Roy
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
NITR
 Syllabus
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation
Torque-slip characteristics
Starting methods.
 Syllabus
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation
Torque-slip characteristics
Starting methods.
Starting single phase induction
motor

4
 Single phase induction motors
• Three-phase induction motors
– Very popular in industries for medium power applications (>5
kW)
• But, domestic and commercial (shops) use single phase
supply
– So, single phase induction motors are used
• Single phase induction motors for low power applications
– cost-effectiveness
– Ruggedness
– Low maintenance requirements
– Loads such as fan, pump, blowers, compressors etc.

5
 Recap of 3-phase induction motors
• In 3-phase induction machine, three windings are placed
around the stator near the air gap.
• These windings are physically apart by 1200 (electrical
degrees) in space.
• When a 3-phase supply voltage is applied to this 3-phase
winding, a magnetic field is developed in the air gap.
• Under balanced condition, the magnetic field will rotate at a
constant speed around the air gap (RMF).
• The rotor conductors will experience change in flux linkage due
to the RMF.
• Under this action, the rotor will start to rotate and will continue
to rotate in the same direction as the stator RMF

6
Recap of 3-phase induction motors

Thus, in summary, a 3-phase induction motor has inherent

starting as well as running torque that can start the motor
by itself and continue running as soon as the 3-phase
supply is switched on.

7
Thus….
• The basic requirement for generating a rotating
magnetic field (RMF) in the air gap of a poly-phase
motor is that
– There must be more than one magnetic fields present
• with certain time-phase difference
• and space-phase difference between themselves

• In poly-phase induction motors, this is achieved

by
– putting more than one winding in the stator
– supplying those winding with a poly-phase supply
8
 Single phase induction motor
• A large number of fractional horse power (HP) AC motors
are designed for operation with single phase supply

• As in case of household pumps and fans, the supply is only

single phase

• So we can’t use 3-phase or 2-phase induction motors

• The option is to use single phase induction motors that can

be run from the single phase supply that is available

9
 Single phase induction motor - construction

• The first difference between a 3-phase and a single-

phase induction motor is in terms of physical size of
the machine
– Three-phase induction motors are big in size
– Single phase induction motors are often of much
smaller size and rating

10
 Single phase induction motor - construction

• However, the basic constructional features and

materials almost remain same for both the two.
– Stator:
• Stacks of laminated steel sheets with tooth and slot
• 3-phase motor has three coils, but 1-ph motor has only
one main coil
– Rotor:
• Squirrel cage type – exactly similar for 3-phase and 1-
phase motors

11
Single phase induction motor - construction

12
 Stator magnetic field in Single phase induction
motor
• In single phase induction motors
– there is only one main winding in the stator
• So, no space difference
– it is supplied from a single phase AC source
• So, no time difference
• Thus, there is no so-called rotating magnetic field (no
RMF)
• Rather the magnetic field developed by stator is pulsating
(oscillating) in nature.
• As the supply current magnitude varies sinusoidally:
– strength of the magnetic field developed by the stator coil
also varies in magnitude with time
– but remains stationary in space (no RMF) 13
 Pulsating magnetic field in single phase
induction motor
Pulsating magnetic field in single phase motor

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 Pulsating magnetic field

Single phase supply given to a single winding in stator

15
Instant (1)

Supply current zero

So magnetic field is also zero

16
 Instant (2)

• Supply current positive 0.5Im

• A is dot
• A’ is cross
So magnetic field is downwards and increases from 0 to 0.5Bm

17
 Instant (3)

• Supply current positive Im

• A is dot (bigger)
• A’ is cross (Bigger)
So magnetic field is downwards and increases from 0.5 Bm to Bm

18
 Instant (4)

• Supply current positive 0.5Im

• A is dot (smaller)
• A’ is cross (smaller)
So magnetic field is downwards but reduces from Bm to 0.5Bm

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 Instant (5)

Supply current zero

So magnetic field comes back from 0.5 Bm to zero

20
 Instant (6)

• Supply current negative 0.5Im

• A is cross
• A’ is dot
So magnetic field is upwards and increases from 0 to 0.5Bm

21
So…
This process continues to generate a pulsating field
Stator magnetic field
• Changes magnitude with time
• But physically stationary (does not rotate)

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 Pulsating field

• The resultant MMF in a 1-ph IM is thus pulsating in nature

• Variation in its magnitude being sinusoidal with respect to time
• Time period of pulsation being same as that of the sinusoidal
supply

23
1-phase induction motor can’t start to rotate by itself

Due to the absence of any rotating magnetic field (RMF)

• The rotor cannot start to rotate since there is no

starting torque
• The rotor thus simply tends to vibrate

• Some external auxiliary arrangements are thus necessary

to start a single phase induction motor and bring it to
running condition

• Once the motor can be started by some external methods,

in any direction, it can continue rotation in that
direction.
24
Principle of operation

25
 Generation of RMF
• The basic requirement for generating a rotating
magnetic field (RMF) in a motor is that

– There must be more than one magnetic fields

present
• with certain time-phase difference
• and space-phase difference between themselves

26
 Single phase induction motor
• Single-phase induction motors
– Has a single main winding in stator
– Supplied from a 1-phase supply
– The resultant magnetic field is pulsating in nature
• Varies in magnitude
• But, does not vary in space
– Thus, there is no RMF
– Thus rotor can’t start to rotate

• A single phase induction motor thus does not have any

starting torque
• But it will rotate in any of the directions in which an
initial thrust is given

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 Single phase induction motor
• A single phase induction motor does not have any
starting torque
• But it will rotate in any of the directions in which an
initial thrust is given

These two phenomena can be described by two theories:

• Double Revolving Field Theory (DRFT)
• Cross Field Theory (CFT)

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 Double Revolving Field Theory
• The pulsating stator flux can be resolved into two
oppositely rotating flux waves (RMFs)
– Both of equal amplitude
 120 f 
– Both moving at the synchronous speed  NS 
 P


– But rotating in opposite directions

• One flux component is called the forward rotating flux (f)

• The other is called the backward (or reverse) rotating flux
(b)

• The resultant of these two oppositely rotating fluxes create

the main pulsating stator flux (s)

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 Two rotating fields in stator
• One clockwise RMF
• The other anti-clockwise RMF

f b

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Double rotating field

The pulsating MMF is

created by resultant of
these two oppositely
rotating RMFs
(vector summation)

• The pulsating stator flux

magnitude varies
sinusoidally with time
• But its axis always
remains the same in space
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 Double rotating field – space variation
• At the given instant shown
• The stator flux is maximum in  a
the vertical direction
• But is zero along the horizontal A’ A

direction (inter-polar axis)

• (being perpendicular to the coil
axis)
• Around the circular air gap, the (a)
effect of stator flux is thus
• co-sinusoidally distributed in
space with respect to the stator
winding
a
-900 00 900
(b)
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 Double rotating field
Instantaneous value of the resultant pulsating stator flux at any
time t and at any angular spatial position  along the air gap
periphery can thus be represented as: Magnitude variation

 s   sm sin  t cos 
Space variation

s  sm sint     sint   

1
2

  sm sin t      sm sin t   

1 1
2 2

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 Double rotating field
A single flux wave is thus broken into two components

s  sm sint     sm sint   

1 1
2 2

Forward RMF Backward RMF

• Both have same magnitude (sm/2)
• Same frequency (), i.e. same speed
• But opposite directions ( +  and - ) in space
The RMF component travelling in the direction of rotor movement is
referred to as the forward RMF (f) and the other, travelling in a
direction opposite to that of the rotor movement is called the
backward RMF (b). 34
 Double rotating field

s  sm sint     sm sint   

1 1
2 2

Forward RMF Backward RMF

• These two RMFs will individually produce

torques on the rotor like in normal 3-phase IM
• But since the RMFs are in opposite directions,
the torques they produce on the rotor will also
be on opposite directions
• Thus, the two torques cancel out each other and
motor cannot start (zero starting torque)
35
 Double rotating field
• If by some method the rotor is given an initial thrust
• Overall torque in that direction becomes more than the other direction
• The rotor thus starts rotating in the direction of the thrust
• And reaches a steady state speed Nr in the forward direction.

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 Double rotating field
• The relative speed between the forward RMF f and the rotor is
(Ns – Nr).
Ns  Nr
• Slip due to the forward RMF is: fs  s
Ns

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 Double rotating field
• However, rotor speed relative to the backward RMF is (Ns + Nr).
• Slip due to the backward RMF is given by:
N s  N r 2 N s  N s  N r 2 N s  N s  N r   Ns  Nr 
sb     2   
Ns Ns Ns  Ns 
 2  s 

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 Double rotating field
Slip w.r.t forward field sf s
Slip w.r.t backward field sb (2 – s )

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 Syllabus
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation
Torque-slip characteristics
Starting methods.
 Syllabus
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation
Torque-slip characteristics
Starting methods.
Torque-slip characteristics

42
 Torque-speed graph of 1-ph IM
• So, according to DRFT, a 1-phase IM can be thought of
to be like two 3-phase IMs working together

• Both the two RMF components will act on the rotor

• Produce torques in the rotor like in 3-phase IM

• But these two torques will be oppositely directed

• Resultant torque is summation of these two component

torques

43
Torque-speed graph of 1-ph IM

Tf

T = Tf + Tb

Tb

44
Torque-speed graph of 1-ph IM
Torque is zero at starting
i.e. NO starting torque
Peak torque in a single
phase IM is lower than a 3-
Non-zero
phase IM torque both in
forward becomes
Torque and zeroreverse
again
directions,
at a speed i.e. if the
lower thanmotor
the
can be started
synchronous speedby(this
some is
external
not the casemethod, it IM,
in a 3-phase can
continue
where thetotorque
run ingoes
either
downof
thezero
to directions
only at synchronous
speed)

Thus, speed of a 1-ph IM is

generally lower than the
speed of a 3-ph IM

45
 Double revolving field theory
• Thus, in summary of DRFT:

• The pulsating magnetic field in the stator of a 1-phase IM can

be resolved into two oppositely rotating RMFs
• These two RMFs combine together to produce the resultant
torque
• The resultant torque at starting is zero
• The resultant torque is non-zero beyond the starting period
• If an external thrust is applied, the motor will start and
continue to rotate in the direction of thrust

46
 Syllabus
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation
Torque-slip characteristics
Starting methods.
 Syllabus
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation
Torque-slip characteristics
Starting methods.
Starting methods

49
 Starting Methods of Single phase induction motor

• To start a single-phase induction motor rotating, some

special methods must be employed to provide the initial
starting torque.
– Mechanically the rotor can be given an initial thrust
– But, it is always preferable to use some electrical methods for
providing the initial starting torque

50
 Starting Methods of Single phase induction motor

• The various electrical methods employed for producing

the starting torque in a single phase induction motor are:
– Split phase starting
• Resistance split phase type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start and run type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor run type 1-ph IM
– Shaded pole type 1-ph IM
– Repulsion start type 1-ph IM
– Reluctance start type 1-ph IM
51
 Split-phase starting type motors
• A condition similar to a 2-phase IM is created
– Two stator coils with certain space difference
– Two supply currents with certain time difference
– so that a rotating magnetic field is produced

• This is achieved by providing a starting or

auxiliary winding in the stator in addition to
the main winding
• This auxiliary winding is displaced from the
main winding by 900 in space
52
 Split-phase starting type motors

The auxiliary winding is displaced from the main winding

by 900 in space
53