ae oe: I

nook « LUM
 THIS BOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF:
ee
SAE ee Be ee
PROVINCE... —S——<C~S™s™~SCSCSS«SCéB KN. —___
COUNTY ___——“—stsSCCCCd:«SCéEEntterr' information
2
eg 205e
PARISH e e in spaces
SCHOOL DISTRICT ____———C—és{/”s«éto th left ss
ey
OTHER =. aanstructed:

CONDITION
ISSUED TO
ISSUED RETURNED

PUPILS to whom this textbook is issued must not write on any page
or mark any part of it in any way, consumable textbooks excepted.
‘1. Teachers should see that the pupil's name is clearly written in ink in the spaces above in
every book issued.
2. The following terms should be used in recording ‘the condition of the book: New; Good; Fair;
Poor; Bad.
 Rachel Biheller Bunin
and
Maureen Berliner Engeleit

SCHOLASTIC INC.
Senior Vice President, Director of Education: Dr. Ernest Fleishman
Editorial Director: Mickey Revenaugh
Project Director: Sandy Kelley
Vice President, Director, Editorial Design and Production: Will Kefauver
Cover: Type by Glenn Davis; illustrated by Marcus Hamilton
Assistant Production Director: Bryan Samolinski

Design and Art Direction: Ned Campbell, Bill SMITH STUDIO

Designers: Todd Cooper, Christine Sergi, Bill SMITH STUDIO
Illustrators: Bernard Adnet, John McKinley

Acknowledgement: Someone's Gonna Use It by John Forster and Tom Chapin.

Copyright © 1988 by Limousine Music Co. and The Last Music Co. (ASCAP).
Used by permission. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission of the publisher. For information regarding permission, write to:
Scholastic Inc., Classroom Magazine Division, 555 Broadway, New York, NY 10012-3999.

Copyright © 1994 by Scholastic Inc.

All rights reserved. Published by Scholastic Inc.
Printed in the U.S.A.
ISBN 0-590-49546-1
3456789 10 34 99 9897 9695
 What isa
COTM PUL eH iiuatscestcscce 4-5
What Does a Computer DO? o....cccccsssecssssseun 6-7
How Does a Computer Work? .o..cccccccccoeeen 8-9
Input--Processing:-OUtPUE 0... ...ccccccssecssseseccnsees 10
FRAN e i ci cescolesns 11-12
PRE KEVDOSIG a oa 13-14 What is
THE MOUS Cilia lndcreeiecnntec 15 Desktop Publishing? ou... 35
o ke Monitorscand Printers, 16 Terms You Need to Know.........cccccseccsseesseessneenes 36
SORE WA el aiiuvesisnsiativarsaiscanse 17 Designing a Science Fair Newsletter .....37-38
TOON SOE Ware I ii ivsemsssccaectene 18 Writing a Science Fair Newsletter............. aoe
Graphical User Interfaces: GUIs)... 19 Graphics for Your Newsletter .......0...cccccsccsssseee 40
Review: Complete the Puzzles. coilssclacee20 Drawing TOOUS sa cccsccssicacndsensisunmencnunale 41
Resizing Text and Graphics ..........cccccsccssesssseeenes 42
Review: Mystery WO0G ......ccsccssscscossssnsssnveessenneeens 43
What is
Word PLOCESSiT oo oseeessseee 21
Vas NG IMGSMTS ios achistesieonnscacennnes 22 What isa
Justification i ee 23-24 Date DASC? |ncccanc cima 44-45
FONTS QO PORTS ai stooaisaeencoran 25 Using Fields to Plan the Science Fair ......46-47
EGIEING A DOCUMENT aii iis icceenccccsedsccesiess 26-27 Adding Fields to a RECOM ..o..........ccccssecssseeseees 48
Field: Geng
th cxca ct tescccscasmete nee 49
Cutting and Pasting Text soc. ccccccsssssecascessscncesecene 28
RIGGS een 29 RECOFOS 119-3 FIC sasscs-ccsasoceeessscccasectonre
severe 50
Copying and Pasting Text oo... 30-31 Sorting a Database File ooo. ceccceecsesesssessoneens 51
Searching and Replacing Text .......0........cc.00. 32 QUEQIES 2s. o sc usscstseecnscesunuisiunanncem
tages aie 52
Saving and Printing a Document ............00...0.. 33 Review: true Or False? x. cwcsntasanec a 53
ROVICWZHIDE ANG: SCOK icusscsscscvscescersscncsnmncionesss 34
Whatisa
SPPeadsSHNeet? viii cccesscscesessesnesseeaese 54-55
The Worksheet .csicscs--css-comimeconse oaeee56-57
Cell Addresses oon. c:cscccaccscisesnssetronie caaenneaeee 58
Labels and Valu€S......c:ccsinesetinaesn mands a 59
FOPMUIAS «..coccssecastsoniccsonntoptenumaveen ae 59-60
What if?....:c 7c.nc.cndegenmnneces aie 61
Formatting Cells oo: ccsstccecnecsaasacaers 61
FUNCTIONS .c:sscctoncicecarmaeieauane oer 62
Data as Pictures: Graphing o.......cccecccseseseseen 63
Review; Matchs em! ns.ccciiisecttnnscaacan 64

Glossary ..c.ceiensoaseneaicn Inside Back Cover

 movie camera

blackboard

Stratye { shovel
Makela a F :

keyboard / synthesizer

stethoscope microscope
 a ce aa ASS EOS OSTEO PIN IS OE exeacrke

Computers help many people dotheir jobs.

Computers also help you. You use different
‘kinds of computers every day in your school
to help you solve problems. Draw a circle
around the machines that you think have
computers in them.

globe
calculator

pencil and paper

computer lab

___ Suppose that there is going to be a Science

_ Fair at your school. You have been selected
as the Science Fair Coordinator. It will be you dre
- your job to organize the fair around the getting
theme Save Our Planet. the idea

There are many different science fields and

many types of scientists. Some scientists
use microscopes, electronic scales, or
Bunsen burners; others use telescopes or
thermometers. The one thing that all scien-
tists have in common is that they collect
information and use it to learn more about Computers are machines that work with
how our world works. What tool do you think information. Each booth in the Science Fair
all scientists use? will have a desktop computer. Now you are
going to learn what these computers can do
and how they do it!

SLING
ERTL TELSE PES EO
 What if d

Nhat Does
a Computer Do*?
~— COMPUTER works with DET
information you put into a computer. Data can
be numbers, words, or pictures. A computer
stores data in its Computers with
more memory can store more numbers, words,
or pictures than computers with less memory. Here is a list of scientists. What
type ofdatadoyouthinkeach
Computers use the data to work for you. scientist might collect? The first
one is done for you.

Geologist: Data about the rocks in an area: what each looks .

like and how hard it is

Botanist:

Chemist: ih,

Zoologist:

Astronomer:
 eee
A geologist may collect data about the types
of rocks she found that day, as well as what
each rock looks like and how hard it is. When
the geologist puts this information into the
computer in her lab, it is called (Eiaen
The input to make your VCR
record your favorite show is:
The input for a
telephone is:
gy eeceeeeeeoeoeeeoeeeee
ee
ee
eseeooeoeeeoeoeoeeoeoovoeooeoee
veo
veer
oeeeed
processINg
So, now the computer has all this data. What
is it going to do with it to help you out?
Computers data to solve problems
or give you information. Computers work
very quickly, and they never get tired or
bored. Put a check mark next to those things
that might tire you or take too much time:
As you know, computers are not just for
scientists. You use computers in your home
or school. The data—the numbers, words, or
pictures— that you give a computer is also
input. Here are some computers in your
home. What do you think the input is?
The input for a
Nintendo game is:
The input for a TV The input for a
remote control is: desktop computer is:
add two numbers
add two hundred numbers
find the name of a deciduous tree that grows
in your neighborhood
match the names of all the deciduous trees that
grow in North America to their leaf patterns
write a letter to the local recycling company
to find out if they are recycling batteries
Oh
|
AAN write letters to every community in your state to
urge a local recycling drive for batteries
All those boring or tiring things would be simple ae
tasks for any computer.
hyo many iret ae ;
erica Ce

Remember... the “thinking” or work that

computer programs do is called processing.
The part of a computer that does the pro-
cessing—the “brains” of the computer—is
called the CPU stands for Central
Processing Unit. The CPU is the most impor-
tant part of the computer. It tells you which
type of computer you have and lets you
know how “powerful” the machine is.

Here are a few names of different

computers.

Apple lle
Apple llc
Macintosh II
IBM PC/XT
IBM PC/AT
IBM PS1

;Doyyou.have a computerathome rin

oe class? ae

Do you know what type itis? 7

 Computer power is rated by how much data
the CPU can process and how fast it can
process the data. The basic unit of informa-
tion is called a
A group of bits is a The computer
stores data as bytes of information. The
speed with which a computer can process
ChieMme-litaem bits per second.

You've given the computer tons of really cool

data, and it's got this CPU that is working
away processing all this data. So now what?

When a computer finishes processing the

data, you get Output is what the
computer puts out when the job is done.
And that's the cool part. Otherwise, why go
to all the trouble of collecting and nea
all the data?

:: Okay, it's time for a quick review to make

"Sure that you have been paying attention. ® The brains of the computer is the
Circle the letter of each correct answer. a] CPU b] body c] geologist d] computer

o The information that you collect that is

_used by a computer is called When the computer is finished
a] stuff 6] knowledge c] data d] CPU processing, you get
a] input b] output c] CPU d] data

6 The data that you give your computer to

work with is called : Computers are rated by how fast
the CPU can data.
- a] output b] input c] processing d] CPU
a] collect b] input c] print d] process

3) The computer takes the data and works on it. A measure of how fast a computer can
This is called process data is
a] blending 6] processing c] studying d] output a] bytes per hour c] bits per second
b] bits per byte d] bits of bytes

_is ——————————
 What if d

4nput: eoe0o50o V

Processing
:..--Output
INPUT is the data that you give your
computer to work with.
PROCESSING is the work that the
computer does to the data.

© OUTPUT is the answer, or what comes out.

To be sure you understand how it works, figure out the /nput, processing, and output for
these everyday things.

@
co
microwave raw potato
cS
baking

e cash register prices total cost

phone call

bread

milk shake |

© sewing ~ material & thread

Add two of your own:

 Sears Hardware is any part
of the computer that you can touch. It is hard,
so it is called hardware.

Computers have many parts. Some parts are

inside the computer, and you can only see
There are special kinds of hardware that P y ie
you use to input words, numbers, or pic- them if your computer opens. Some pieces of
Reni
ut devices. i :
poe ueese are called Mild hardware are outside and are attached
Sometimes they are called joe.
EEE SUAS because they let you to the computer by wires or cables. Ts prams
"enter data" into your computer. See if you
can match the picture to the description.
Write the correct word under the picture.

@® This is a GASeMSIG) It reads words,

pictures, or numbers on a page and
changes them into a form that a
computer can understand.

This is a It lets you use your

computer to talk to other computers
over the telephone lines.

ema
 what if d

eD This is a computer Miaiellsiess A

computer mouse lets you input data
into your computer. To use a mouse,
you move it around on a desk or table
and press the buttons.

4) The BQveeEloe has keys with letters,

numbers, or symbols on them. These
keys are buttons. By pressing on the
keys, you tell the computer what to do.

© Itvis:looks :like a pen.EY «

You can use it like a
pen on a special pad. Whatever you
write on the special pad will go into
the computer.
 HIS is the keyboard. If you are using a
desktop computer, there is a good chance that
you will be using a keyboard to input
into your computer.

e
e
& e
@ Look at the keyboard. Find the 26 letter e :
a Rares On the picture of the keyboard, draw a
@ keys that are in the middle, divided into i
? e circle around each key that has a letter
@ three rows.
s e that spells your name.
© e
e &) Which 10 letter keys are in the top 8
2 row of letters? e ;
* e ep Find the key with the letters esc on it.
e ° What do you think this stands for?
e @
e eS Which 9 letter keys are in the middle ; a] escape c] escarole
e
row of letters?
e - b] escapade d] enter some characters
e
e @
e @
e © Which 7 letter keys are in the bottom e
& row of letters? . It stands for escape. You use the escape
& e key to back up or get out of most com-
e @
mands in most programs.
Ceoeeeeeeseeceeeeqeeqce
 what if d

© Circle the on the computer. The enter key is very

important. On some computers, it says return. This key lets you go
to the next line when you are keying in words. It is also the key
that you press when you want the computer to do something. You
entera command into the computer with the enter key.

es) itera
Sometimes your keyboard may have
“function keys” on it. These keys per-
form very special tasks. Find and circle
the function keys. In some computer
programs, pressing the F1 key gives
you help in understanding the program.

© Circle the FSMhisi<S’S8) These keys do

nothing by themselves. You have to
press a shift key and a letter key at the
same time to make a capital letter.

The shift key has another very important job

to do. Look at the keys below. ©

___ All these keys have two symbols on them. To

_ key in the symbol at the top of the key, you Wi Wii)
have to press the key and the shift key at the =~” | © Shift + (aaa) =
same time. For example, if you want to key *,
_ you press the *8 key and the shift key at the ;
same time. For each item below, fill in the y, 7) shift +
symbol that would be keyed:

Oo shift + L.2.

© shift + |. 9.
 COMPUTER mouse is an input device.
This is what the mouse looks like upside down.
It has a ball underneath. You push the mouse
along the desk or on a pad next to the computer.

Cable — | When you look at your computer screen, you

@ will see_a blinking
. line or shape. This is the
a
e® Buttons lesley It tells you where the next letter,
e number, or symbol will appear on the screen.
When you use a mouse, the cursor will move
exactly the same way you move the mouse.
This is called

A mouse has buttons on top—sometimes one

button, sometimes two or even three. The
mouse button works like the enter key.
You press the button or to tell
the computer what to do. You can
an item around on the screen if you
=
SRC

SONA
place the cursor on that item and hold the
ii i
a
Nt aE mouse button down. The mouse will drag an
item until you let go of the button.

WN
 4
what if d

Printers
OW you know all about input devices.
What about getting the data out of the com-
puter? There are two common ways to get
WoOltimmeriemelelmm@Belaxes Output devices lds
monitors Eee printers.

Can you figure out which is which?

The is the screen you see on your computer. It is like

a television screen. That's why a is often called a

screen. Some computers have color and display your

output in color. Other computers have monochrome

and display your output in shades of one color. When you key in letters,

~ you will see them on the

You can have the computer put your output on paper.

The will take the output from the computer

and ‘a BRELCM ey on paper.

Mae hae! a

oar ‘Disks ce youcan take a ofthe |

computer and holdiinp yeur hands a
are ee 7

oe Dataand programsa
are stored:as byes of
of :
information in on floppy disks.

a Ett Eo disks hold more data than Lo F)cD-RoM fonds for Compact DDisk Read- a :
regular or ‘disks. A51/4-inch Only Memory. A CD- -ROM can store data and
_ disk can be high or low density. A 31/2-inch programs just like a floppy disk except for @
disk can be high or low density. Bigger _two big differences. CDs are "Read-Only,"so @_

Ae
doesn't always mean more. It turnsout. -~—»—«-youccannot add any data to them, and CDs @ ~
that a3 1/2-inch disk can hold more data. _ store much more he than floppy disks. eo.
than a5 1/4-inch disk. 7 ay a
yoftware
EMEMBER when you learned about
hardware? That was easy. Hardware is hard.
SYoaaielucs iS a bit trickier. Software is not
Let's go back to soft. It is not hard. You can’t touch software.
a Software is the programs that tell your
Proces ae, computer what to do.
Output

Software does the processing. It takes your

input and turns it into output. The games
you play and the programs that teach you all
kinds of new and interesting things on your
computer are software.

Operating Systems EEIGWUE aur)

computers run. They tell computers which
program to run and how to store your data
in an organized way. IBM computers use
operating systems called DOS
stands for Disk Operating System. Some
Macintosh computers use an operating
system called

The operating system in your computer

makes sure that all the different input and
output devices are working together. You can
think of the operating system as the police
officer of the computer.
ool

helps you to
talk to your gerne fon oe away and lets
your computer talk to other computers to
get all kinds of information on-iine.

JOB FOR FAIR:

-works with words
to Renyou write ieee notes, or anything that.
you could write with pen and paper.

JOB FOR FAIR:

takes the
Tonk that you write and places them on pages
» with pictures and professional-looking letter-
ing. You can publish newsletters, newspapers,
or books by using this tool. : helps you add,
avorece cre or divide numbers so
JOB FOR FAIR: that you can analyze data.

JOB FOR FAIR:

lets you create art

on your Sean tne
j 10Print "Hello" :
4} 20Go0to10
JOB FOR FAIR: ming Evfea! let you write new.
SRT programs for use on your computer,

JOB FOR FAIR:

 7
ad

Wraphical User
Interfaces:
GUls use pictures or graphics to help you tell
fee puter whatito.do. The pictures are
called The icons look like what you
want to do. You use the computer mouse to
point and click on the icons.
GUIs
OW DO you tell the computer what to do?
There are two basic methods. The “old-
fashioned” way is through suit
means that you key in special words that the
computer understands. A newer and more com-
MUMMNENACRO Rete m graphical user interfaces
oa Let’s call them “gooeys” for short.

Ngee seers
aa ot
GUls also use El mutsaeem to help
you tell the computer what to do. A menu
res will tell you what these looks like this:
ach icon does.
FILE EDIT FONT HELP

You can use your mouse to point and click on

menus. Using a mouse you can or
“pull down" the menus to get more options,
or choices. If you pull down the FILE option
you get this:

mitaa EDIT FONT HELP

What do you think these options do?

NEW:

OPEN:

QUIT:
omplete the
Puzzle
The parts of the computer that you can touch.
The brains of the computer.
It has buttons with all the letters and numbers
Small pictures on the screen.
The information you give a computer.
The programs that run the computer.
The operating system for an IBM computer.
The information you get from a computer.
 R class is planning a Save Our Earth Science
Word processing is more than just Fair. Mr. Ray Cycle, the head of the Science
keyboarding. When you use word processing
Department, thinks you need to include a fact
to write fact sheets, you can write a fact
sheet for one booth and then edit itfor all sheet for each booth. It’s a good thing you have a
the other booths. The headings on all the
fact sheets will be the same, so you will word processing program On your computer.
change only the specific information. This
will save you a great deal of time.
Underline each activity if you think that word processing would
make the task easier.

Here are some words used in word

processing. The letters, numbers, and
special signs that you see on the
keyboard are called eyrlela ey
Characters make up the words, or text,
of what you key in. The S285) is
called a Mletlutane) When you key in
a document for the first time, you say
you are creating a document.
 , anti

abs and Indents

KNOW that you can move the cursor around by
using arrow keys or by pointing and clicking with the
mouse. But suppose you are keying in columns of numbers?
You may want to move the cursor several spaces at a time
over and over again. That is when you use the NVA
When you create a document, you decide how
many spaces will make up one tab.

Tab key CCC CC®

Tab = 5 means that the tab key will move

the cursor 5 spaces to the right. If each
Space is represented by a dash, it would
look like this --——— . Now it is your turn.
For each item, draw in the dashes or fill in
the number that each tab is equal to. : , oe s
’ To a ‘paragraph like tne ‘one, you can
Taney press the. tab key. But suppose you want to indent a.
whole paragraph. This kind of paragraph is called a. He
sc t= {eee nested paragraph. A nested paragraph catches a ead Do
er's attention. Different word processing programs have

ee _ different keys that you can press to doone but itiis

always called the indent command. | :
—

, A nestedparagraph bok: like this.Allwe

90000 Tab =3 y characters that you key stay indented until

- you press the enter key to return thecurso|
to the margin.—
Justification
HOA! That is a big word. All it means, in word
processing, Is that the characters you key in are lined
up along the margin. You write and read from left to
Mreiiememiieieerinenmilicmines justified, Biitcemeer
along the left margin. This is called F@imspe ieee
This paragraph has left justification.

Rae
pe habaicehaie)

Sometimes, especially when you

have columns of numbers, you want to have
right
them justified along the right margin. This is
called Migebeitidiecdeaam This paragraph justification
is right justified.

Look at the fact

sheet on the next
You can even have the characters lined up page. See if you can
along both the right and left margins. That identify where dif-
is called RUBS dite Full justification ferent tabs, indents,
is used on special documents like wills, andjustifications
deeds, and contracts. This paragraph has have been used. ©
full justification.

<p
 what if any ae
Processing

4
FACT SHEET FOR BOOTH 1

PROJECT TITLE: Solar Distillation

INTRODUCTION: A property of water is evaporation. It can change its

physical state from a liquid to a gas. When this
A occurs, dirt or other material stays in the liquid. If
e ® e water vapor is trapped and condensed, that water is
considered to be distilled, or clean. Can we make
pure water passively by using the energy from the
sun to evaporate unclean water?

PROCEDURE: A 2-liter plastic soda bottle was cut in half. The top F raph has a
was cut off of a 3-liter bottle. Then 2 holes were made on opposite =
sides of the bottle, near the top. Dirty water was put into the 2-liter
bottle, and it was inserted into the 3-liter bottle. Plastic wrap was
used to make a tent over the bottles, and they were placed in the sun.
Water vapor should condense inside the 3-liter bottle and drip down
the sides, collecting at the bottom.

CONCLUSIONS: Clean water did collect at the bottom of the 3-liter

bottle. Dirt remained in the 2-liter bottle. Distilling
the water using solar energy took a very long time.
Fonts ana
— Points
sa HAVE seen how you can use tabs, indents, and
justification to make a fact sheet look special. There
are other things that word processing can help you
do. You can change the style of certain words that you
think are important. stop NOW! Did that get your
attention? These different styles of type are called
Each font has a name.

Seeecece ee et AeA La ee eg Be
Te O00 0600
6 016 06 eels 6 cic
Another thing that helps you make your fact sheets special is the size yOu
choose. Points measure how big your characters will be. The larger the number, the big-
ger the characters. The larger the characters are, the fewer of them will fit on a line.

Below isa word shown in different point sizes. Under each size is a
ruler. Count how many characters fit into an inch. RECYCLERECYCLERECYCLE

RECYCL
me ee CLERECYCLE | ee A
i
a
i is eh characters fit into an inch
ED

; a characters fit into an inch |

 You may wonder if it was a good
idea to have so many exhibits.
Yes, because you Can use your
word processing program to
Tere aace

deLeting text
To change a Project Title, you want to take
away, or [elsea), some characters. Move
the cursor, using the arrow keys or the
mouse, to the first character to be deleted.
Then press the delete key and the character
disappears. Keep pressing the delete key
until the whole phrase is deleted. (With
some computers, you put the cursor at the
end of the word and backspace to delete
each letter.)
Here is the Project Title from the fact sheet
on page 24. The square is the cursor. It is in
the right position to delete.
[Slolar Distillation
If you press the delete key, this is
how the title will look:
olar Distillation

Now it's your turn. For each project title below,

write how many times you would have to press
the delete key to delete the entire title.
Remember, each space counts as a character.

@ Making Fertilizer from Garbage ta

2) [Clhecking for Dirty Air | i]

€&9 [Using Plants to Clean the Air Pe

ea @ Cleaning Up a River &

cE
 inserting text
Deleting text is easy, and so Is inserting text.
You insert characters by moving your cursor
to the place on the line where you want the
new characters to appear. Then you key them
in. Watch all the other characters move over.

Here are some sentences with words

missing. Read each sentence and figure
out what word fits best. Then write the
word on the blank line.

ae To save , take shorter showers.

Help clean the air by riding a bike or walking

instead of driving ina

3) A aluminum can
creates less air pollution than is produced
when a can is made from scratch.

& Keep a pitcher of water in your refrigerator,

instead of running the water from the
to get it cold.

ey When writing, use both sides of the sheet

to help save
 utti111@ and
Pasting ‘Text
ae CYCLE just told you to move some of the paragraphs on
the fact sheets to see if they would look better. You can see
hours of work deleting and inserting text stretching ahead of
you. AHA! With a word processor, it’s easy. You can move
things around with two simple commands. The first command
metic Cutting, Melelementemaeeemtme-liinem pasting.
Here’s how it’s done.

ae Move the cursor to the first character you want to move.

[a]tmosphere. Smoke from factories contains carbon
dioxide that increases the greenhouse gases in the

& Highlight all the words you want to move.
Smoke from factories contains carbon
dioxide that increases the greenhouse gases in the
Press the cut command key. This is what you
will see.
Smoke from factories contains carbon
dioxide that increases the greenhouse gases
in the

Move the cursor to the place where you want

the word or words to be inserted.
Smoke from factories contains carbon
dioxide that increases the greenhouse gases
in the

Press the paste command key and watch

what happens!
Smoke from factories contains carbon
dioxide that increases the greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.

There are a lot of steps to this procedure, but

if you are moving paragraphs or even pages,
| ae fe it can save you a lot of time.
 Dp.

riddles
ORK, WORK, WORK. Let’s take a break.

Here are some science riddles. The answers

are underneath the riddles. Cut out each

answer and paste it under the correct riddle.

Lt) Which star never shines at night?

Answer:

& Which is the most musical planet?

Answer:

© What fear is always hanging over our planet?

Answer:

What name was given to the Earth's

first satellite?
Answer:

© What's the best way to prepare for a space party?

9)
Answer:
© Which stars go tojail? v \
Answer:

@ What is dark but is made by light?

Answer:

© What freezes as it melts?

Answer:

©) What runs uphill faster than downhill?

Answer:

© What often falls but never gets hurt?

Answer:

: The moon
 What If arroyo i
us Processing

Copying and
Pasting Text
oa. and pasting is very much like
cutting and pasting. Instead of cutting a
word or phrase, you highlight it and press
Then move the cursor to where you
want the words copied and press
This command will come in handy for the
recycling song you want to use.

Draw a rectangle around the refrain to high-

light it. Then draw a cursor at each spot
where the refrain should be copied.

SOMEONE'S GONNA Use it

by John Forster and Tom Chapin

Verse 1 When you stand at the sink, did you ever think
about the water running down the drain?

That it used to be in the deep blue sea

and before that it was rain.

Then it turned to snow for an Eskimo

to use in a snowball fight.

Then it floated south till it reached your mouth

to help you brush your teeth tonight!
Someone's gonna use it after you,
someone's gonna use it after you
Cause the water, land, and air—
These are things we've got to share.
Someone's gonna use it after you.

When you sneeze like thunder, did you ever wonder

if the air you set in motion

Might have helped to form a tropical storm

way out in the Western Ocean?

Could have been blown out of a blue whale's spout

as he dove beneath the seas?

And now that air is in your care

till you're finished with your sneeze.

Verse 3 Like a wheel the world is turning

Forest green and sky of blue.

It will turn that way forever

As the old is born anew.
 what if nie 7
MN

earching ana
Replacing Text |
ELL, using that song was a good idea. It
sure helps get the point across that people
Should take care of the earth. But wait, here
comes Mr. Cycle again. What? There’s a mis-
take in the words of the song? OH NO! But
it’s not as bad as you thought. There’s just one
mistake in the refrain. Back to the trusty word
processor. Wouldn’t you know there is a com-
mand just to help out in a situation like this?
im tmertitaem Search and replace.

When you begin to search and replace, the

computer will ask you what characters you are
searching for. After you enter them, the com-
puter will ask you what characters you want to
replace them with. Here is how it works with
the John Forster and Tom Chapin song:

SEARCH FOR: someone's gonna use it after you

REPLACE WITH: _ So leave it as you'd like it when you're through

 aving ana Printing
a Document
A HAVE finished writing and editing
your fact sheets. There are still two more
things to do. You have to and
the fact sheets.

When you save a document, you name it. Try to

give your documents meaningful names. Document
names should also be short. You might give each
fact sheet a name that tells what the experiment
is about. For example, you could name the fact
sheet for Solar Distillation SOLARDIS.

Before you print your fact sheets, make sure your

computer is hooked up to a printer. Then press
the print command key. The computer will ask
you which file, or document, you want to print.
Enter the MOSS name and press enter.

:0:010: 000 Oe eee

R00 e
scriptionsof experiments_ oe
@ 3

@
Oo:
Making Fertilizerfro Garbage. @
@
alMFG” ae oOFERTILZ
@
o Checkingfor ity Air- S 2 @
@
al DIRTAIR- Ol]CHECK @
eo
Qo Cleaning dea abe | oe.
a
al RIVER b] EARTH c] SCIENCE 6
@
& Learning How Water Causes Erosion a e
a] LEARN 2 CAUSES c] EROSION @

@E
@
Q: Examining Local ee : ®

a
a] ROLL — b] ROCKS c] LOOK @
®@:gs ce
@eeeee
cee @
@
 ide and Seek
Read each definition of a word processing term. Find the term in the
puzzle, and circle it. Then write the term next to its definition.

ee
ee
a

Bee

worse

eo OT
mee DV PHAN ea
eee 8 I i 4 Dh HOM
a ay ate i ac Fi ee
ane Date i f
 ake most of the newspa-
that you see every day.

it desktop publishing was

make it.

Not very long ago, it took hundreds of peo-

ple to create a single publication. People
trained for years to become typesetters,
printers, and inkers. Putting out a simple
newsletter required many talented people to
take photographs or make drawings. Now
you can use desktop publishing software and
your computer to do all these jobs as you
createa newsletter for the Science Fair.
 HERE are several terms that you
need to know in desktop publishing. are the words at the top ofa
; i page or story. They should be catchy so that
Let's review them. people will want to read further. Different
desktop publishing software may have differ-
ent names for headlines, but they are basi-
cally the same thing.

The words that you are reading right now are

called [RS%g). Keep in mind that by using
different fonts and point sizes, you can be
creative with the text that you are writing.

Pictures are called Rleoaen- There are

many kinds of graphics, including pho-
tographs, pictures that you draw, graphs,
maps, diagrams of experiments, and
fleas. Clip art includes pictures or pho-
tographs that you can find on floppy disks.

Identify the terms by writing H for headline,

T for text, or G for graphic on the correct line
next to the flier for the Science Fair.
 fesigoning A Science
Fair Newsletter
Pes a HERE are going to be many exhibits at the
Designing means laying out the pages. Science Fair. Students, teachers, and parents
Get a blank sheet of 8 1/2-by-11-inch paper.
may not be able to visit every booth. To give
_ This will be your newsletter. It will have two
pages for you to design—the front and the visitors to the fair some general information,
back. You will design your newsletter to
you will design and write a newsletter that
include the following things:
will be given out at the entrance.

eee
One big headline giving the name of
_ your newsletter.

) One smaller headline to title your —

first story. =

One text story about what the fair is

-and whyit's special.

ne graphic about the fair in general.

back page
‘headline for your second story.

story about one booth at the fair.

graphic for the booth you've chosen.

On one page, you might put the text above
the graphic. On the other, the text might be
below the graphic. These are the decisions a
newsletter designer makes.
On a blank piece of paper, trace the big
headline once and all the other shapes on
the next page twice. Cut them out, and
paste the big headline on the top of the
front page of your design layout. Paste the
rest of the shapes on the front and back to
make each page look good.
 ing a Science
air Newsletter
OW IT IS TIME to think about the
actual headlines, stories, and graphics that
you will use.
Start with the name of your newsletter.
Try out some ideas in this space.

Decide on the font and size you will use. Then write it in the:
appropriate space on your layout.

Now you need two articles. On the front Which booth will you describe on the back
page, you will describe the fair. Jot down page? What makes it special?
some ideas below.

Now that you know what your articles will be about, think of a
catchy headline for each one. Write your ideas for headlines here.

Using your notes above, write your

articles and their headlines on your
layout for the front and back of your
newsletter. . ELD
Po raph
ics fo
Your Newsl ™ r
etter
OUR newsletter is looking quite professional.
Wait until the visitors to the fair see it! But you
are not quite finished yet. You have not filled
You have two graphic spaces in your
in your graphic spaces.
newsletter. Graphics can be original pictures
that you draw or clip art. You can find books
and floppy disks filled with clip art. Clip art
from floppy disks can be@ or
brought, into your newsletter to make it look
even more professional.
How will you fill in the two graphic spaces in
your newsletter? You can use clip art in one
space and an original drawing or diagram in the
other. Keep in mind that your graphics must fit
into the spaces on your layout.

You want graphics that fit your topics. lf you wrote an article
about the Solar Distillation experiment, you might showapic-
ture of the sun over the ocean. That is just one idea. Write your
ideas for pictures for each topic below. -

@ Air Pollution:

&) Recycling Plastic:

© The Rainforest: _ When you find the clip art you want, paste
it in the proper space on your layout.
| Vrawing Tools
'
(
=
j

(OU HAVE one more graphic space to fill.

You will provide an original drawing for this
Artists create in different styles. There
are Impressionists, Realists, Cubists, and space. AH! How do you do that, you ask? You
Traditionalists. To create these different can’t draw with charcoal and paints on a com-
styles of art, artists use different tools.
Artists who create on computers have puter! But you can create the same effects on a
tools that they can use too. There are
computer, using tools like those an artist
tools to make squares, circles, and lines.
_ The tools are shown on the monitor as might use. Did you know that most of your
little pictures called [IRSREY. They usual-
favorite comic books and cartoons are created
ly look like this:
on computers? A drawing on a computer is
made up of thousands of dots called FRROES.
lets you make perfect squares.
It is like a color-by-number drawing.

lets you make perfect circles. There are tools that can color like spray-paint cans,
crayons, pencils, charcoal, and all kinds of brushes.

iH
lets you draw straight lines. ets, fills the screen or a shape with
ee a| i a color you choose.

GP
as

erases part or all of the picture.

lets you make different types of
brush strokes.

Have some fun here as you create

icons for these tools.

ap A cutting tool

G A magnifying tool

&) A paintbrush tool

& peeen
mar 2) $00)
 esizing
‘Text ana Graphiics

RAINFOREST HABITATS
RAINFOREST’S HABITATS
RAINFOREST INHABITANTS
RAINFOREST HABITATS
 ystery
Word
Fill in each set of blanks with a desktop
; publishing term that fits the definition.
Then rearrange the circled letters to find
the mystery word.

ap Computer drawings are made up of thousands of these dots

& A collection of graphics 5 IS eR)

ae ea a0

© Another word or pcwre

(__) seee ye ee ee

& To make bigger or smaller

&) The words at the top of a page Be (OS)

© The words that you are reading right now
 Sees

Aatabas
What other
Liftf do you
keep? write
them Here

Did you include any of these: a list of the birth

dates of the people in your family, a list of your
board games, a list of the kids in your class?

CP Doctor:
 Park Ranger:

Marine Biologist: Science Fair Organizer:

As you start to think of things that you need

to organize for the Science Fair, keep the
image of a file cabinet in your mind. Afile
cabinet uses file drawers and folders to
organize and store data. Database software
also uses files to organize and store data.
These are the three components of a data-
base that you will be working with:

A f » is the smallest item of

information in a database.

A U2ICF is a collection of
related fields.

A (iS) is a collection of related

_ records.
EES OTIS ERIE DYE ERLE IE LOLI EI WELD! IEVLD REALE ELBA ERE CEASE
PRETETSIOSOKIO WSBT SS BOTT
 OU ARE in charge of planning the Science
Fair, and things are getting a little confused.
SEMI Merle im ice(cmt <emaiteoetmelicems Let's create a database file to help you plan
h : : : the fair. The file name will be SCIENCE FAIR.
tillation demonstration at 2:00, but that is the The field names will be EXHIBIT NAME, SCI-

same time that you were planning to have the ENCE

ent THEME, DEMONSTRATOR, and EQUIP-
Recycling Sing-along. Take a deep breath and
get organized!

exhibit hl
Name | TY en | tor
Laan | ae
ee an RO

SOLAR USING THE SUN SHONNA

DISTILLATION TO CLEAN WATER

Now you have an idea of what a

science fair database record looks like.
Complete the records on page 47 by
filling in the exhibit names from the ADOFT A RIVER EXAMINING LOCAL ROC
list on this page.
HOW DOES YOUR GARDEN GROW? DRIP DRIP DRIP

WHY DO WE NEED FORESTS? KEEP WARM

HOW COLD |S IT? TAKE A DEEP BRE/
 UNASCra MPT YC:

HOW WATER ROCKS, WATER FAUCET

| CAUSES EROSION

and
MEASURING
FROST POINTS

CLEANING UP A GRACIELA
BODY OF WATER

USING PLANTS TO
CLEAN THE AIR

LEARNING ABOUT
GEOLOGY

WHAT STORES WANDA THERMOMETER

HEAT THE LONGEST

MEASURING AIR KAHLIL | DIRTY-AIR METER

POLLUTION

MAKING FERTILIZER TANYA GROW LIGHTS

FROM GARBAGE
 what if a

dding Fields to —
a Record
IELD names must be unique and may not be
repeated in the database record. Suppose you
decided to add another equipment field to the data-
base. Can you think ofa way to make a
second equipment field unique?

write it
here
Did you write EQUIPMENT2 or EQUIP2? If
you did, you are absolutely correct! Just
adding the number 2 or changing the
spelling of the field name makes it different.

OHO®
COSHH HSSSHSHHSHSHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Suppose you decided that each booth should have a takeaway gift to
give each person who visits. What gifts might you give? Write ideas to
complete the records below.

exhibit NAMe

SOLAR DISTILLATION

HOW COLD |S IT?

WHY DO WE NEED FORESTS?

TAKE A DEEP BREATH

EXAMINING LOCAL ROCKS | 7

KEEP WARM |
Field Length
ae ARE really learning your way around
the database. To set up your record on-line,
you should know how many characters each
field needs. This is called BiG Geteisem.
If the field length is too long, you will be
wasting space in the record.

You calculate the field length by counting the number of characters in the longest piece of
data you will be entering in that field. The longest piece of data in your SCIENCE THEME field
is “Making Fertilizer from Garbage.” Since that data has 30 characters, the length of the SCI-
ENCE THEME field will be-30 characters. REMEMBER: Spaces count as characters.

“Nowyou
caleulate thefieldlengths for the fields listed below:

0:Painng LocalRocks Dr i | characters

7 Why DoWeNeedForests? ee [| characters

How oa GOW ee a)characters

“TheextiBiT NAME field length|iS i | characters.

e Zachary 2 De Ge ee y characters

ie Graciela. Bo ee G characters

“Richard. ma ee, Te ae Oc) ea io characters

f | one field length is | characters.

; : 9 rocks, water faucet REE OR NE BAI) aOR cgii char
acters

a THenmMOmeren, | voc. :Ue aiayrccidevesiueasccecactade a characters

dae meter a we a characters

The EQUIPMENT field length is ses a characters. |


SCIENCE FATR
scieNce fAir record card
EXHIBIT NAME: How Does Your Garden Grow?
SCIENCE THEME: making fertilizer from garbage
DEMONSTRATOR: Tanya
EQUIPMENT: grow lights
TAKEAWAY GIFT: small bag of fertilizer
Science fair record card |
EXHIBIT NAME: How Cold Is It?
SCIENCE THEME: measuring frost points
DEMONSTRATOR: Richard
EQUIPMENT: thermometer
TAKEAWAY GIFT: thermometer
these ten
records WiLL
be your
databdfe file
“science fair record card
EXHIBIT NAME: Drip, Drip, Drip
SCIENCE THEME: how water causes erosion
DEMONSTRATOR: Zachary ,
EQUIPMENT: rocks, water faucet
_ TAKEAWAY GIFT: eroded rock
science fair record card
EXHIBIT NAME: Examining Local Rocks
SCIENCE THEME: learning about geology
DEMONSTRATOR: Ellen
EQUIPMENT: rocks
TAKEAWAY GIFT: magnifying glass
 orting a
OU HAVE been putting your spelling words into
alphabetical order for years. Did you know that you
were sorting them? Well, you were. You sort things
so that they are easier to find. You know that a word
beginning with da is nearer to the beginning of
a list
than one beginning with do. The alphabetical order
that you have been using is called
ascending alphabetical order. BWesrrelislemutetats
“going up” — you know, from a to z. Then there is
descending alphabetical order. BWEliatemintl <e
a guess what that is? Right again! It means “going
down,” in this case from z to a. eceo5a5un5u50g50a0a0ee
@
De Pare that peed to be sorted @ Now are you ready to put these words into descending @
‘ @ alphabetical order? @
in ascending alphabetical order.
. solar @
erosion e e
@ recycle &
ecology @ @
@ sun
garbage ® m
@ ozone
forest ®
° science
fertilizer - 8
@ pollution
frost g
@ temperature
geology e i
e rock
grow
e thermometer
distill e
® water
deciduous Corer reece ccc ccc llc gp
You are good at this, but you have been practicing for years.
Since you are such a whiz, you will have no trouble sorting your a
SCIENCE FAIR file. Sort your records into ascending alphabetical
order according to the EQUIPMENT field. ay)
 what if d

¥ ueries
é@) sounds like the word question. When
you make a query, you are asking the database
a question. Now that you have entered and
organized your data in the SCIENCE FAIR file,
see if you can answer these queries.

@ FOWNMANYy: EXMIDIES USEC TOCKS? aiite-ccccasccccetensiestecsercentens

& How many exhibits use thermometers? — |

a At which exhibit is Tanya the demonstrator?

@ How many exhibits deal with some

KAMTOHRO NTOOM HOMIE searpecsscis cteees- cone terenass ace tenee tweee ees

What queries can you think of to ask aout yourfile? :

Write Hee in the — below. : oe

it’'fdaqgood _—
It is a good thing that you have all the data
entered into your database. It makes these thing there
questions so much easier to answer. Just dre database
imagine if your file contained 200 records, programs!
instead of just ten!
 rue or False? Read each sentence. Decide whether
it is TRUE or FALSE, and circle your answer.

ep Database software helps you organize and store data.

TRUE alee
es A file is the smallest item of information in a database.

TRUE PALO

@ Each row in your file is a record.

TRUE FALSE
@ A field is a collection of related records.

TRUE FALSE
You can use the field name EQUIPMENT
more than once ina record.

TRUE Poe

You calculate the field length by counting the characters in the

shortest piece of data ina field.

TRUE

Putting words into alphabetical order is one way to

sort them.

TRUE ALOE

These words are in ascending alphabetical order:

plants, rocks, thermometer.

RUE Fee

These names are in descending alphabetical order:

Richard, Tanya, Wanda.

TRUE FALSE

© Queries are questions you ask the database.

TRUE ALOE
 7) preadsheet
Spreadsheets are most commonly used to
make budgets. You are going to use a
Spreadsheet to makea budget for the
Science Fair. Since you have been appointed ; . ent? |
the Science Fair Coordinator, it is your job to i
make sure you have enough money to make
this the best Science Fair your school has
EVER had! |
eel
Pa

Spreadfheetf
chairs work With
banners NUMDbeL
food and drinks
microscopes
tables
lighting
fact sheets }
water distiller |
computers
:
takeaway gifts newsletters

demonstrators All the items that you circled can appear in :

your spreadsheet only if you want to know |
rocks how much each thing costs, how many cf :
each thing you need, or how big or long (
garbage cans something is. ‘
Let's look at the list again. Make sure that
you can answer the question HOW MUCH?
or HOW LONG? or HOW BIG? or HOW
MANY? for each item.

Good Work! Of course, what you need to buy

depends on what things the school can
supply and what items can be donated.

Chairs $0

Microscope rental $100

Snacks for workers $25

Tables $0

Takeaway gifts $100

Did you find it hard to add that long list of

numbers and then subtract? A spreadsheet Juice for workers $20
program can add and subtract instantly and
do a whole lot more calculating for you.
Fact sheets $15

Computers $150
Are these costs for one day? two days? Are
they for one booth? ten booths? Some num-
bers may be for one day, while others are for Banners $10
both days. You need to figure out the cost of
the entire fair, not just one day or one booth.
TOTAL:

It looks as though there are going to be ten

booths, and you can expect about 1,000
visitors over the two days of the fair. Now
that you know the data you want to analyze,
let's see how a spreadsheet works.
 What if d
The Dreadshee
orksheet
su

SPREADSHEET program uses a

to organize data. The worksheet
is made up of and Rows
go across, while columns go up and down.
When the columns and rows are placed on top
of each other, it makes a |SECM oto angTeLt
is formed when a row crosses a column is Here is a simple grid made up of four
; columns and four rows. Label the shaded
reels area that is the calumn, the row, the cell.

A worksheet grid usually has more than four

columns and four rows. It can have hundreds
GD of columns and rows. That all depends on
how much numerical data you have to put
into your spreadsheet.
You have really worked hard on the Science Fair. You've found all the
equipment that is needed for each booth and checked on what sup-
plies the school will donate to the fair. Here is your worksheet to plan
the budget for the fair.

EQUIPMENT UNIT COST

x
NUMBER
L
TOTAL COST
NEEDED

Computer $350
Rental

$125

Tpeaoneres $50

ee Soil O1

Seconds $100

Fruit Bars G2,.50 $12.50

(per dozen)

Juice Bottles i | $50

vate
aEel
A TOTAL

@ How many rows does this

> Put the missing column letters and row numbers
WOrkShEet NAVE? oneeeessseseeeseen wo
in the boxes on the worksheet.

oe How many columns does A spreadsheet can easily calculate total costs.
AM ce ass sanatharintonven
Add up column D to find out the total cost of the fair.
Notice that each column of the worksheet Write the total in the correct cell in column D.
has a letter at the top. The first column is
labeled A. The second column is labeled B. © Would you add up the total in column C? Why or why not? EP
Each row has a number at the left side of the
worksheet. The first row is row 1, the second
row is row 2, and so on.
 what ifPepreadshecl masse

ell Addresses
HE Qeoieeveletussce in the worksheet tells you
Notice that, if there are more than 26
which cell you are working with or talking columns in a worksheet, the column letters
double up after column Z. Let's practice.
about. It is made up of the column letter and
the row number put together. Cell addresses a
a
look like this: A4, B11, C15, XX102. WY les

You just got word from the local copy shop that they can Al
print the newsletters, fliers, and fact sheets on neon-col-
ored paper for a very reasonable price. You are also going = B12
to get the takeaway gifts from a local store. You decide to
add these expenses to your budget. Use cell addresses to
answer these questions about this worksheet. 3 Z100

a OG 2 wg
rt| EQUIPMENT UNIT | NUMBER} TOTAL
COST | NEEDED | COST 5| LL256

a Computer Rental $350

EH Microscopes $125 Circle the two cell addresses above that

: $50 come after column Z.

O1 © Which cet has the unit cost of

computer rental for the fair? ............... 8
Oo Seedlings 100 Oo Oo ©
, Which cell has the total cost :
yf Fruit Bars $2.50 $12.50 of seedlings for the fair? eee -
per dozen
re) Which cell has the number ofjuice }
Juice Bottles $50 0 bottles you are planning to buy?.......
Gg Takeaway Gifts | $0.20 |1,000 $200
& Which cell has the word
Be} Fliers $0.03 12,000 | $6 = hermometers”2.5.0
as eee :
AT Newsletters $0.03 |1,000 | $30 © which cell has the words
12 Fact Sheets $0.03 |\10*1,000| $400 sbact Sheets?) 26,.c0cicecneieeees

Ej to Soe
t
 abels and Values
‘+ YOU can see, you put words and
numerals into the cells of the worksheet.
Words are called and numerals are
called SUE oreo moO martmaalc
values mean.

Put V next to each value below and L next to each label

ae -
rind& Cell< Frat ney
OG : ew LEP a ate

FA microscope fF] 12 Write their cell ad aae

Ee} fifty Ee) Zs

| garbage fe] rocks @ Find 5 cells that have values in them.

Nitta * an «- ne
VUFiCe
4 “a
tne fa
Ces) acaresses
‘or wr
Here

Ee 1,000 Gi] one thousand

| -_ s MCP MU eee

Orrmnu a ahions are addition. subtric tion

TIC ee
Spreadsheets use symbols called
UTI MSA MEM i aime itila@iiPiti es
to tell the computer to perform a
mathematical operation. The symbols are on the AUC ale BTiTL
keys below. (You have to use the shift key to key
the symbol.) Can you figure out which symbol is for
which operation? Write the name of the operation Did you notice that the arithmetic operators
next to each key. for addition and subtraction are the came 2s
7 Ue
yinen You WFpte e *ne
De reat
ia Freurrr
s s
2 7

a
-
tf the aritnrmetic onerstans 70" mm
. , ~ & - ws - “w 3 -“ - a

2
1a fe
-

--

Q
fo ere Corre ofr re “er oor c rere
, , we af ys? -

OOOO
DBBB
 what if EE
Spreadsheets can use [igultleey to calculate values in cells.
This capability makes a spreadsheet very powerful. Look at the
worksheet on page 58. There is a formula in cell C12. It is 10*1000. .
This tells the spreadsheet that there are 10 booths, each with a dif-
ferent fact sheet and you need 1,000 fact sheets for each booth.
So how many fact sheets in =
all do you need? ...... Formulas can be used to add the values in several cells, to subtract a
value in one cell from that in another cell, or to multiply or divide the
values in one or more cells.

Here is your budget worksheet again.

; EQUIPMENT | UNIT |NUMBER| | TO TAL There is some more data in your work-
sheet to help you plan. And this time you
COST ©

=
COST— NEEDED can see the formulas that were used to
get the answers.
ComputerRental

Microscopes
[$25 The Science Fair budget spreadsheet
uses many formulas. Explain what each
Thermometers formula figures out. The first one is done
for you.
| Fotting Soil
Seedlings
& D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D7+D8+D9+
ee Bare
(per dozen) D10+D11+D12

Juice Bottles le lop Total expenses for the fair.

Takeaway Gifts ey B8 C8
Fliers epee e
Newsletters © 14-013
‘Fact hecee

eae
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as
ae
aS
©il TOTAL D24D34D44
D5+D6+D7+
© B4+C4

D8+D9+D10+
DileDI2 Ga What do you think will happen if you
change the number of booths to 15?

A MONEY
COLLECTED ©
15 MONEY LEFT aes Oo What cells would be affected?
NUMBER
OF BOOTHS
 Vhat if...?
by . tHINk of
a read : four More?
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What if we added an 11th booth? How would that affect our budget?

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ormatting Cells
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IF THE VALUE THE
IN A CELL FORMAT
LOOKS LIKE: 1S:
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Spreadsheets have many different types of $45.00

Ft taluesome sreadtnces
een 99%, iy?
you pick colors for different cells.
 What if d eee a nen

unctions
eo how you calculated the total
costs? You had to use the formula |
D2+D3+D4+D5+D64+D7+D84+D9+D10+D11+D12.
Keying in all those cell addresses can take a
long time, and you could make mistakes.
Imagine if you had to add up all the cells in 100
rows! Spreadsheets have built-in formulas that
do all types of calculations automatically. These
Pinemeriitsem functions.

Different spreadsheets have different ways of keying in

the functions. Basically, they are all quite similar.
Instead of keying in D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D7+D8+D9+
D10+D11+D12, you can key in SUM(D2..D12). This tells
your spreadsheet to find the SUM of (or add up) all the
cells from D2 to D12.
a The AVG or AVERAGE function will find the
average value in a group of cells. What do
you think the function AVG(F10..F20) in a
spreadsheet does?

6) Can you think of two other functions that

might be useful in a spreadsheet program? —

and

© What do you think these two functions do:

MAX(A1..A10)

MIN(A1..A10) i
 fata as Pictures:
Graphing
PREADSHEETS let you see your numerical
data as pictures. Spreadsheets can create circle
graphs, bar graphs, and line graphs.

Line graphs are used to show trends or 400

change over time. Do you think that a line
graph would be a good graph for 350
VOUT, Talika al discscages ba ct pean
300 F
Bar graphs are used to compare values. The 250
bigger the value, the bigger the bar. Do you
think that a bar graph would be 200 F
Goodsfor this data’), <5. rae, :
150F
Here is a bar graph comparing the costs for
the three types of special equipment: 100
Computers, Thermometers, and Microscopes. 50

Which is the biggest bar?

"Thermometers Microscopes - Computer
Rental
Which is the smallest bar?

Circle graphs compare values by showing

Fact Sheets Computer Rental what percentage each value is of the whole.
(23.4%) (27.3%) Each part of the circle represents a value in
your data. The whole circle is 100%. So you
could find out what percent of your total
costs is going to fruit bars.

Newsletters Fruit Bars Which is the biggest piece?

(2.3%) (1 .0%)

Microscopes Which is the smallest piece?

(9.7%)
oN How many pieces are there?
Fliers Thermometers
(4.7%) (3.9%) What percent is going to fruit bars? Yo
Potting g Soil LP
Takeaway Gifts
(15.6%) Juice Bottles Seedlings (0.4%)
(3.9%) (7.8%)
Use the letter of each term at the right to @ cell © formula © value
label the spreadsheet below.
© row 6 format for currency © total costs

rc) column o label

7 Gh... fl...
EQUIPMENT ) | | NUMBER| TOTAL
COST | NEEDED > cost.
comssei|
Computer Rental ee

Teafer ee

Potting Soil
Seedlings
- Fruit Bars
_ (per dozen)
|\@ore ye
Juice Potties — a
l

oc
in
2)
Takeaway Gifts tee

Fliers | 002 |
1000

2000 2 || etocio
Newsletters [ss To — BIRCH
Fact Sheets $008
30.02)
| $0.
| J y see
AETOTAL - D2+D3+D4+
D5+D6+D7+
|D8+D94DI0+—
Die
CD-ROM (Compact Disk, Read-only mem-
ory): A read-only disk that stores large
amounts of data to be used by a computer.
Cell address: The column letter and row
number that identifies where a cell is in a
worksheet.
Clip art: Collections of pictures and designs
that can be imported, or brought, by special
software into a word processing or desktop
publishing document.
Computer: A problem-solving machine that
stores, processes, and outputs information.
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The micro-
chip inside the computer that processes
information.
Cursor: A small line, box, or picture on the
screen that tells you where your next letter,
number, or symbol will appear.
Database: A software tool for storing and
organizing data.
Desktop publishing: A software tool for
creating, formatting, and printing documents
with words and graphics.
Field: The smallest piece of information ina
database.
File: A collection of related records ina
database.
Floppy disk: A thin plastic removable 51/4"
or 31/2" storage device for programs and
data.
Format: The way a spreadsheet displays a
number in a worksheet; $40.00 is in the
currency format.
Function: A built-in formula in a spread-
sheet; for example, the SUM function finds
totals.
Graphics: Designs and pictures created and
used by a computer.
Hard disk: A computer storage device that
is permanently placed inside a computer to
store a large number of programs and files.
Hardware: The parts of a computer that you
can touch.
Indent: In word processing, a way to set a
paragraph, or its first line, in or back from
the margin.
Input: The information you give to a com-
puter.
Justification: In word processing, a way to
line up words along the right, left, or both
margins.
Keyboard: The part of a computer that you
use to input information by pressing letter,
number, and symbol keys.
Monitor: The TV-like screen that lets you see
your computer output.
Mouse: A hand-controlled input device that
rolls on a desk or pad. It moves the cursor
around the screen.
Output: The results that a computer puts out
after processing information.
Printer: A machine that creates a hard, or
printed, copy of the computer output on
paper.
Processing: What a computer does to the
information you give it.
Query: A question you ask a database to find
out specific information about the data.
Record: A row ina database that contains all
the fields about one unique item.
Software: The programs that tell a comp-
uter what to do.
Sort: To organize the records in a database
in a particular order.
Spreadsheet: A software tool for analyzing
and organizing numerical data.
Word processing: A software tool! for
creating text documents.
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