Assignment: May 11, 2023 - Write your answer on your notebook.

Lesson 4.2 Research Terminologies

What is Research?

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and
analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional
fields and academic disciplines.

Research is conducted to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework; to assemble a body of
substantive knowledge and findings for sharing them in appropriate manners; and to generate questions for further inquiries.
As a Grade 10 student, you are expected to create basic research. But before planning and coming up with the different parts
of your study, it is just appropriate to be familiar with some of the used terms in research writing. Although some terms you
will meet while researching are not listed below, these jargons are likewise the common and useful ones to know and learn
beforehand. Through this, you will become ready once you finally use them as you investigate for some problems or issues of
your interest.

TERM DEFINITION

abstract A brief overview of a research study

Applied Research Conducted to generate knowledge that influences or improves practice

Basic Research Research that tests theories

Conceptual Definition A variable, such as anxiety, may be defined as a feeling of uneasiness

concepts The building blocks of theories

constitutive definition The basic, dictionary meaning

Control group In experiments, the one that does not get the treatment

Correlational study A type of research design that depicts a relationship between variables, but not necessarily one of cause -effect

data Information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.

Delimitations It addresses how the study will be narrowed in scope.

Dependent variable The concept that the researcher is most interested in understanding

Descriptive study Research design that describes “what is” e.g. a survey
 experiment A research design used to find “cause-effect” relationships the “effect of…on…”

Experimental Group The one that gets the treatment

External validity How generalizable the results are as it concerns other populations and locations

extraneous Variables that may influence or contaminate the data

heterogeneous Groups under study are very different or varied.

homogeneous Groups that are very similar

Independent variable The concept being studied that usually indicates the influence or cause; the one that the researcher is
manipulating

hypothesis A statement written by the researcher that states the relationship among or between variables

Inductive Reasoning The basis for the qualitative research approach

Deductive Reasoning Depends on premises and is the basis for the quantitative research approach

Internal validity The extent to which a study measures what it is supposed to measure (accuracy within a study)

Introduction Establishes the scope, context and significance of the research to be conducted.

Limitations identify potential weaknesses of the study.

Measures of Averages e.g. the mean)

central
tendency

mean The arithmetic average

median The middle where half the scores fall above, half below, eliminates the influence of outliers

Methodology Systematic approach to the conduct of a process. It includes steps of procedure, application of techniques, systems
of analysis, and the modes of inquiry employed by a discipline.

mode The score that occurs the most

Null Hypothesis The proposition, to be tested statistically, that the experimental intervention has "no effect," meaning that the treatment
and control groups will not differ as a result of the intervention. Investigators usually hope that the data will
demonstrate some effect from the intervention, thus allowing the investigator to reject the null hypothesis.

Operational definition How a term is used in a study

Participant Also called respondents, their characteristics and responses are the object of study in research

IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING

ACTIVITIES

TERM DEFINITION

Principle investigator The person who oversees a research

population the target group under investigation. The population is the entire set under consideration. Samples are
drawn from populations
 Purpose of the study specific research aims and objectives for the research.

random By chance

Qualitative Research Trying to verify or generate descriptive theory that is grounded in the data gleaned from the investigation
(naturalistic).

Quantitative Answer a specific research question by showing statistical evidence that the data may be addressed in a particular
Research way (experimental).

Questionnaire Structured sets of questions on specified subjects that are used to gather information.

Random sample Everybody has the same chance of being assigned to any group.

Research A systematic, objective way to generate facts

Research design The method for finding out what the researcher wants to know, experiment, and correlate…

Research The method of research design (paradigm as well as statistics and analysis) as well as the approximate timeline
Methodology for completion of the study.

Relationship The bond or connection between two variables

sample A smaller group that represents population of interest

Significance of the It is written as part of the introduction section of a thesis. It provides details to the reader on how the study will
Study contribute such as what the study will contribute and who will benefit from it.

Standard deviation A measure of spread; the average deviation of a group of scores from the mean

Statement of the Part of the introduction which enumerates the research questions which the study sought to answer.
problem

Statistical Analysis Application of statistical processes and theory to the compilation, presentation, discussion, and interpretation of
numerical data.

Statistical An important finding that did not likely happen by chance

significance

Statistics Mathematical tools based on the normal curve used to analyze data; it must match with research designs

T-score A standard score on the normal curve where the mean is assigned “50” deviations of “10”. Allows more simple
interpretation of student achievement

subject The people who are being studied

T-test A parametric statistical tool that compares differences between the means of two groups: assumptions for use
include normal distribution and at least interval data

theory An generalization that presents a representation about relationships among phenomena

validity Accuracy, the extent to which a test or study measures what it is supposed to measure

variable A quality of interest or concepts that can be manipulated, observed or studied

SEATWORK May 11, 2023 Thursday - Activity 1: What’s the Term?

Direction: Distinguish the research terms being asked in each item.
_______________________ 1. The people who are being studied in a research
_______________________ 2. Accuracy, the extent to which a test or study measures what it is supposed to
measure.
_______________________ 3. Everybody has the same chance of being assigned to any group.
_______________________ 4. A measure of spread; the average deviation of a group of scores from the mean
_______________________ 5. Mathematical tools based on the normal curve used to analyze data
_______________________ 6. An important finding that did not likely happen by chance
_______________________ 7. The method for finding out what the researcher wants to know, experiment, or
correlate.
_______________________ 8. A quality of interest that can be manipulated, observed or studied
_______________________ 9. A smaller group that represents population of interest _______________________
10. Uses data that has numerical representation or values

MAY 12, 2023 FRIDAY - ASYNCHRONOUS TASK: What is Research?

Direction: Determine further the meaning and function of research by reading the paragraphs below.

When researchers are interested in examining a problem using a scientific approach, it is said that they
are doing a (1.) _________________. The people who are being studied are called (2.)
_________________. The person who oversees the research is called the (3.) _________________
investigator. The building blocks of theories are called (4.) _________________.

An abstract generalization that presents a systematic representation about relationships among

phenomena is called a (5.) _________________. The concepts that are studied are called (6.)
_________________. The concept that is being studied that usually that usually indicates the influence or cause
is called the (7.) _________________ variable. The concept that the researcher is most interested in
understanding is called the (8.) _________________ variable. Variables that may influence or contaminate the
data are called (9.) _________________ variables. If the group that is being studied is very different or varied,
the group is said to be (10.) _________________ while groups that are very similar are called (11.)
_________________ groups. When studying variables, definitions must be clarified. A variable such as anxiety
may be defined as a feeling of uneasiness; this is called a (12.) _________________ definition. To measure
anxiety, the State-Traite Anxiety Scale might be used.

A (13.) _________________ is a statement written by the researcher that states the relationship among
or between variables. There are two major categories for research designs. One design, the (14.)
_________________ approach uses data that has numerical representation or values. The second design, (15.)
_________________, uses narrative data. (16.) _________________ reasoning is the basis for quantitative
approach. The bond or connection between two variables is called a (17.) _________________. Research that is
conducted to generate knowledge that influences or improves practice is called (18.)
_________________research. Research that tests theories is known as (19.) _________________ research.