Synchronous Machines

By
Dr. Krishna Roy
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
NITR
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

2
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

3
Introduction

4
Synchronous Generator (Alternator)

Thermal power plant

What do they produce?
Electricity
DC or AC?
AC
1-ph or 3-ph?
3-ph
Input energy?
Mechanical rotation
Prime mover?
Steam turbine
Alternator converts input mechanical energy to output
electrical energy
5
Synchronous Generator (Alternator)

Hydro power plant

What do they produce?
Electricity
DC or AC?
AC
1-ph or 3-ph?
3-ph
Input energy?
Mechanical rotation
Prime mover?
Water turbine
Alternator converts input mechanical energy to output
electrical energy
6
Construction

7
Construction….
• The stator or the armature houses the three-phase armature
winding
• Placed inside slots arranged around its inner periphery.
• To minimize core losses, the armature is made of silicon steel
laminations.
• The laminations are usually less than 0.5 mm
• These laminations are insulated from each other by paper or
varnish or enamel.
• Stampings may also have radial and axial ventilating ducts to
enhance cooling.
• The cooling medium is generally air for smaller machines, but
for large turbo-alternators, Hydrogen gas having specific heat
14.5 times more than air is often used for cooling the armature.
• The entire arrangement of armature laminations and windings
placed in slots is held inside a cast-iron frame.

8
Construction….

9
Construction….
• The rotor electromagnet construction is of two basic types
• Cylindrical rotor type
• Salient pole rotor type

Cylindrical rotor type

10
Construction….
• The rotor electromagnet construction is of two basic types
• Cylindrical rotor type
• Salient pole rotor type

Salient pole rotor type

11
Construction….
The frequency of the generated e.m.f.,
PN s
f 
120
In India and many other countries, alternators feeding the power
systems, generate a frequency of 50 Hz.
120  50
Therefore, number of poles, P
Ns

12
 Comparison between cylindrical rotor (CR)
and salient pole (SP) machines

Cylindrical rotor Salient pole rotor

Used for high speed turbo-generators Used for low or medium speed hydro-
such as the ones driven by steam generators driven by water-turbines
turbines or gas turbines
Most common speed range is 3000 or
Most common speed range is 100 – 400
1500 rpm rpm
Since the speed is high, to generate rated
Since the speed is low, to generate rated
frequency, the number of poles in rotor
frequency, it is necessary to use large
is restricted to 2 - 4 number of poles in rotor; starting from 4,
it can be as high as 50
Because of less number of poles, Flux is much stronger due to large
strength of flux is less number of poles
Flux distribution in space between the Unless the rotor is specially shaped, the
rotor and the stator is more or less flux distribution between stator and rotor
sinusoidal as the air gap is uniform may not be sinusoidal due to non-
between stator and rotor uniform air gap
13
 Comparison between cylindrical rotor (CR)
and salient pole (SP) machines

Cylindrical rotor Salient pole rotor

To restrict centrifugal forces at high To accommodate large number of poles,
speed, diameter of the rotor is lower diameter of rotor is large
Since the diameter is low, to produce the Since diameter is high, axial length of
desired output, axial length of rotor is rotor is kept lower so as to produce the
made large as compared to diameter desired output
Rotor surface is smooth Due to projected poles, rotor surface is
not smooth
Friction of the rotating rotor with air is Air friction while rotation is much
low higher
Rotation is less noisy Rotation produces lot of noise
Construction of the rotor is more robust Due to large diameter and projected
poles, rotor is not as robust as cylindrical
rotor machines

14
 Comparison between cylindrical rotor (CR)
and salient pole (SP) machines

Cylindrical rotor Salient pole rotor

Pole faces need not be laminated since Poles need to be laminated to avoid eddy
they carry uniform DC flux current loss due to flux pulsation caused
by uneven air gap
They do not require damper winding Damper winding is required to damp
rotor oscillations
They are used for horizontally mounted They are often used with vertically
machines mounted machines

15
Construction….
• Magnetic field system in rotor
• Supplied from DC source
• Through brush and slip rings
• Armature in stator
• Three-phase coils placed 1200 apart in space

16
Construction….
• Reasons for placing the field in rotor and armature in stator
• Ease of construction
• Rotor winding less complicated
• Stator armature winding is more complicated
• Better insulation of armature is possible
• Enabling high voltage rating
• Thicker conductors can be used in armature
• Enabling high current rating
• Number of slip rings required
• Only two rings required to carry DC to rotor
• Reduced rotor inertia
• Rotor size less due to low voltage low current field
winding
• So high speeds possible
• Improved ventilation
• Increased output
17
Excitation systems used for rotor field
• Different schemes are used to supply DC excitation to the
field of Synchronous machine
• Excitation systems used for rotor field
• DC Exciter
• Static exciter
• Brushless exciter
• Brushless Exciter without external source

18
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

19
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

20
Equivalent circuit and phasor
diagram

21
 EMF induced in a synchronous generator
(alternator)
RMS value of induced EMF in a short-pitched distributed
winding
E f  2fN ph k w  f
where,
Ef = no-load voltage, excitation voltage or excitation emf
f = frequency of generated emf
Nph = series turns per phase
kw = Winding factor
Φf = peak flux per pole

kw  kd  k p kd = Distribution factor kp = Pitch factor

22
 EMF induced in a synchronous generator
(alternator)
kw  kd  k p Kd = Distribution factor Kp = Pitch factor

va  Vm sin t
vb  Vm sin(t  120 )
vc  Vm sin(t  120 )
23
Phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor alternator
Fr  F f  Fa • Ff - Field MMF
• Ia – Load current
r   f  a
• Fa - Armature reaction
MMF
Er  E f  Ea
• Fr - Resultant MMF in the
 E f  jX a I a air gap
• f - Main field flux
• a - Armature flux
• r - Resultant flux in the air
gap
• Ef - Stator induced EMF due
to the main pole flux
• Ea - Induced EMF in the
armature winding due to the
armature flux
• Er – air-gap voltage or
voltage behind the leakage
impedance
24
Phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor alternator
E r1  E r  jX l I a
 E f  jX a I a  jX l I a
 E f  j  X a  X l  Ia
 E f  jX S I a
Vt  Er1  I a R
 E f  I a R  jX S I a
Vt  E f  R  jX S I a
 E f  ZS Ia
• Er1 - Modified resultant
EMF
• XlIa - Voltage drop in
the leakage reactance of
stator winding
• X s = Xa + X l ,
Synchronous reactance
• Vt - Terminal voltage
• IaR - Voltage drop in the
resistance of stator
winding
•  - Power angle or
torque angle
• Zs = synchronous
impedance
25
Phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor alternator
Er  Vt  I a R  jI a X l
E f  Er  jI a X a
 Vt  I a R  jI a X l  jI a X a
 Vt  I a R  jI a  X a  X l 

 Vt  I a R  jI a X s

26
Phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor alternator
Er  Vt  I a R  jI a X l
E f  Er  jI a X a
 Vt  I a R  jI a X l  jI a X a
 Vt  I a R  jI a  X a  X l 

 Vt  I a R  jI a X s

27
 Phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor alternator

Lagging pf load Unity pf load Leading pf load

28
 Equivalent circuit of cylindrical rotor
alternator

Vt  E r1  I a R
E r1  Er  jX l I a

E r  E f  jX a I a

Vt  E f  I a R  jX a I a  jX l I a
 E f   R   jX a  jX l   I a

 E f   R  jX S  I a
29
 Phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor
synchronous motor

Lagging pf load Unity pf load Leading pf load

30
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

31
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

32
Power-angle characteristics

33
 Expressions for active and reactive power
Neglecting armature resistance, alternator equivalent
circuit:
Phasor diagram:

34
 Expressions for active and reactive power
Lagging load,
A perpendicular from Ef is drawn on Vt,
Vt  Vt 0
θ
Ia  Ia  
E f  E f 

E f cos   Vt
E f cos   Vt  I a X s sin  I a sin  
Xs
E f sin 
E f sin   I a X s cos  I a cos  
Xs

The total per phase apparent power delivered is,

S  P  jQ  Vt  I a  Vt 0  I a   Vt I a 
* 

 Vt I a cos   jVt I a sin 

35
 Expressions for active and reactive power
Therefore, the active power delivered by the alternator is given by,
E f sin  E f Vt
P  Vt I a cos   Vt  sin 
Xs Xs θ
P  Pm sin 
E f Vt
Pm  is the peak active power delivered
Xs
E f cos   Vt
E f cos   Vt  I a X s sin  I a sin  
Xs
E f sin 
E f sin   I a X s cos  I a cos  
Xs

The total per phase apparent power delivered is,

S  P  jQ  Vt  I a  Vt 0  I a   Vt I a 
* 

 Vt I a cos   jVt I a sin 

36
 Expressions for active and reactive power
Reactive power delivered by the alternator is given by,
E f cos   Vt
P  Vt I a sin   Vt
Xs θ
Q
Vt
Xs
 E f cos   Vt 

E f cos   Vt
E f cos   Vt  I a X s sin  I a sin  
Xs
E f sin 
E f sin   I a X s cos  I a cos  
Xs

The total per phase apparent power delivered is,

S  P  jQ  Vt  I a  Vt 0  I a   Vt I a 
* 

 Vt I a cos   jVt I a sin 

37
 Power-angle characteristic
Active power: Reactive power:
P  Pm sin 
Q
Vt
Xs
 E f cos   Vt 

Thus, a cylindrical rotor alternator can deliver maximum active power

when its terminal voltage and induced emf are at quadrature i.e., the
have a phase difference of δ=900.
The above expressions for both active and reactive power delivered by
an alternator will remain same with leading power factor load.

38
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

39
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

40
V-curve and inverted V-curve

41
 Parallel operation of alternators
• In a power plant, a number of alternators are installed and
their output terminals are connected in parallel.

• This cluster of alternator units in different power stations

throughout the country are again connected in parallel
through transmission and distribution lines.

• Thus, all the synchronous machines in a country work in

parallel and they together form a very large equivalent AC
source.

• This total system of interconnected alternators spread

throughout a country is called infinite busbar.

42
 Parallel operation of alternators
• Similarly, different electrical loads on the consumer sides
are also not connected directly to a dedicated alternator.

• Rather, all electrical loads are also connected in parallel to

the infinite busbar.

• This infinite busbar is having the capability of keeping the

voltage and frequency more or less constant.

• Connection or disconnection of a small load or a source

(alternator) to the infinite busbar will not disturb the system
voltage and frequency.

43
Advantages of parallel operation of alternators
• If any alternator requires maintenance or repairing, then it is
disconnected from busbar and its operation is stopped. But this
does not interrupt the supply in the load side as the load side gets
supply from infinite busbar rather than any dedicated alternator.

• In order to achieve maximum efficiency from an alternator, it

should be run near its full load capacity. Now, if a large alternator
is used instead of cluster of smaller alternator units, then under
low load conditions that large alternator will work at low
efficiency. If cluster of smaller alternators are used, then they can
be added or put off according to load requirement and thus each
unit can be run at maximum efficiency.

• Additional alternator units can be connected in parallel to the

infinite busbar, if there is increase in demand in the load side
with time. Therefore, initial capital cost of establishing a large
alternator by anticipating future load demands can be avoided. 44
Conditions for parallel connection (Synchronization)
• Conditions for parallel operation (or synchronisation) of
alternator with an infinite busbar or to another alternator :
• Generated voltage of the incoming alternator should be
equal to the infinite busbar (or another alternator)
voltage.

• Frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming

alternator should be same as that of the frequency of the
busbar (or another alternator).

• Phase sequence of the voltage of incoming alternator

should be same as that of phase sequence in the busbar
(or another alternator).

45
 Controlling the load sharing among alternators
connected in parallel
E A  Vt E B  Vt
IA  IB 
ZA ZB

• If excitation of one of these

two machines is increased
• Then one of the machines
develop more induced EMF
than the other
• But since they are connected in parallel, their terminal
voltages always remain the same.
• Thus, in addition to the load currents, there will be certain
amount of circulating current that would flow in the loop
between the two alternators.
• But there will not be appreciable change in the power
delivered to the load 46
 Controlling the load sharing among alternators
connected in parallel
• In order to change the active power sharing of any alternator:
• The active power input to that alternator must be changed
• This can only be done by adjusting the input to the prime movers
• Adjusting steam supply to the turbine in thermal power plant or
water in a hydro power plant
• Flow of the steam or water is controlled by a mechanism called the
governor
• Any change in active electrical output load to be supplied by the
alternator causes corresponding deviations in running speed
• The governor senses this change in speed and accordingly varies
opening of the throttle for controlling the steam or water input to
the turbine
• The share of active power between two alternators connected in
parallel can thus be varied by controlling setting of the governor
fitted to the alternators

47
Alternator connected to infinite bus
Vt
f
Infinite bus
(grid)

G1
Generator
bus

48
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant

Changing excitation keeping active load constant

49
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant
Terminal voltage (Vt) constant (connected to infinite bus)
Frequency (f) of the machine is constant (connected to infinite bus)
Hence speed of the machine is also to be kept constant
120 f
Ns 
P
Since field excitation is kept constant, i.e., field flux Φf is constant
Magnitude of induced emf is thus also constant

E f  2fN ph k w  f

50
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant
To deliver more active power output, the alternator must get
more active power input
It needs more mechanical power input to its shaft
Thus, more steam is supplied to the turbine (for thermal
plants) or water to the turbine (in hydro plants)

51
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant
The output current must increase to deliver more power
Let current increases to Ia1, but stays in the same direction as Ia
Thus, the drop jIa1Xs must also remain in the same direction as
before but its magnitude only will increase

Ef jIa1Xs

jIaXs
δ
θ Vt E f  Vt  jI a X s
Ia

Ia1
52
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant
Being connected to infinite bus, the terminal voltage Vt is
constant
Also, excitation being kept same, the induced emf Ef is also
constant
But we can not draw the new triangle with sides Ef, Vt and
jIa1Xs that matches the relation: E f  Vt  jI a1 X s
Ef jIa1Xs

jIaXs
δ
θ Vt E f  Vt  jI a X s
Ia

Ia1
53
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant
Draw one circle taking Ia1Xs as the radius
Draw another circle taking Ef as the radius

Ef jIa1Xs

jIaXs
δ
θ Vt
Ia

Ia1
54
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant

Intersecting points of
these two circles is the
point where the
relation will be Ef jIa1Xs
satisfied, E f  Vt  jI a1 X s

jIaXs
δ
θ Vt
Ia

Ia1
55
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant

Since the voltage

drop jIa1Xs must
always be at 900 to the
current, thus Ia1 must Ef jIa1Xs
take a new position:

jIaXs
δ
θ Vt
Ia Ia1

56
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing active load keeping excitation constant

Power angle thus

increases to δ2 > δ
Power factor angle
thus reduces to θ2 < θ Ef jIa1Xs
So, power factor
improves

δ2 jIaXs
δ
θ θ2 Vt
Ia Ia1

57
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
Terminal voltage (Vt) constant (connected to infinite bus)
Frequency (f) of the machine is constant (connected to infinite bus)
Active power is constant
Mechanical power input to the shaft is also constant
E f Vt
P sin  P  Vt I a cos 
Xs
Since, P, Vt and Xs are constants, thus:
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant

58
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
As excitation is increased, the flux is increased
As flux increases, induced emf Ef also increases
But since E f sin   constant
The power angle δ must reduce
Also, as the excitation is made stronger, the alternator
changes from being under-excited to over-excited state

 “Under-excited”alternator delivers leading current

 “Over-excited” alternator delivers lagging current

59
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
Let us start from a low excitation, i.e. when the alternator is
“under-excited” and it is delivering leading current
E f 1  Vt  jI a1 X s

Ef1
Ia1 jIa1Xs
θ1 δ1

Vt

60
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
As excitation increases, the magnitude of induced emf Ef will increase,
but its sinδ component (vertical projection) should always remain same

E f  Vt  jI a X s

Ef1
Ia1 jIa1Xs
θ1 δ1

Vt

61
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
 Vt remaining constant, the voltage drop phasor jIa1Xs will continue to
move as the emf Ef changes

E f  Vt  jI a X s

Ef1
Ia1 jIa1Xs
θ1 δ1

Vt

62
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
 Since the current Ia must always remain at 900 to the phasor jIa1Xs, the
current phasor will also move, but its cosθ component (horizontal
component) remains constant
E f  Vt  jI a X s

Ef1
Ia1 jIa1Xs
θ1 δ1

Vt

I a1 cos 
63
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
 Let us take three instances for example

E f  Vt  jI a X s

Ef1
Ia1 jIa1Xs
θ1 δ1

Vt

I a1 cos 
64
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
 Ef1= under-excited, leading current
 jIa1Xs at 900 to Ia1

E f  Vt  jI a X s

Ef1
Ia1 jIa1Xs

θ1 δ1

Vt

I a1 cos 
65
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
 Ef2= nominal excitation, upf current
 jIa2Xs at 900 to Ia2

E f  Vt  jI a X s

Ef1 Ef2
Ia1 jIa1Xs
jIa2Xs
θ1 δ1
Ia2 Vt

I a1 cos 
66
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
E f sin   constant I a cos   constant
 Ef3= over-excited, lagging current
 jIa3Xs at 900 to Ia3

E f  Vt  jI a X s

Ef1 Ef2 Ef3

Ia1 jIa1Xs
jIa2Xs jIa3Xs
θ1 δ1
Ia2 Vt

Ia3
I a1 cos 
67
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
 Ef3 > Ef2 > Ef1
 δ 3 < δ 2 < δ1
 Ia3 =lagging, Ia2 = upf, Ia1 =leading
Ia3, Ia1 > Ia2 (current is minimum with upf)

Ef1 Ef2 Ef3

Ia1 jIa1Xs
jIa2Xs jIa3Xs
θ1 δ1
Ia2 Vt

Ia3
I a1 cos 
68
 Alternator connected to infinite bus
Changing excitation keeping active load constant
 Summary
 With increasing excitation (field current), the armature current goes
from leading to lagging through unity power factor
 Armature current magnitude is minimum at upf

Ef1 Ef2 Ef3

Ia1 jIa1Xs
jIa2Xs jIa3Xs
θ1 δ1
Ia2 Vt

Ia3
I a1 cos 
69
 V-curve of alternator
Plot of field current vs. armature current
 Summary
 With increasing excitation (field current), the armature current goes
from leading to lagging through unity power factor
 Armature current magnitude is minimum at upf

Ia

Unity pf
Lagging
pf
Leading
pf Nominal excitation
If
Under-excited Over-excited
70
 V-curve of alternator
At higher load
 At higher load, the alternator delivers more active power
So current increases (graph shifts upwards)
Power factor also improves at a given field current (shifts right)

Ia
80% load
40% load

Unity pf Low-load
Lagging
pf
Leading
pf
If
Under-excited Over-excited
71
 V-curve of alternator
Observations:
 With increasing excitation (field current), the armature current goes from
leading to lagging through unity pf
Armature current magnitude is minimum at upf
At higher load, the alternator delivers more active power
So current increases (graph shifts upwards)
 Power factor also improves at higher load for a given field current

72
 Inverted V-curve of alternator
Plot of field current vs. power factor

V-curve

1
80% load
40% load Inverted
Low-load V-curve

If

73
 Inverted V-curve of alternator
Plot of field current vs. power factor

1
80% load
40% load
Low-load
Leading pf Lagging pf
If
Under-excited Over-excited

 Power factor value improves with increasing load for lagging currents
Power factor value reduces with increasing load for leading currents

74
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

75
 Syllabus

Synchronous Machines:
Constructional features
Synchronous generators and motors equivalent circuit and
phasor diagram
Power and torque characteristics
V-curve and inverted V-curve
Starting of synchronous motors.

76
Starting of synchronous
motors

77
 Operating principle of synchronous motors
When a balanced three-phase supply is connected to the three
armature coils placed in stator, a rotating magnetic field (RMF) of
constant magnitude is developed that rotates in the air gap between
stator and rotor.
Speed of the RMF is called synchronous speed.
A separate DC supply is given to the rotor field coils of the
machine that develops equal number of electromagnets of fixed
polarity as the number of poles in stator.
When the stator RMF poles are locked with the rotor
electromagnet poles (opposite poles), the rotor rotates at the same
speed as the stator RMF, i.e., at the synchronous speed.
But due to heavy inertia of the initially static rotor structure, the
stator RMF cannot acquire interlocking at the moment when power
is switched ON to the stator.
Thus, the rotor refuses to rotate and thus synchronous motors do
not have any starting torque
78
 Starting of synchronous motors
• To overcome the difficulty in starting a synchronous motor,
the following methods are adopted:
• Starting using auxiliary motor (pony motor)
• Starting using damper winding
• Synchronous-induction motor starting
• Starting from a variable frequency supply

79
 Starting of synchronous motors
Damper winding starting:
• To provide higher starting torque, A
Field winding

damper windings are used in B’ Damper

winding bars

salient pole machines. C’

• Damper windings are in the form
of copper or aluminium bars
N

inserted in slots on the pole face C

of the rotor. B

• These bars are shorted by end A’

rings at both ends of the rotor.
End ring

• When three phase supply is

switched on to the armature, the
RMF starts to sweep past the
stationary rotor.

80
 Starting of synchronous motors
Damper winding starting:
• This relative motion between the A
Field winding

RMF and damper winding B’ Damper

winding bars

induces current in the closed C’

damper winding by induction
motor principle.
N

• The induction torque thus C

produced enables the rotor to start B

rotating in the same direction as A’

the stator RMF.
End ring

• When three phase supply is given

to the stator, the machine thus
starts as a squirrel cage induction
motor and attains a speed near to
synchronous speed.

81
 Starting of synchronous motors
Damper winding starting:
• At this moment, when DC supply A
Field winding

is given to the synchronous motor B’ Damper

winding bars

rotor field coils, the rotor C’

becomes an electromagnet and its
gets pulled up to the synchronous
N

speed as the stator RMF poles C

and rotor poles gets locked up B

magnetically. A’
• When the rotor is running at
End ring

synchronous speed, there is

obviously no relative motion
between the RMF and the damper
bars, and thus there is no current
induced in the damper bars and it
no longer develops any induction
torque. 82
Thank You

83