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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
MINNA

EET219
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

Prescribed Book:
B.L. THERAJA and A. K. Theraja, A
Textbook Of Electrical Tech. Vol. 1 Basic
Electrical Engineering

Dr. C. Alenoghena, Dr ‘Ayo IMORU, Dr A Daniyan,

Engr Odianosen E Okosun & Engr. K. E. Jack

Course Synopsis (2)

PART-II
• Electrostatics, Magnetism & Electromagnetism.
• A.C. signals: generation, parameters. Effect of a.c.
signals on resistor, capacitor and inductor. RC, RL,
LC and RLC circuits with d.c. input (transient
analysis).
• Batteries: Primary cells (Zn-C, alkaline, mercury,
fuel cells). Secondary cells (e.g. lead-acid),
connection of cells (series, parallel, series-parallel).

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Lecture 6

Electrostatics and Magnetism

-Electric Fields
- Electrostatics (Coulomb’s Law,
Capacitors)
- Magnets and Magnetism
- Capacitors

Electric Fields
• The space surrounding a charge can be
investigated using a small charged body.
• This investigation is similar to that applied to
the magnetic field surrounding a current-
carrying conductor.
• However, in this case the charged body is
either attracted or repelled by the charge
Electric field about an
under investigation.
isolated spherical charge
• The space in which this effect can be
observed is termed the electric field of the
charge and the force on the charged body is
the electric force.

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Electrostatics
• Study of electric charges at rest
• The electrostatic phenomenon arise from the
forces that electric charges exert on each other
• These forces are described by Coulomb's Law
• Electrostatics involves the build up of charge on
the surface of objects due to contact with other
surfaces
• These charges remain on the object until they
either
o bleed off to ground or
o Are quickly neutralized by a discharge (e.g. static shock)

Electrostatics

A typical field pattern for an Field pattern for adjacent charges

isolated point charge. of opposite polarity.

Electric lines of force (electric flux lines)

• Are continuous and start and finish on point charges
• They cannot cross each other.
• When a charged body is placed close to an uncharged body, an induced
charge of opposite sign appears on the surface of the uncharged body.

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Electrostatics
• Coulomb’s law :
The magnitude of the electrostatic force of
attraction or repulsion between two point
charges is proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of their charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
them

Coulomb’s law
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• F is magnitude of the electrostatic force
• q1 and q2 are the charges,
• r is the distance between them, and
• k is the proportionality constant (k = 9.0 × 109
N · m2/C2 or 8.99 × 109 )

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Capacitors
• a capacitor consists of two plates which are
separated by an insulating material known as a
dielectric.
• A capacitor has the ability to store a quantity of
static electricity..

Capacitance
• The property of this pair of plates which
determines how much charge corresponds to a
given p.d. between the plates

• The charge Q stored in a capacitor is given by:

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Energy Stored in Capacitors

• The energy, W, stored by a capacitor is given by

Types of Capacitor
1. Variable air capacitors. Used in radio and electronic circuits. The
maximum value of such capacitors is between 500 pF and 1000 pF.
2. Mica capacitors. Capacitance is stable and less likely to change with
age. used in high frequency circuits with fixed values of capacitance
up to about 1000 pF.
3. Paper capacitors. Maximum value between 500 pF and 10 µF.
Disadvantages of paper capacitors include variation in capacitance
with temperature change and a shorter service life than most other
types of capacitor.
4. Plastic capacitors. Very long service life and high reliability.

5. Electrolytic capacitors: must always be used on d.c. and must be

connected with the correct polarity.

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Magnet
A permanent magnet is a piece of ferromagnetic
material (such as iron, nickel or cobalt) which has
properties of attracting other pieces of these
materials.

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Magnetic Circuits
Magnets have many varied practical applications.
• motors and generators,
• telephones,
• relays,
• loudspeakers,
• computer hard drives and floppy disks,
• anti-lock brakes,
• electronic ignition systems, etc

• Magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field

(or the number of lines of force) produced by a
magnetic source (weber, Wb)
• Magnetic flux density is the amount of flux
passing through a defined area that is
perpendicular to the direction of the flux:

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• Magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) is the cause of the

existence of a magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit.

• Magnetic field strength (or magnetising

force),

• Reluctance S (or RM) is the ‘magnetic resistance’ of a

magnetic circuit to the presence of magnetic flux.

Permeability and B–H curves

The ratio of magnetic flux density to
magnetising force is a constant, called
permeability of free space

for air, or any non-magnetic medium, the ratio

Where µr is the relative permeability

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Hysteresis and Hysteresis Loss

Hysteresis loop-
Path showing the relationship between B and
H of a material through the process of
magnetization and demagnetization.

Hysteresis loss -
• The energy loss associated with hysteresis.
• It is proportional to the area of the hysteresis
loop.
• This energy appears as heat and is caused by a
disturbance in the alignment of the domains of
the ferromagnetic material
• The area of a hysteresis loop varies with the
type of material.
• he area, and thus the energy loss, is much
greater for hard materials than for soft
materials.

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