Ultrasonic Examination

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS
Ultrasonic Examinations
PTS 15.30.02
January 2017
© 2017 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.
43.243.140.82 rairlangga@toyo-eng.com rairlangga@toyo-eng.com 07/13/2020 06:37:39 GMT

PTS 15.30.02
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATIONS January 2017
Page 2 of 58
FOREWORD
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.
Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.
In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.
PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.
The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to
PETRONAS that this requirement is met.

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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 6
SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 6
GLOsSARY OF TERM........................................................................................................ 6
SUMMARY OF CHANGES ................................................................................................ 8
2.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................... 9
GENERAL ......................................................................................................................... 9
3.0 UT EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................... 10
UT SET ........................................................................................................................... 10
ULTRASONIC PROBES ................................................................................................... 11
CALIBRATION BLOCKS................................................................................................... 11
COUPLANT .................................................................................................................... 12
4.0 UT PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................... 13
GENERAL REQUIREMENT.............................................................................................. 13
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................... 13
TRANSFER METHOD ..................................................................................................... 14
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTOR (tcf) .................................................................. 15
5.0 UT OF WELDS .................................................................................................................. 16
SCANNING TO CHECK FOR LAMINATION ..................................................................... 16
SCANNING OF WELD ROOT .......................................................................................... 16
EXAMINATION OF WELD REPAIRS ................................................................................ 18
6.0 UT PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS ..................................................................................... 19
REQUIRED PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS .................................................................... 19
7.0 UT REPORTING ................................................................................................................ 20
REPORTING REQUIREMENT.......................................................................................... 20
8.0 PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC TESTING (PAUT) .................................................................. 21
SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 21
ESSENTIAL VARIABLES FOR PAUT ................................................................................. 21
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT ......................................................................................... 21
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 22
EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................................. 22
SURFACE PREPARATION ............................................................................................... 25
EXAMINATION COVERAGE ........................................................................................... 25
EVALUATION................................................................................................................. 26

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ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA ................................................................................................. 26

EXAMINATION RECORDS .............................................................................................. 27
REPORTING ................................................................................................................... 28
9.0 TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD) .............................................................................. 29
SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 29
RESTRICTION................................................................................................................. 29
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT ......................................................................................... 30
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 30
EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................................. 31
SURFACE PREPARATION ............................................................................................... 33
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE ......................................................................................... 33
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA ................................................................................................. 34
EXAMINATION RECORDS .............................................................................................. 34
REPORTING ................................................................................................................... 35
10.0 ULTRASONIC TEST THICKNESS GAUGING (UTTG)............................................................... 36
SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 36
PRINCIPLE ..................................................................................................................... 36
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................ 37
QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL................................................................................... 37
UTTG TEST EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................... 37
PROBE ........................................................................................................................... 37
COUPLANT .................................................................................................................... 37
REFERENCE AND TEST BLOCKS ..................................................................................... 38
SELECTION OF UTTG EQUIPMENT ................................................................................ 38
SOUND GENERATION ................................................................................................... 39
TEST OBJECT ................................................................................................................. 39
HIGH TEMPERATURE .................................................................................................... 39
CURVATURE .................................................................................................................. 39
SURFACE CONDITION ................................................................................................... 39
COATING ....................................................................................................................... 40
CORRODED SURFACE.................................................................................................... 40
LOCATION ..................................................................................................................... 40
CLADDING ..................................................................................................................... 41
APPROXIMATION OF SOUND travel speed IN MATERIALS ........................................... 41

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11.0 AUDIT ............................................................................................................................. 42

12.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 43
APPENDIX 1: CONTRACTORS EQUIPMENT ................................................................................... 44
APPENDIX 2: ROUTINE OPERATOR CHECKS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ULTRASONIC FLAW
DETECTORS ONLY....................................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX 3: TYPE OF PAUT PROBE............................................................................................. 47
APPENDIX 4: GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR BLIND (MOCK UP) TEST OF PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC
TESTING (PAUT) AND TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD) OPERATORS AND INTERPRETERS. .... 48
APPENDIX 5: PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC TESTING (PAUT) AND TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION
(TOFD) AUDIT SCOPE .................................................................................................................. 53
APPENDIX 6: GUIDELINE FOR APPLICATION OF PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC TESTING (PAUT) OR
TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD) FOR WELDING WORKS AT PETRONAS PREMISES ............... 55

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This PTS provides the minimum technical requirement for ultrasonic examination of welds and
material thickness gauging in equipment and piping systems for upstream and downstream
facilities.
SCOPE
1.1.1 This PTS covers equipment specifications, techniques/methods and personnel qualification
for manual Ultrasonic Examination during welding, material receiving, fabrication,
construction, and in service inspection of static equipment, piping, storage tanks, pipeline and
structure.
1.1.2 This scope also includes wall thickness determination of the equipment and piping.
1.1.3 This PTS also includes general requirement for Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) and
Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD). Only these 2 techniques are regulated in this PTS.
1.1.4 AUT multi probes shall not be used in company premises.
GLOSSARY OF TERM
General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations
Refer to PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & Reading Guide PTS
00.01.03 for General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations.
Specific Definition of Terms
No Term Definition
1 A-Scan A method of data presentation utilizing a

horizontal baseline that indicates distance, or
time and a vertical deflection from the baseline
which indicates amplitude.
2 B-Scan A means of ultrasonic data presentations which

displays a cross section of the specimen
indicating the approximate length (as detected
per scan) of reflectors and their relative
positions.
3 C-Scan An ultrasonic data presentation which provides

a plan view of the test object, and
discontinuities therein.
4 D-Scan An ultrasonic data presentation which provides

an end view of the specimen indicating
approximate width (as detected per scan) of
reflectors and their relative positions.

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No Term Definition
5 E-Scan The same focal law is multiplexed across a

group of active elements, electronic raster
scanning is performed at a constant angle (fixed
angle) and along the phased array probe length.
This is equivalent to a conventional ultrasonic
probe performing a raster scan. It is also called
electronic scanning.
6 S-Scan May refer either to the beam movement or the

data display. Beam movement is the set of focal
laws that provides a fan-like series (sweeping
multiple angle) of beams through a defined
range of angles using the same set of elements.
It is also called Sector, Sectorial, or Azimuthal
scan.
7 Written Practice Detailed certification procedure for the control

and administration of NDE personnel
Table 1.1 : Specific Definition of Terms
Specific Abbreviations
No Abbreviation Description
1 ACCP ASNT Central Certification Program
2 AUT System that only utilizes PAUT, TOFD or

combination of both.
3 CSWIP Certification Scheme for Welding and Inspection
Personnel
4 ECA Engineering Critical Analysis
5 EMAT Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer
6 FSH Full Screen Height
7 HAZ Heat Affected Zone
8 IOW Institute of Welding
9 IRIS Internal Rotary Inspection System
10 JPK Jabatan Pembangunan Kemahiran
11 NDE Non-destructive Examination

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No Abbreviation Description
12 PAUT Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing
13 PCN Personnel Certification in NDT
14 PCS Probe Centre Spacing
15 POD Probability of Detection
16 SAFT Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique
17 SAW Submerge Arc Welding
18 TOFD Time of Flight Diffraction
19 UT Manual Ultrasonic Examinations (MUT) or

Encoded Manual Ultrasonic Examinations
(EMUT) – a technique of ultrasonic examination
performed with search units that are
manipulated by hand without the aid of any
mechanical guidance system.
20 UTTG Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge
Table 1.2: Specific Abbreviation
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
This PTS 15.30.02(January 2017) replaces PTS 15.30.02 (December 2015).

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2.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL
All work shall be in accordance with approved standards as required by the Owner.
All ultrasonic equipment and accessories as listed in Appendix 1 shall be supplied by

Contractor
Contractor shall make available sufficient spare equipment in order to be able to replace any
item immediately and to avoid any disruption of the work program.
Owner may require periodic demonstration of Contractor’s personnel to demonstrate to the

Owner’s satisfaction that a high standard of quality and integrity is being maintained in the
field. Additionally, they may also require to demonstrate their proficiency in their task
regardless of personal qualification
Any presence of anomalies if found may be detrimental to personnel safety and component’s
performance shall not be accepted regardless of Contractor’s conclusion.

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3.0 UT EQUIPMENT
UT SET
UT pulsed reflection system generating frequencies of 0.5-10 MHz shall be used for flaw
detection
Rectified ‘A’ scan display shall be used for flaw detection. The trace shall be well defined,
legible and associated with permanent graticule scale markings covering both range and
amplitude.
The UT apparatus shall have the following properties:

i. To be able to transmit high amplitude sound
ii. To produce a short duration pulse for high resolution
iii. A calibrated attenuator with steps not greater than 2 dB.
UT flaw detectors shall have overall performance complying with minimum requirements
prior to field use and at a specified intervals thereafter as per specified in Appendix 2.
UT equipment performance shall be documented prior to commencement of an ultrasonic

examination work and submitted at specified intervals thereafter as per specified by Owner.
UT equipment shall have both single & double transducer functions.
UT flaw detector model shall have a flat screen which can be viewed at varying angles &
distance without distortion of the time base.

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ULTRASONIC PROBES
Visual inspection of the probes shall be made prior to use to ensure it is free from mechanical
damage & excessive shoe wear.
A straight edge checked across the centre of the probe successively in two mutually
perpendicular directions shall be made to ensure probe’s shoe flatness. Lightly rubbing with a
fine sandpaper may be used to remove minor concavity or convexity. Special purpose probes
that are specifically contoured to compliment the component test surface do not require this
treatment.
ASME V Article 4 Part III-432.1 British Standard 4331 Part 3 shall be used on all UT probes to
check and monitor for consistency, performance and integrity.
Probes shall be calibrated properly so that internal noise produced will not interfere with the
interpretation of results at the working sensitivity used during the examination.
Plotting of accurate beam profiles shall use the IIW (International Institute of Welding) Beam
Profile Block or suitable equivalent as follows:
i. For shear wave angle probes, in a vertical plane only
ii. For twin crystal 0° compression wave probes, the index point of emission of the beam
profile axis shall be at 90° to the transmit/receive crystal interface.
The index point and beam angle for all probes shall be checked before each individual
inspection and prior to plotting of reflectors. The beam profile shall be re-adjusted when a
deviation of 1° or greater from the original angle of refraction, by re-plotting using appropriate
calibration block.
CALIBRATION BLOCKS
The following Calibration Blocks shall be available:

i. IIW V1 Calibration Block
ii. IIW V2 Calibration Block
iii. Calibration blocks according to the specified code.
Fabrication of Calibration Blocks shall be made from the following:

i. An off cut of the construction material that has undergone similar treatment of
which the component is to be inspected; or
ii. Material which is of similar metallurgical structure and the same or the equivalent of the
P- number (ASME) grouping of the finished component.
Materials for Calibration Blocks shall be similar in its acoustic attenuation properties to the
material to be inspected. The grain size, heat treat condition, physical and chemical
composition, surface finish and manufacturing procedure (rolling forging, etc.) are variables
to be accounted in matching acoustic responses.

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Manufacturing of Calibration Blocks shall be in accordance with the relevant section of the
reference code or as specified by Owner in order to be representative of the geometry of the
component to be examined.
All Calibration Blocks shall be free of rejectable surface irregularities. The scanning surfaces
shall be prepared to a smooth finish.
Material for the Calibration Block shall be fully examined in all directions with a straight beam
search unit. Materials that contain reflectors which exceed the remaining backwall reflection
shall be rejected.
COUPLANT
A suitable non corrosive couplant shall be used throughout the examination.
The same type of couplant shall be used for UT examination of components that was used
during the sensitivity calibration to ensure consistency of the rest result.

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4.0 UT PROCEDURE
GENERAL REQUIREMENT
Site specific written UT procedure shall be submitted for approval by Owner prior to
commencement of the UT work. The UT procedure shall cover all possible configurations.
All UT shall be conducted at ambient temperature. Temperature Correction Factor (TCF) as

per Section 4.4 shall be used to correct readings from measurement conducted above 65˚C.
Should UT was conducted to a different testing procedure, Owner reserves the right to
demand re-inspection of the component at Contractor’s cost. This is applicable if the
examination technique applied deemed to be inadequate.
The applicable reference code as specified by Owner shall be used when scanning sensitivities
and technical information are not addressed in this procedure. Reference codes will be used
as a supplementary to this specification and not vice versa.
Accept/reject parameters will be according to the reference code.
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT
Sizing of defects shall be as follows:

i. For cross-sectional face width using the 20 dB drop technique, the maximum
amplitude technique or a combination of both shall be used.
ii. For length and height flaws sizing, 6 dB drop technique should be applied (half intensity
drop).
iii. Critical factor which influence amplitude when using the 6 dB drop method shall be
considered to prevent any misinterpretation. The following factors shall be considered
before concluding that amplitude is dropping due to the beam is scanning past the end of
the defects:-
a) Area of defect surface: The defect may taper in section giving a reduction
in cross-sectional area within the beam. If this is enough to drop the signal
by 6 dB, the defect cut-off point could be plotted well before the true end
of the defect.
b) Orientation: The defect may vary considerably in orientation from point
where maximised response is received as per specified in Section 5.2.3
c) Range: There may be dog-leg in the run of the defect, putting part of its
length in an unfavourable position (See para 4.6).
d) Probe Rotation: Inadvertently twisting the probe during scanning may
lead to a false result.
e) Change in surface roughness or couplant may alter intensity of
transmitted sound. If measured surface roughness significantly defer
from calibration surface roughness, the resultant transfer loss shall be
compensated to maintain the measurement accuracy. The same type of
couplant (property and viscosity) shall be used during calibration and
actual testing.

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Evaluation and assessment of indications shall be conducted (where possible) as follows:
i. Lateral Scan: Scanning motion parallel to the indication at 90° to it, for evaluation
and length (6 dB drop)
ii. Transverse Scan: Probe movement forward and back at 90° to the reflector axis
i.e. zig-zag pattern for evaluation and cross-sectional dimensions (20 dB drop and
maximum amplitude).
iii. Rotational Scan: The probe is rotated about its axis by about 60° in each direction
for defect echo evaluation.
iv. Orbital Scan: The probe is orbited at a constant radius from the indication for
evaluation.
Reflectors shall be sized using those probes which receive the optimum response. If necessary,
the defect will be plotted with more than one probe to accurately position and size cross-
sectional width and length of reflector.
The surface finish of the scanning area shall be conditioned in a proper manner, i.e. shall be
free from surface irregularities, grit, corrosion product (scale), etc. That would interfere with
free movement of the probe or impair the transmission of UT beam. Maintaining good
transducer contact throughout the testing is essential for UT.
TRANSFER METHOD
Transfer methods are used to correlate the responses from the basic reference block and from
the component. Transfer is accomplished by noting the difference between responses
received from a standard reflector in the basic reference block and an equivalent reflector in
the component and correcting for the difference.
Transfer values will not be necessary in instances where an off-cut of the material, as specified
in Section 3.3.2 (i), is used as a reference block. However the reference block may only be
representative at one stage of manufacture. If the component is further treated and then
submitted for further UT a transfer value must be obtained.
Transducers of the following frequency range shall be employed:

i. For generating compression waves (0°) in the material, probes in the frequency
range 1 - 5 MHz shall be used.
ii. For generating shear waves in the material, probes in the frequency range 2-6
MHz shall be used. Selection of probe frequency with transducer diameter and
probe type i.e. single or twin crystal shall be governed by the component
characteristics in order to obtain optimum test results.

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Angles of UT beam transmission employed shall be dependent on the geometry of the

component to be examined.
UT can be performed on the materials with yield strength of less than 70ksi immediately after
the materials has cooled to ambient temperature. For material with yield strength of 70ksi or
higher, UT only can be performed after a minimum of 48 hours upon completion of welding.
Recalibration shall be made after a change of operators, each 30 minute maximum time
interval, or when the electrical circuitry is disturbed in any way includes the following:
i. Transducer change
ii. Battery change
iii. Electrical outlet change
iv. Coaxial cable change
v. Power failure
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTOR (TCF)
For both contact and immersion measurement techniques, surface temperature differential
between the calibration block and surface to be measured shall be kept within 14˚C (25˚F).
To ensure the consistency and accuracy of ultrasonic measurement, all measurements taken
at elevated temperature of 65˚C (150˚F) shall be subjected to appropriate Temperature
Correction Factor (TCF).
The TCF may be applied based on the following (as per ASME V SE-797, para 8.5)
i. The apparent thickness reading obtained from steel walls having elevated
temperature is high (too thick) by a factor of about 1% per 55˚C (100˚F).
ii. Thus, if the instrument was calibrated on a piece of similar material at 20˚C (68˚F),
and if the reading was obtained with a surface temperature of 460˚C (860˚F), the
apparent reading should be reduced by 8%.
Application of TCF is not applicable if the calibration of the ultrasonic equipment is conducted
on the calibration block having surface temperature similar to the surface to be measured.

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5.0 UT OF WELDS
SCANNING TO CHECK FOR LAMINATION
All scanning surfaces shall be 100% examined with 0° compressional wave to ensure freedom
from parent material defects e.g. segregates or laminar indications which would impair critical
examination of the weld.
If material flaws are discovered, their influence on the inspection shall be considered and
defective area shall be measured and sized accordingly. Scanning pattern shall be adjusted to
cover 100% inspection of entire volume of weld. Other advance method such as phased array
ultrasonic (PAUT) may be applied to supplement the inspection.
The extent of the UT shall guarantee the inspection of the entire volume of weld and heat
affected zone.
SCANNING OF WELD ROOT
A critical root scan at stand-off distance of 1/2 skip from near root preparation face shall be
carried out on all full penetration constant configuration joints. Probe angles employed for
critical root scans should be as follows:
i. 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) and under: 70° nominal angle
ii. Thickness between 12.5mm (0.5 in) and 25mm (1 in.): 70° & 60° nominal angles.
iii. 25 mm (1 in.) and above: 60° & 45° nominal angles.
Choice of angle(s) of refraction for scanning weld body sidewall and reinforcement shall
depend on the following factors:
i. Characteristics and orientation of defects likely to occur i.e. welding process
ii. Weld preparation geometry
iii. Height of reinforcement
iv. Width of reinforcement in relation to wall thickness
v. Wall thickness - Poor resolution of shallow angle probes at extensive beam path
lengths

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Overall examination techniques shall be consistent with providing optimum test results.
Flaw detection slides are only suitable for constant configuration joints if misalignment is not
present. Accurate profiles shall be taken with wire type profile gauges, or if joint angle is acute,
a suitable pliable material able to maintain its shape under normal conditions i.e. excessively
soft material such as plasticine is unsuitable.
Welds shall be scanned from all accessible surfaces. Caution should be exercised on the
present of lack of fusion on the far side (of the weld) should only one side accessible for
scanning e.g. inspecting weld of weld neck flange. Small signal detected at the far side wall
shall be investigated using other technique e.g. phased array, and applicable acceptance or
rejection criteria shall be applied.
Shear wave probes for weld inspection shall be 10 mm (0.4 in.) diameter, single crystal in the
frequency range 4 - 6 Mhz unless the need for special application arises whereby the Owner
reserves the right to demand examination outside of this scope.
Nominal angles of 0°, 45°, 60° & 70° will be used for UT examination of welds unless Owner’s
opinion, a situation arises where anomalies may exist more readily detectable by other angles,
phased array ultrasonic (PAUT) or any other appropriate technique should be used.
If necessary the cap of the weld shall be dressed or ground flush with the parent material in
order to obtain a satisfactory test result. Circumstances in which this condition may occur are
as follows:
i. The dimensioning and evaluation of subsurface reflectors using twin crystal shear
wave probes.
ii. To enlarge the scope of an examination presently unattainable because of weld
reinforcement e.g. to enable the root to be scanned with steeper angles of
refraction or to enable scanning along the weld axis to detect and evaluate
transverse indications.
iii. Scanning of the weld with 0° compression wave if it is suspected that defects
orientated approximately parallel to the surface may be present e.g. lack of inter-
run fusion.
iv. 0° scanning of welds with backing fittings i.e. rings, plates or sleeves to assess
fusion of the root to the backing, if it is not possible to satisfactorily obtain result
by shear wave angle probe alone. This situation could occur with misaligned
backing fittings or if the characteristic echo from the fitting is lost.

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SAW shall be scanned over the cap surface with 0° compression wave to detect reflectors
orientated approximately parallel to the surface e.g. Interdendritic cracking.
A transverse scan shall be carried out on all welds. The scanning technique shall be acceptable
to the Owner and be directly dependent on the weld characteristic. (See 5.10b).
All significant indications shall be further investigated with different probes other than the
probe used to discover the defect, in order to obtain a maximum response. Assessment of
acceptability according to the required reference code will be based on this maximum
response.
EXAMINATION OF WELD REPAIRS
The extent of the examination shall guarantee the satisfactory inspection of the entire cross
sectional volume of weld and heat affected zone regardless of extent of repair.
The whole length of repair shall be examined plus 100 mm (4 in.) from the repair weld deposit
at both ends.
Repairs shall be examined taking into consideration the position and extent of the original
defect.
Scanning techniques shall take into consideration the position of new fusion faces created by
repair.

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6.0 UT PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
REQUIRED PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Contractor personnel who perform UT shall possess relevant qualifications, certification and
experiences. Where deemed necessary, a mock up test using suitable test piece may be
imposed to check the suitability of the personnel to perform the UT.
Contractors’ personnel shall possess valid Level II in JPK or CSWIP/PCN or ACCP or National or
International central certification programs accredited by ISO 17024. In addition, ASNT Level
II qualification is acceptable subject to a site approval test carried out by the Owner or any
Owner appointed to act as Certification Authorities.
For personnel certified under ASNT program, all supplementary record such as training hours,
proved of experience and examination papers shall be made available for Owner’s review and
acceptance. Inspection carried out by these personnel will only be within the scope of their
certification. Site ultrasonic personnel in a supervisory, consultancy or training capacity shall
possess minimum certification as designated by the Owner

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7.0 UT REPORTING
REPORTING REQUIREMENT
Reporting of UT shall be in English, contain critical information pertaining to the testing

equipment, consumables and test items/components which at least comprise of the
followings:
i. Contractor/Inspection Contractor letter head and logo
ii. Date of Inspection
iii. UT equipment manufacturer, Serial Number and Model
iv. Calibrations record/certificate and applied calibration procedure
v. Detail drawing/sketch of the inspected items/components with clear mark-up of

the inspected section
vi. Inspected items/components identification or part number
vii. Reference code applied
viii. Mark up of location of anomalies/indication with corresponding dimensions

(depth, width, length)
ix. Accept/Reject status of each anomaly/indication made in accordance to

reference code
x. Overall Accept/Reject of the tested items and justifications
xi. Name. Signature and Qualification of inspecting personnel with corresponding

Contractor/Inspection Contractor stamp
xii. Name. Signature and Qualification of review and approval personnel with
corresponding Contractor/Inspection Contractor stamp
xiii. Any other recommendation (if any) as a result from the examination
Reports shall be submitted daily and all records to be properly catalogued and filed.

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8.0 PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC TESTING (PAUT)
SCOPE
This section specifies the requirements of weld inspection of grooved girth and butt weld
using PAUT in the fabrication of Piping, Pipeline, Structural Works, Aboveground Storage Tank,
Fired & Unfired Pressure Vessel and Cranes. These requirements may be adopted for
inspection of other equipment such as casting component and other uncommon geometric
configuration based on specifically approved PAUT procedures. This section is not applicable
for the purpose of IRIS and UT based intelligent pigging.
This requirement covers inspection of welded ferritic and non-ferritic metallic material and
does not cover any other joining method e.g. brazing and soldering. Extra precaution shall be
exercised when dealing with austenitic stainless steel especially SS316/SS316L where specific
procedure shall be developed and approved with a proper demonstration on calibration and
site testing.
ESSENTIAL VARIABLES FOR PAUT
The essential variables for PAUT shall be as per table V-421 and T-421, ASME V Article 4 (latest
edition).
Changes of any requirement in table V-421 or T-421 identified as essential variables from the
specified value, or range of values, shall require requalification of the approved written
procedure. A change of a requirement identified as non-essential variable from the specified
value, or range of values, does not require requalification of written procedure.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT
Personnel who performed PAUT shall be qualified and assessed prior to commencement of
work and to be witnessed by Owner or Owner’s appointed 3rd party Contractor.
Personnel who are appointed to perform PAUT examination shall be experienced, qualified
and certified on a specific application of PAUT that cover inspection methodology and specific
PAUT equipment.
The above personnel shall be well verse in specific inspection written procedure, certified in
performing the equipment set-up and calibration.
Personnel who appointed to be the PAUT operator shall possess valid Level II certification in
American Society for Non-Destructive Testing (ASNT), national or international certification
program such as ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP), PCN, CSWIP, etc.
The personnel shall demonstrated his/her capability to calibrate, perform and evaluate data
acquired from the inspection during the mock-up prior to appointment. All
defects/discontinuities shall be properly evaluated and classified into specific category.
All training hours/duration requirements, practical and theoretical coverage shall be clearly
documented for all PAUT operators as per approved Contractor’s Written Practice.

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The personnel shall be familiar with welding technology, and mechanical properties in
common metallic materials.
All PAUT operator shall be subjected to mock up test as per Appendix 4 and oral examination
prior to appointment.
All ASNT certified operators shall have documented evidence of hours of training, module of
training, examination record, and experiences as per approved Contractor’s Written Practice.
Minimum experience of PAUT operator shall be 3 years accumulated based on at least 20%
PAUT related work out of total claimed working hours/days.
PROCEDURE
All PAUT application shall be based on approved written procedure.
PAUT procedure shall be approved by qualified UT Level III personnel.
These written procedures shall include determination of beam profile, beam steering
capability, element activity, focusing capability, software calculations (control and display of
received signals), compensation of wedge attenuation, receiver gain linearity.
These written procedure shall include audit scope to be conducted throughout the project
period. Please refer appendix 5 for audit checklist as minimum requirement.
Please refer Appendix 6 as a guideline to apply PAUT for welding works within PETRONAS
premises.
EQUIPMENT
All PAUT system shall be evaluated as per Article 23 ASME V or other codes and standards
approved by Owner.
All PAUT system used shall be qualified in accordance with Article 14, ASME V.
System Calibration
i. All PAUT equipment (machine and probe) shall be calibrated at minimum on the
six monthly interval or when deemed necessary to maintain the required
sensitivity levels in achieving reliable readings.
ii. Linearity Check shall be performed periodically as per ASTM E 2491 for Sweep
Range, Screen Height and Amplitude Control. The same shall be verified whenever
requested by Owner/Owner’s appointed third party agency.
iii. The calibration shall be recorded in a format acceptable by Owner and maintained
by a qualified UT Level II personnel and verified by a UT Level III personnel at least
once a month or prior to each work commencement.
iv. Other system calibration shall be conducted on daily basis but not limited to:
a) Probe element/shoe – according to the pipe O.D size to be scanned

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b) Time-based Linearity (Horizontal Linearity)

c) Focal Law Verifications – velocity calibration, sensitivity calibration,
wedge delay calibration, time corrected gain calibration.
d) Encoder
e) System Verification
All the employed PAUT machines shall be fully tested on A, B, C, D, E, and S-Scan capability
with Time Correction Gain instrument.
Minimum number of crystal shall be 16 with nominal frequency of 1 Mhz to 10 Mhz. Probes
with frequency more than 10 MHz may be used for special application subject to Owner
approval.
PAUT system shall demonstrate the below performance requirement:
i. A probability of detection (POD) of 90% at a 95% confidence level for each

expected smallest defects in the system. It is applicable for defect length and
height. Alternatively, under specific circumstances, lower POD (85%) may be
considered by Owner upon agreement for specific application.
ii. Repeatability check shall not have variance of more than ± 2dB.
Encoders
i. A calibration check shall be performed at intervals not to exceed one month or

prior to first use thereafter, by a side-drilled hole or other known depth reference
reflector in the calibration block.
ii. Final interpretation shall only be made after all display parameter adjustments
(i.e. contrast, brightness, lateral and backwall removal and SAFT processing, etc.)
have been completed.
Couplant
i. Couplant used for PAUT examination shall be exactly the same with couplant used
for calibration.
ii. Countries in temperate zone, which experience winter season, may require a
special couplant due to temperature limitations.
Calibration Blocks
i. All calibration block requirements shall be as per ASME V requirement.
ii. Operators shall demonstrate the PAUT machine capability to detect all 4 notches
with maximum error of measurement of 20% for both depth and length.
iii. Calibration block temperature during PAUT system calibration shall be within 4°C
with production test piece at site. If it is not avoidable, a special designed
instruments shall be used with high temperature compensation, search unit
assemblies and couplant. A demonstration shall be conducted to measure the

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factor of thickness increase, due to higher temperature mismatch. This limitation

is only applicable to thickness measurement.
iv. For weld inspection, the maximum surface temperature is 65°C. If it is not
avoidable, a special designed instruments shall be used with high temperature
compensation, search unit assemblies, and couplant for crack detection only. The
crack location and its sizing may be facing certain extent of error of measurement.
Final crack sizing and location shall be obtained once the surface temperature
within 4°C relative to calibration block or otherwise demonstration shall be made
to satisfy PAUT measurement and agreed by Owner.
v. Calibration of PAUT system shall be witness by Owner representative, which

recommended at least once a shift for piping and structural. For pipeline,
calibration shall be done prior to each actual examination.
vi. Calibration block shall be exactly the same material with test coupon and 300
series Stainless Steel shall be treated separately. (SS304 cannot be treated the
same as SS316)
vii. When the component material is clad, the calibration block shall be clad by the
same welding procedure as the production part.
viii. If the calibration block contains weld other than cladding, and the component
weld at the time of examination has been heat treated, the calibration block shall
receive the same heat treatment.
8.5.10 Qualification Block
i. Qualification block shall be prepared as per ASME V.
ii. Transverse defect shall be fabricated in accordance with sensitivity setting.

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SURFACE PREPARATION
Surface for the test coupon shall be similar in surface roughness to calibration block.
PAUT may be applied directly on the maximum 50 microns coated surface if approved by
Owner.
For full-coated surface with 3-coat system of 300-400 microns in thickness, PAUT may be
applied directly on the surface for the purpose of crack detection only. If crack is detected,
coating shall be removed at the specific area for defect locating and sizing.
EXAMINATION COVERAGE
A specific scan plan shall be developed for each weld and shall be agreed by Owner and
contractors. It shall covers both longitudinal and transverse flaws. It is acceptable to pair PAUT
with TOFD to enhance defect detection capabilities especially for transverse flaws.
The examination shall covers entire weld volume including cap, heat affected zone (HAZ), and
at least 2 times metal thickness times tangent theta on both sides of the weldment.
𝑑 = 2𝑡 tan 𝜃
Where,
d = full skip distance
t = thickness
θ = probe angle
Figure 8.1: Ultrasonic Examination Coverage
The examination shall be done at both sides of the weldment. In case of weld neck flange,
elbows, etc. only one side scan is required. Extra precaution shall be exercised in determining
the lack of fusion and crack-like flaws at far side bevel. Any indication (regardless of its height)
from far side bevel shall be investigated.
Manual PAUT shall not be allowed for small bore piping i.e. diameter less than DN80 or less
than 8mm (0.32 in.) thickness.
For PAUT and TOFD combined weld scan, the primary defect screening shall be done by PAUT
and defect sizing will be done by TOFD and should not be vice-versa or otherwise shall be
proven by demonstration.

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EVALUATION
Defect evaluation shall be based on equipment design code or alternative acceptance criteria
such as ECA for pipeline.
All flaws shall be described specifically according to their names. (e.g. slag inclusion, cracks,
porosity, etc.)
All traced flaws shall be further investigated using A-Scan display for determining the specific
type of flaws. A-Scan display can be obtained from PAUT system itself or separate manual A-
Scan machine. Probes may be manipulated by swivel, orbital, lateral, and transverse
movement for categorizing the flaws. Exception is only given to pipeline inspection using ECA
acceptance criteria.
Defect sizing shall be based on 6 dB drop or otherwise shall be demonstrated.
In case of obstruction, area of restricted access or inaccessible welds that prevent smooth
scanning coverage, alternative NDE method shall be performed with no additional cost to
Owner.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Acceptance criteria shall be based on equipment design codes or alternative acceptance

criteria as per below:
i. Pressure Vessel – ASME VIII
ii. Piping – ASME B31.3
iii. Pipeline – API 1104 or Engineering Critical Analysis (ECA) or ASME B31G or B31.4
or B31.8
iv. Aboveground Storage Tank – API 620, API 650, EN 14620
v. Structural – AWS D1.1
vi. Cranes – specific analysis shall be done by crane manufacturer for specific defects
vii. Pipeline acceptance criteria based on specific ECA
viii. Relevant PTS
Indications characterized as cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration are

unacceptable regardless of length unless otherwise specified by ECA or approved by Owner.

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EXAMINATION RECORDS
For each ultrasonic examination, the following information shall be recorded:
i. Latest procedure identification and revision approved by NDT level III (UT)
ii. Ultrasonic instrument identification (including manufacturer’s serial number),

calibration certificate, etc.
iii. Search unit(s) identification (including manufacturer’s serial number, frequency,

and size).
iv. Couplant used, brand name or type.
v. Search unit cable(s) used, type and length.
vi. Special equipment when used (search units, wedges, shoes, automatic scanning
equipment, recording equipment, etc.).
vii. Computerized program identification and revision when used.
viii. Calibration block identification.
ix. Simulation block(s) and electronic simulator(s) identification when used.
x. Instrument reference level gain and, if used, damping and reject setting(s).
xi. Calibration data [including reference reflector(s), indication amplitude(s), and

distance reading(s)].
xii. Data correlating simulation block(s) and electronic simulator(s), when used, with
initial calibration.
xiii. Identification and location of weld or volume scanned.
xiv. Surface(s) from which examination was conducted, including surface condition.
xv. Map or record of rejectable indications detected or areas cleared.
xvi. Areas of restricted access or inaccessible welds.
xvii. Examination personnel identity and, when required by referencing Code Section,
qualification level.
xviii. Date of examination.

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Items (ii) through (xiii) may be included in a separate calibration record provided the
calibration record identification is included in the examination record.
Scan data shall be recorded for all inspection area in an unprocessed form with no
thresholding, at a minimum digitization rate of five times the examination frequency, and
recording increments of a maximum of
i. 1mm (0.04 in.) for material < 75mm (3 in.) thick
ii. 2mm (0.08 in.) for material ≥ 75mm (3 in.) thick.
REPORTING
The report shall be prepared in both hardcopy and softcopy.
Raw inspection data (through computerized data logger or other computerized data
acquisition) shall be submitted to Owner as part of final inspection reports. It shall cover 100%
of inspected area for each weld.
Inspection report format shall be submitted to Owner for endorsement prior to site works.
Report may include results from all inspection mode i.e. A-Scan, B-Scan, C-Scan, D-Scan, E-
Scan, and S-Scan as deem necessary by Owner.

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9.0 TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD)
SCOPE
This section specifies the requirements of weld inspection of grooved girth and butt weld
using Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) in the fabrication of Piping, Pipeline, Structural Works,
Aboveground Storage Tank, Fired & Unfired Pressure Vessel and Cranes. These requirements
may be adopted for inspection of other equipment such as casting component and other
uncommon geometric configuration based on specifically approved TOFD procedures.
RESTRICTION
This requirement may not applicable for valve body.
This requirement is not intended for internal pipeline inspection.
Minimum material thickness shall be greater than 6mm (0.24 in.) for flat surface and NPS6
and above for piping and pipeline.
TOFD shall not be used as a standalone inspection technique except for following
applications:
i. Crack growth monitoring for Pressure Vessel, Process Piping, Pipeline,

Aboveground Atmospheric Storage Tank, Structural and etc. where previous or
baseline reading from the same technique are available
ii. When the component material to be inspected is cladded, the calibration block
shall be cladded using the same welding procedure as the production part.
iii. If the calibration block contains welds other than cladding, and the component
weld at the time of examination has been heat treated, the calibration block shall
be subjected to the same heat treatment.
The following precaution shall be strictly adhered to when conducting TOFD inspection:
i. Butt or girth weld which having mechanical properties difference between parent
metal, fusion line and weld metal may produce crack-like indication or may lead
to misinterpretation. In the event this condition is observed, second
supplementary method e.g. manual UT, PAUT, for the purpose of verification shall
be employed.
ii. TOFD inspection to be executed with multiple visible signal, therefore the correct
gain setting is essential before commencing the inspection. As a minimum, the
gate should encompass the lateral wave and longitudinal wave backwall signal.
iii. Incorrect transducer separation may result in difficulty in signal interpretation

due to drop in diffracted signal or poor flaws image. Scan plan shall be developed
prior to inspection to demonstrate that this issue is appropriately addressed.
iv. Other factors such as higher noise level from electrical interference, incorrect
ultrasonic setting, coarse grain structure, and coupling effects may seriously

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impair TOFD interpretation. Therefore, appropriate setting shall be demonstrated

during calibration.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT
Personnel who performed TOFD shall be qualified and assessed prior to commencement of
work and to be witnessed by Owner or Owner’s appointed 3rd party Contractor.
Personnel who are appointed to perform TOFD examination shall be experienced, qualified
and certified on a specific application of TOFD that cover inspection methodology and specific
TOFD equipment.
The above personnel shall be well verse in specific inspection written procedure, certified in
performing the equipment set-up and calibration.
Personnel who appointed to be the TOFD operator shall possess valid Level II certification in
American Society for Non-Destructive Testing (ASNT), national or international certification
program such as ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP), PCN, CSWIP, etc.
The personnel shall demonstrated his/her capability to calibrate, perform and evaluate data
acquired from the inspection during the mock-up prior to appointment. All
defects/discontinuities shall be properly evaluated and classified into specific category.
All training hours/duration requirements, practical and theoretical coverage shall be clearly
documented for all TOFD operators as per approved employer’s Written Practice.
The personnel shall be familiar with welding technology, and mechanical properties in
common metallic materials.
All TOFD operator shall be subjected to mock up test as per Appendix 4 and oral examination
prior to appointment.
All ASNT certified operators shall have documented evidence of hours of training, module of
training, examination record, and experiences as per approved employer’s Written Practice.
Minimum experience of TOFD operator shall be 3 years accumulated based on at least 20%
TOFD related work out of total claimed working hours/days.
Equipment setup, data acquisition, data storage, and report preparation can be performed by
personnel certified to a minimum of Level II in accordance with a written instruction, approved
procedure and under supervision of Level III.
PROCEDURE
All TOFD application shall be based on approved written procedure. The written procedure
shall be approved by NDT Level III UT and by Owner.
All these written procedures shall include, as minimum, below parameters:
i. Instrument manufacturer and model
ii. Instrument software

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iii. Direction and extent of scanning
iv. Method for sizing flaw length
v. Method for sizing flaw height
vi. Data sampling spacing (increase only)
vii. Probe spacing
viii. Material thickness
ix. Sound velocity
x. Transducer delay
When there is a change on the above requirement and requirement in Table T-421 and Table
III-422 in Article 4 of ASME V identified as an essential variable, requalification of written
procedure is required by demonstration.
These written procedure shall include audit scope to be conducted throughout the project
period. Please refer Appendix 5 for audit checklist as minimum requirement.
Please refer Appendix 6 as a guideline to apply TOFD for welding works within PETRONAS
premises.
EQUIPMENT
All TOFD ultrasonic system shall be evaluated according to either one of the following
standards or specifications:
i. Article 4 ASME V
ii. Other technical document or standard approved by Owner.
In addition, the following requirements shall apply:
Receiver bandwidth shall, as a minimum, range between 0.5 and 2.0 times the
nominal probe frequency. Specific materials and product classes require a larger
bandwidth shall be mocked-up and approve by Owner.
Transmitting pulse can either be unipolar and bipolar. The rise time shall not
exceed 0.25 times the period corresponding to the nominal probe frequency.
Instrument
i. All TOFD instrument shall equipped with linear A-Scan presentation with an
accuracy of ±5%. The instrument shall have capability of 1 dB or less signal
amplitude adjustment.

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Data Display
i. TOFD equipment shall have built in or external hard drive to store all scan data in
all modes i.e. A-Scan, TOFD etc.
All TOFD machine used shall be qualified in accordance with Article 14, ASME V.
Probes
i. The frequency shall be within the range 2 MHz to 15 MHz, and shall be selected
to comply with the specified acceptance level.
ii. Minimum 2 probes setup shall be used as transmitter and receiver. Both probes
shall have similar centre frequency.
iii. Shear wave and Compressional wave may be used for primary ultrasound
generation (transmitter or pulser). Single element or phased array may be used.
iv. Pulse repetition rate shall be set such that no interference occurs between signals
caused by successive transmission pulses.
Couplant
i. Couplant used for TOFD inspection shall be of the same material and properties
with the couplant used for calibration.
ii. Countries in temperate zone may require to use special couplant to prevent any
adverse impact due to temperature changes during the inspection and calibration
shall be done in similar environment as those of the actual inspection.
Calibration Blocks
i. The calibration block shall be made from material with similar ultrasonic
properties and heat treatment in accordance with purchase standard. In addition,
the basic calibration bock shall be as per ASME V, Article 4.
ii. Calibration setting shall utilize maximum of 8% full screen height for noise (grass).
iii. Responses from side-drilled hole shall be a minimum of 6 dB above the noise.
iv. The flaw on the calibration block shall be machined by EDM to represent
production weld’s root fusion and side wall fusion defects. The block thickness
shall be at  10% from nominal wall thickness of the part to be examined.
v. Equipment calibration shall be performed prior to examination works each day

and when the Probe Centre Separation (PCS) has been changed.
vi. During calibration, the probe pair shall be positioned across the weld axis and
move the probe pair along the longitudinal axis of the weldment with pointer
attached to maintain the centre of weld axis. A total of three (3) scans shall be
carried out to ensure results repeatability.

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vii. The encoder shall be moved along 500mm (20 in.) measured distance on a metal
surface. The distance recorded shall be within  1% of actual distance moved.
Should the encoder yields an error of ≥ 1%, the inspection performed shall be
repeated from locations, where the error were detected.
Qualification Block
i. Qualification block shall be prepared as per ASME V.
ii. Transverse defect shall be fabricated in accordance with sensitivity setting.
TOFD Software
i. The TOFD software shall not mask any problems such as loss of coupling, missing
scan lines, synchronization errors, or electronic noise.
ii. The equipment shall be able to select an appropriate portion of the time base
within which A-scans are digitized.
iii. It is recommended that a sampling rate of the A-scan of at least 6 times the
nominal probe frequency be used.
SURFACE PREPARATION
The surface of tested test coupon shall be similar to calibration block surface.
For surface coating less than 50 micron TOFD can be applied directly without coating removal.
Scanning surfaces shall be even and free from rust, loose scale, weld spatter, notches, and
grooves. Waviness of the test surface shall not result in a gap between one of the probes and
test surface greater than 0.5mm (0.02 in.) and compliance to this requirement shall be
demonstrated during calibration.
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
The TOFD system setup shall be able to record below parameters as minimum for reporting
but not limited to:
i. Project Identification
ii. ISO Drawing No.
iii. Joint Number
iv. Weld Axis/Reference
Each scan cycle shall have an overlapping of 25mm (1 in.). The length of each scanning cycle
shall be described in the written procedure.

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TOFD is not detecting any flaws at near weld surfaces (both top and bottom faces) due to
presence of lateral wave and backwall indication signal. As a minimum, these surfaces shall
be inspected by manual UT as per article 4, ASME V.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
All indications displayed by TOFD may be interpreted as per equipment reference code and
relevant PTS as below:
i. Pressure Vessel – ASME VIII
ii. Piping – ASME B31.3
iii. Pipeline Construction – API 1104 or Engineering Critical Analysis (ECA)
iv. Pipeline (operations) – ASME B31G or B31.4 or B31.8
v. Aboveground Storage Tank – API 620, API 650, EN 14620
vi. Structural – AWS D1.1
vii. Cranes – specific analysis shall be done by crane manufacturer for specific defects
viii. Pipeline acceptance criteria based on specific ECA
ix. Relevant PTS
Indications characterized as cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration are

unacceptable regardless of length unless otherwise specified by ECA or approved by Owner.
EXAMINATION RECORDS
For each ultrasonic examination, the following information shall be recorded:
i. Latest procedure identification and revision approved by NDT level III (UT)
ii. Ultrasonic instrument identification (including manufacturer’s serial number),

calibration certificate, etc.
iii. Search unit(s) identification (including manufacturer’s serial number, frequency,

and size).
iv. Couplant used, brand name or type.
v. Search unit cable(s) used, type and length.
vi. Special equipment when used (search units, wedges, shoes, automatic scanning
equipment, recording equipment, etc.).
vii. Computerized program identification and revision when used.

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viii. Calibration block identification.
ix. Simulation block(s) and electronic simulator(s) identification when used.
x. Instrument reference level gain and, if used, damping and reject setting(s).
xi. Calibration data [including reference reflector(s), indication amplitude(s), and

distance reading(s)].
xii. Data correlating simulation block(s) and electronic simulator(s), when used, with
initial calibration.
xiii. Identification and location of weld or volume scanned.
xiv. Surface(s) from which examination was conducted, including surface condition.
xv. Map or record of rejectable indications detected or areas cleared.
xvi. Areas of restricted access or inaccessible welds.
xvii. Examination personnel identity and, when required by referencing Code Section,
qualification level.
xviii. Date of examination.
xix. Probe centre spacing (PCS).
xx. Data sampling spacing.
xxi. Flaw height, if specified.
xxii. The final display processing levels.
Items (ii) through (xiii) may be included in a separate calibration record provided the
calibration record identification is included in the examination record.
REPORTING
The report shall be prepared in both hardcopy and softcopy.
Unprocessed inspection data (through computerized data logger or other computerized

data acquisition) shall be submitted to Owner as part of final inspection reports. It shall
cover 100% of inspected area for each weld.
Inspection report format shall be submitted to Owner for endorsement prior to site works.
Report may include results from all inspection mode i.e. A-Scan, B-Scan, C-Scan, D-Scan, E-
Scan, and S-Scan as deem necessary by Owner.

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10.0 ULTRASONIC TEST THICKNESS GAUGING (UTTG)
SCOPE
This PTS specifies the principles of UTTG of metallic materials by direct contact, based on
longitudinal wave generated mode inside the test material only. Inspection data obtained by
this technique may be used for integrity assessment and quality control of specific facility.
This PTS limits the application to use contact method and longitudinal wave mode only.
PRINCIPLE
In thickness gauging, ultrasonic techniques permit quick and reliable measurement of
thickness without requiring access to both sides of a part. A pulse-echo ultrasonic thickness
gauging determines the sound travel or time taken through the thickness of the material,
reflect from back surface and return to transducer which later transform to thickness reading
in digital or analog form. The time travel is in unit of micro second or less and divided by factor
two (2) for double factors elimination of transmitting-receiving paths. The thickness
measurement can be expressed in the formula below:
𝑉𝑡
𝑑=
2
Where
d = Thickness of the test coupon

V = Sound velocity in the test coupon
t = The measure round-trip transit time
Many modern gauges are equipped with data logger for storing several thousand thickness
measurement data with identification codes and set-up information in Random Access
Memory (RAM). These data may be recalled for uploading to printer or computer for further
analysis.
Some of the UTTG equipment come with single or double crystal probe which offers specific
advantage at a specific application.
UTTG equipment can be found in two separate categories as listed below:
i. Thickness measurement of metallic part based on cancellation of passive coating.

This equipment utilizes echo-echo mode that requires multiple echo for
measuring the thickness. This equipment is not suitable for corrosion detection
and it is good for thickness measurement during fabrication (CMP).
ii. Thickness measurement of metallic part plus passive coating thickness. This
machine will give much higher thickness reading that actual measured thickness
due to addition thickness of paint and effect of slower sound path in paint itself.
For example, carbon steel material of 10mm in thickness with 500micron paint
will give a total thickness of 11.18mm (sound travel speed in CS and paint is
5900m/s and 2500m/s respectively). Inconsistent paint thickness will result in
poor quality of inspection data that later translate big error in corrosion rate
calculation. This equipment is designed to inspect corrosion pit as it utilizes single
echo mode.

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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
i. Only UTTG equipment with dual display mode shall be used i.e. A-scan
presentation and numerical digital display for corrosion monitoring program.
ii. UT thickness with numerical display may be used at fabrication yard or during
fabrication of new equipment/piping/pipeline.
iii. All the test coupon shall clean and even surface relative to probe size. Probe size
may be in the range of 6mm to 25mm in diameter.
QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL
Certification and qualification of UTTG operator shall be based on ISO 9712.
UTTG TEST EQUIPMENT

The UTTG test equipment shall comply with any of below:
i. Ultrasonic thickness measurement with digital numerical display
ii. Ultrasonic thickness measurement with digital numerical display and A-Scan
presentation
iii. Ultrasonic testing machine primarily to perform inspection with A-scan

presentation and may include digital numerical display for thickness values.
PROBE
Three (3) types of probes should be used for thickness measurement with the range test
temperature in between -20oC and 60oC. For application beyond this range, special probe shall
be used as per manufacturer recommendation. All applications shall be based on longitudinal
wave.
i. Single crystal probe.
ii. Twin crystal probe.
iii. Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT)
COUPLANT
i. The UTTG is using high frequency sound wave that capable to travel in solid, liquid
or gel medium only. The air gap in between probe and test coupon shall be filled
by liquid or gel to allowing transmission of sound wave from UTTG probe into test
coupon. The liquid or gel used is called couplant.
ii. The couplant brand and type is not an essential variable. The same couplant shall
be used for equipment calibration and actual testing on test coupon.
iii. The more viscosity couplant may be needed for corroded and/or hot surfaces to
ensure adequate coupling.

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iv. For testing on nickel base alloys, the maximum sulfur content inside couplant
should be limited to 150ppm
v. For austenitic stainless steel or titanium or its alloys, the maximum chlorides
(halides) should be limited to 50ppm or otherwise flushing with distilled water is
required upon completion of the UTTG activities.
REFERENCE AND TEST BLOCKS
i. All the UTTG equipment shall be demonstrated in term of its reliability on

reference block of multiple thicknesses e.g. Step wedge. The thicknesses of step
wedge shall cover all thickness to be measured.
ii. In the event of having no access to calibration block, site verification shall be done
on the known thickness of test coupon.
iii. Calibration or test block of known thickness shall be of the same material with
test coupon.
iv. Medium inside piping or equipment should not interfere with the UTTG
measurement.
v. Maximum temperature difference in between calibration or test block and test

coupon shall be limited to 14oC.
vi. Equipment specified in 6.3 above shall set 2nd back wall echo to 80% full screen
height on actual thickness of test coupon.
SELECTION OF UTTG EQUIPMENT

UTTG application shall be based on the following:-
i. New fabricated piping or equipment :
The thickness measurement may need to be performed for thickness

confirmation and future references. UTTG equipment with digital numerical
display, or UTTG equipment with digital numerical display and A-Scan
presentation or UTTG equipment with A-scan presentation with digital numerical
display for thickness values may be used.
ii. Piping or equipment during operation that exposed to corrosive environment:
UTTG equipment as specified in 10.5 (ii) should be used with an extra caution. All
the missing information on digital numerical display shall be recorded and follow-
up inspection by A-Scan presentation shall be done. In the event both digital
numerical display and A-scan presentation fail to display information then
equipment specified in 10.5 (iii) shall be used together with twin crystal probe and
further investigation by certified level II UT operator using angle probe. This
equipment is valid for parent metal thickness checking only.

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iii. Verification works:
When verification need to be done at site, equipment specified in 10.5 (iii) shall
be used by certified level II or level III personnel.
SOUND GENERATION
Longitudinal wave mode shall be used for all applications.
TEST OBJECT
All solid material may be thickness checked.
HIGH TEMPERATURE
UTTG shall able to be performed on tested surface of temperature up to 537o C with special
search unit assemblies and couplant. The calibration block shall be heated to actual surface
temperature (with margin of 14oC margin of tolerance) and the measured thickness shall be
adjusted to actual known thickness for high-temperature compensation. Thickness
compensation or reduction of about 1% per 38oC temperature increase shall not be applied.
CURVATURE
i. For a pipe bigger than 3 ½ inches, 10-15mm diameter probe may not requires
special shoes for curvature compensation.
ii. For a pipe 3 ½ inches or below, all probe shall have special shoes to compensate
the curvature and demonstration shall be conducted to ensure its consistency and
repeatability. Exception may be given to probe size of 5-6mm diameter with
demonstration for qualification.
SURFACE CONDITION
i. The selected UTTG area shall clean and flat surface at least one time of probe
diameter.
ii. All the UTTG tested surfaces shall be free from corrosion products or otherwise
demonstration shall be conducted.

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COATING
i. Normal coating system use at PETRONAS facilities are as follows:
Sound Travel Speed Expected

Assumption
(m/s) Additional
Coating system thickness
Thickness by UTTG
(mm)
(mm)
3 coat system 0.4 2100 1.13
Glass, Heavy
Silicate Flint (Glass 1.0 3980 1.49
Flake)
0.47
Thermal Spray
0.5 6320
Aluminum (TSA).
Rubber Neoprene 25 1600 92.5

NOTE(S): The UTTG equipment is calibrated to carbon steel with having sound travel speed of 5920 m/s
Table 10.1: Adjustment of UTTG according to coating system
ii. Coating is normally having difference sound velocities from base material
resulting in increase of base metal thickness. If possible, coating shall be removed
to obtain accurate base metal thickness measurement or use an alternative
method specified in this document.
iii. Coating thickness less than 50 micron is not affecting the accuracy of thickness
measurement and should be negligible.
iv. New fabricated spool/equipment should not requires to remove the coating on
tested surfaces and UTTG equipment specified in 10.5 (i) should be used.
v. For corrosion monitoring during operations, UTTG equipment specified in 10.5 (i)
shall not be used.
vi. Extra precaution shall be exercise when dealing with UTTG equipment specified
in 10.5 (ii) and 10.5 (iii) as these equipment measure the base metal thickness
including paint.
CORRODED SURFACE
It shall be restricted for UTTG activities or probe relocation shall be considered.
LOCATION
The location for UTTG shall be determined by the followings:-
i. All area should be inspected by A-Scan prior to identifying the lowest and the
highest corrosion rate. The location of the critical areas should be further

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inspected by UTTG at the specific interval specified by RBI or other methodology.

The UTTG exercises should be limited to two (2) cycles or 5 years whichever is
greater prior to re-scanning by A-scan.
ii. All area shall be inspected by MsS guided wave or long range UT or conventional
guided wave to identify real hot spot. These hot spots shall be further inspected
by UT scanning for quantifying defect size and its criticality. The UTTG follow-up
inspection in future should be based on these hot spot for maximum 2 cycles or 5
years specified by RBI or other methodology whichever is greater.
CLADDING
i. Piping or pressure vessel or pipeline (riser) which having stainless steel cladding
should be subjected to UTTG with specific calibration block.
APPROXIMATION OF SOUND TRAVEL SPEED IN MATERIALS
Type of Material Sound travel speed (m/s) UTTG Correction Factor
Carbon Steel 5920 1.0
All Stainless Steel 5800 1.02
Inconel 5700 1.03
Monel 5400 1.10
Titanium 6100 0.97
Nickel 5600 1.06
Aluminium 6300 0.94

Table 10.2 : Approximation of sound travel speed in materials

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11.0 AUDIT
An audit by means of production test shall be performed to maintain the quality of ultrasonic
examination:
i. Internal
UT Contractor: an internal audit shall be performed by a qualified PCN/CSWIP UT

Level III every six month or once for project lasted less than six month. The
findings shall be recorded in a report/checklist and shall be available for review
by Owner/Owner’s 3rd party Contractor when requested.
ii. External
Owner/Owner’s 3rd party Contractor shall audit UT Contractor as when required.

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12.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
In this PTS, reference is made to the following Standards/Publications. Unless specifically

designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions thereto:
PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & PTS 00.01.03
Reading Guide
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Standard for Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities API 1104
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure Storage API 620
Tanks
Welded Tanks for Oil Storage API 650
Process Piping Design ASME B31.3
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries ASME B31.4
Gas Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems ASME B31.8
Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded ASME B31G
Pipelines
Non Destructive Testing ASME SEC V
Pressure Vessels ASME VIII
Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of ASTM E 2491
Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems
Methods for assessing the performance characteristics of BS4331 Part 3
ultrasonic flaw detection equipment. Electrical performance
Design and manufacture of site built, vertical, cylindrical, flat- EN 14620
bottomed steel tanks for the storage of refrigerated, liquefied
gases with operating temperatures between 0°C and -165°C
Non Destructive Testing-Ultrasonic Testing-General Principles ISO 16811:2012
Non Destructive Testing-Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement ISO 168809:2012
Non Destructive Testing-Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement ISO/DIS 16809
Conformity assessment - Requirements for the operation of ISO/MS 17020
various types of bodies performing inspection

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APPENDIX 1: CONTRACTORS EQUIPMENT
The Contractor shall supply the following equipment in sufficient quantity:
i. Ultrasonic flaw detectors
ii. Batteries
iii. Battery Chargers and Leads
iv. Ultrasonic leads
v. Ultrasonic probes
vi. Flaw location slides
vii. Profile gauges/suitably pliable material for acutely angled joints
viii. Calibration blocks
ix. Necessary test blocks for equipment performance assessment
x. Specified reference blocks
xi. Couplant
Items (ii) to (v) will naturally be relative to the ultrasonic units supplied.

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APPENDIX 2: ROUTINE OPERATOR CHECKS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ULTRASONIC FLAW

DETECTORS ONLY
SCOPE
i. This procedure describes methods which can be used on site by operators for
checking some of the performance features of ultrasonic flaw detectors only.
ii. The methods apply only to the pulse-echo flaw detection equipment using A-
scope rectified presentation with gain controls or attenuators, calibrated in steps
of not greater than 2db.
iii. Frequency of checks shall be weekly (with the exception time base linearity which
shall be twice weekly).
iv. All assessment checks shall be carried out with instrument suppression control
off, or zero.
RANGE OF CHECKS
Time base linearity checks shall cover the following:
i. Attenuator control accuracy.
ii. Amplifier linearity.
iii. Equipment resolution.
iv. Maximum penetrative power.
SURFACE CONDITION
The surface of the test block shall be free of dirt or surface irregularities that prevent free
movement of UT probes
EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION
Prior to commencement of these assessment checks, the flaw detector shall be examined to
establish that it is clearly marked to define the manufacture, type and series. It should also
carry a unique serial number.
ASSESSMENT TEST - TIME BASE LINEARITY
Place a compressional wave probe on a 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) - 25 mm (1 in.) calibration block to
obtain a minimum of 5 back wall echoes. Adjust the time base so that the first and last
backwall echo indication coincides with the appropriate scale marks.

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ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION Sept 2015
Page 46 of 58
Bring successive backwall echoes, in turn, to approximately the same heights (e.g.: 80%
f.s.h.). The leading edge of each echo should line up/break the time base line at the
appropriate graticule line. Record any deviations from ideal positions with relevant echo at
approximately half full screen height.
Express the deviations from linearity as a percentage of the time base range between the
first and last backwall echoes displayed.
Tolerance: Deviations up to and including 2% can be tolerated.
Repeat using a range of 250 mm (10 in.) or over.
ASSESSMENT TEST - ATTENUATOR ACCURACY
Position a compressional wave probe to obtain a reflected signal from the 25 mm (1 in.)
deep 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) diameter drilled hole in the IOW beam profile block.
Adjust the gain to set this signal to 80% of FSH (with a stepped attenuator control, some
slight judicious probe movement will probably be required) and note the value of the
calibrated control in dB. Adjust the calibrated control to increase the signal to full screen
height (i.e. 100 % FSH)
Restore the gain to its original value and then reduce it by a further 6dB which should make
the signal fall to 40% FSH. Reduce the gain by a further 12dB and the signal should now fall
to 10% FSH. Reduce the gain by a further 6dB and the signal should now fall to 5% of FSH.
If signals do not make the appropriate level, then record levels reached as a percentage of
full screen height.
Gain Expected Screen Heights Limits
+2Db 100% Not less than 95%
0 80% (starting point) -
-6dB 40% 35% to 45%
-18dB 10% 8% to 12%
-24dB 5% To be clearly visible above

base line.
Table 1: Assessment Test Tolerance

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APPENDIX 3: TYPE OF PAUT PROBE
PROBE TYPE
i. Annular Array Probes – phased array probes that have transducers configured as
a set of concentric rings. They allow the beam to be focused to different depth
along an axis. The surface area of the rings is in most cases constant, which implies
a different width for each ring.
Figure 1: Annular Array Probe
ii. Linear array probes — probes made using a set of elements juxtaposed and
aligned along a linear axis. They enable a beam to be moved, focused, and
deflected along a single azimuthal plane.
Figure 2: Linear Array Probe
iii. Matrix array probes — these probes have an active area divided in two
dimensions in different elements. This division can, for example, be in the form of
a checkerboard, or sectored rings. These probes allow the ultrasonic beam
steering in more than one plane.
Figure 3: Matrix Array Probe

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APPENDIX 4: GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR BLIND (MOCK UP) TEST OF PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC
TESTING (PAUT) AND TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD) OPERATORS AND INTERPRETERS.
INTRODUCTION
This guideline details the administration of blind (mock up) test for PAUT and TOFD personnel
performing examination of welds and interpreting PAUT or TOFD results.
Only operators or interpreters that passed the Blind Performance Test are allowed to work,
interpret and execute PAUT and TOFD work.
SCOPE
This guideline shall be applicable for the blind test of PAUT or TOFD personnel comply with
the pre-qualification requirements as per Project Specification or at least Level-II
requirements as of ISO 9712 or equivalent with independent certification by accredited third
party inspection agency. The personnel shall be subjected to and pass Blind (Mock Up) Test
witnessed and certified by Main Contractor’s Level-III personnel.
This guideline shall be applicable for Level-II PAUT or TOFD Scanning Operators, Operators or
Interpreters that are assigned to work, execute and interpret PAUT and TOFD for the project.
OBJECTIVES OF BLIND PERFORMANCE TEST
The objectives of blind performance test is for the determination of PAUT or TOFD Level-II
Scanning Operators, Operator’s or Interpreter’s capability in setting, calibrating, scanning,
detecting, identifying, locating, sizing/measuring, evaluating, and accepting or rejecting
indications, discontinuities and/or defects on the blind test blocks, as per the referenced
documents, procedure, code & standard, to demonstrate that the personnel meet the
expectation of competency level.
i. The operators or interpreters shall be able to detect, identify, locate and

size/measure the indications, discontinuities and/or defects using the instrument
and software stated in the approved procedure.
ii. The operators or interpreters shall be able to prepare report indicating location,
dimension of the indications, discontinuities or defects.
iii. The operator or interpreters shall also demonstrate the capability and skill to
interpret and evaluate whether the discontinuities are acceptable or reject based
on the referenced document, procedure, code & standard.
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
i. The referenced documents depend on the specific project. Example of referenced

documents as follows:
a. Project Specifications
b. Related Non Destructive Examination (NDE) Procedures.

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c. Others, if specified.
DEFINITIONS
i. Operator
TOFD or PAUT operators with Level-II certification shall pass the blind
performance test and qualifies by PAUT or TOFD Level-III from Main Contractor
for the specific project.
ii. Interpreter
TOFD or PAUT operators with Level-II certification shall be verified and qualified
by PAUT or TOFD Level-III of Main Contractor for interpreting and evaluating the
results of TOFD or PAUT scans.
iii. Assistant Operators
TOFD or PAUT Assistant operators shall be allowed to perform the actual scanning
only under the supervision of Operator, and qualified at the same time of the blind
test.
iv. Blind Test Block
A test block which shall be fabricated or sourced by Main Contractor or its Sub-
Contractor to qualify TOFD or PAUT Operator’s competency. This block shall be
kept under confidential condition to operators and company who will be blind
tested.
v. Main Contractor
Main contractor as defined in Project Specification i.e. EPCC /EPCIC/ EPCM

Contractor or contractors engaged by Operations/downstream for integrity
schedule monitoring.
BLIND TEST BLOCKS
i. The Main Contractor or sub-contractor shall prepare/fabricate blind test blocks

per agreed sketch/plan and requirements.
ii. Alternatively, the performance test block may be obtained from reputable flaw
specimen manufacturer such as SONASPECTION UK or FLAWTECH US or
equivalent approved by Owner.
iii. The sketch/plan for the blind test blocks shall be agreed by Owner prior to the
preparation and fabrication of the test block.
iv. The blind test blocks shall meet the following minimum requirements:

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a. The blind test shall use one test specimen with materials, thickness and
weld process similar to test object. If the test object involves various
thickness, selection of the blind test blocks thickness shall be in
accordance with ASME V requirement.
b. The minimum length of the weld examined using the blind test block shall
be 300 mm. The dimension of the blind test block shall permit continuous,
uninterrupted and proper scan using the scanning devices.
c. The blind test blocks shall contain of indications, discontinuities or
defects (e.g. slag inclusion, lack of fusion, porosity, crack, transverse*1
indication/discontinuity and etc.) which may be at the surface , sub-
surface*2 and internal of the weld.
NOTE(S) :
i. For PAUT operator, transverse discontinuities/defect to be checked/supplemented using conventional ultrasonic
testing (UT) if the contact surface is not permissible to use PAUT.
ii. For TOFD operator, sub-surface discontinuities/defect to be checked/supplement using conventional ultrasonic
testing (UT) or creeping wave UT or PAUT depending on its practicality and cost.
v. The blind test coupons shall consist of indications, discontinuities or/and defects
of acceptable & rejectable flaws as per referencing codes. This shall include
surface, sub-surface and internal flaws to the weld e.g. as per Table-7.10 (ASME
Sec VIII Div 2). Preferably, rejectable defect shall not be more than two (2) times
the rejectable size.
vi. In case more than two (2) operators are tested in the same project, minimum of
two (2) blind test blocks shall be manufactured by the Main Contractor or Sub-
Contractor.
vii. The blind test blocks shall be kept by the Main Contractor or Sub-Contractor in a
secured location that inaccessible to the PAUT or TOFD operators that will be
tested.
VALIDATION OF BLIND TEST BLOCKS
i. The test blocks shall be validated/verified by an independent and experienced ISO

9712 PAUT or TOFD Level-II (or equivalent) operator using the same method that
comply in accordance with the project specification, procedure and referencing
codes and standards. The Level-II shall not be from the same PAUT or TOFD
Contractor.
ii. The validation / verification results and reports shall be reviewed and validated
by Main Contractor Level-III PAUT or TOFD personnel for confirmation and
mastering the report.
iii. The master validation/verification records shall provide locations of all

indications, size/dimension and evaluate whether the indications or
discontinuities are acceptable or reject as per the project specification, procedure
and applicable codes and standards.
iv. The sizing method of the indication shall be based on approved procedure.

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v. In addition to the PAUT or TOFD, the blind test blocks shall be radiographed. The
PAUT or TOFD results shall also be compared against radiography results. The
mapping of the indications on the films shall be recorded in the radiography
report.
vi. The master reports shall provide the results, containing all essential requirements
and parameters of indications, of PAUT or TOFD and RT with images of defect in
multiple views (Plan, Side and cross-section view in case of PAUT). The master
report shall also include the report as per the format required by the reference
procedure.
vii. The validation, testing, evaluation of the test coupons by Main Contractor PAUT /
TOFD Level-III may be witnessed by Owner if required. Notification shall be issued
by the contractor.
viii. The master validation report shall also identify indication category as mandatory
& non-mandatory. Only mandatory indications are considered for evaluation of
PAUT or TOFD Level-II operators. All reject indications shall be considered as
mandatory indications.
ix. The Master Validation Reports and related validation results shall be kept
confidential from PAUT or TOFD contractor.
BLIND TEST PROCESS
i. The blind test shall be conducted in the following manner:

a. The entire process of blind test shall be witnessed by Owner, Main
Contractor and Sub-Contractor. Notification shall be issued by the
contractor.
b. Main contractor or Sub-Contractor to coordinate and facilitate the whole
blind test process.
c. The operators to be tested shall be informed in advance and they shall
prepare the required scan plan as per approved and demonstrated
procedure. The operators tested shall be briefed about the project
specifications and procedure requirements and to be provided with
necessary information (e.g. material thickness, joint design and weld
process) required for the examination of the blind test block.
d. Each TOFD or PAUT operators shall perform the blind tests i.e. setting the
equipment per the procedure, calibration, scanning and others
independently with no coaching or guidance from other operators during
the blind test.
e. Operators are required to provide the Final Reports in the typical format
as attached in the approved procedure.
f. Final Blind Reports per the required form/format shall be completed and
submitted by the PAUT or TOFD Operators before final verification and
assessment / discussion / interview by Main Contractor PAUT/TOFD
Level-III.

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g. The reports or results are not allowed to be changed / edited once

submitted or after assessment/ verification / discussion /interview by
Main Contractor PAUT or TOFD Level-III.
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF OPERATORS
i. All operators taking the blind test shall identify, locate, size/measure and evaluate
the mandatory or non-mandatory defects/indications/discontinuities validated
and identified in the master report approved by PAUT or TOFD Level-III. However,
reporting or non-reporting of non-mandatory indications is not the cause for
failure of blind test.
ii. In the event of mismatching of the sizing between master report and operator
report, the Level-III shall review, assess and investigate by determining whether
the operator has used correct sizing technique or methodology. In such cases, the
qualification of the operator shall be based on the evaluation of the Level-III.
However, owner shall be informed of the justification for the judgement.
RE-EXAMINATION OF OPERATORS
i. Personnel who failed the test as per this guideline may be re-tested after 30 days
interval and evidence of training to enhance knowledge and skill shall be made
available.
ii. The operator shall be retested using 2 samples and shall qualify and pass with
both specimens.
iii. Depending on the findings and recommendations of audit and RT cross check
during the agreed period interval, the TOFD or PAUT operators may need to
undergo blind test again if necessary or recommended by the audit team.
iv. Qualified operators who have not performed TOFD/PAUT for more than six (6)
months shall be subjected to a fresh blind test.

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APPENDIX 5: PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC TESTING (PAUT) AND TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION
(TOFD) AUDIT SCOPE
GENERAL
i. Audit shall be performed by Main Contractor Level III personal at several stages
of the project or as defined by Company. For project stages, the interval shall not
be more than six (6) months or once for project lasted less than six month.
ii. The main contractor shall coordinate and facilitate the audit.
AUDIT TEAM
The audit team member shall comprise of at least the following personnel:
a. Main Contractor PAUT or TOFD Level III as Audit Team Leader or experience Level
II personnel subject to owner approval
b. Main Contractor representatives
c. Owner representatives
AUDITEES
The auditees includes but not limited to the followings:
a. QA/QC Manager
b. QA/QC Inspector
c. Level III Personnel
d. TOFD and PAUT Operators, Interpreters and Assistant Operators
AUDIT SCOPE
i. The audit scope, execution plan and schedule shall be prepared by Main
Contractor PAUT or TOFD Level III.
ii. The audit scope and schedule to be endorsed by owner before commencement
of the audit.
iii. Audit scope and documents that may need to be sampled for review / verification
include but not limited to the followings:
a. Review of PAUT or TOFD results and reports.
b. Review of other related/supplement NDT (e.g. Manual UT, Creeping
Wave UT, MT, PT etc) results and reports.
c. Review of Weld Summary and NDT logs.
d. Review of Inspection and Test Plan (ITP) or/and Travellers.

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e. Review examination reports for Repair or Correction of Non-

Conformities.
f. Review Calibration / Verification Certificates or Records of NDT (i.e. PAUT
/ TOFD / UT / MT /PT/ etc) Equipment, Instruments, Tools, Probes and
test blocks.
g. Check compliance of QA/QC system/procedure of sub-contractor and
NDT Contractor.
h. Verify compliance with Project Specification and Code (e.g. ASME / PD)
requirements / variables.
i. Verify compliance with PAUT or TOFD Procedure & Scan Plans and other
NDT procedures (Manual UT and other NDT’s)
j. Verification of PAUT or TOFD results and repeatability by performing
PAUT or TOFD (inclusive of supplemental NDT such as manual UT,
creeping wave UT, etc.) on selected locations (i.e. (i) random (and
preferably easily accessible) locations of longitudinal seams and
circumferential seams, (ii) random check on locations that was repaired,
and (iii) spot check on locations with acceptable indications).
k. All PAUT or TOFD operators are required to do the verification on the
selected locations.
l. The locations selected will be re-examined by another PAUT or TOFD
operators to verify repeatability and consistency.
iv. NDT Operators qualification, certification and training records (inclusive of blind
test records & supporting documents).
v. Document Control, Procedures, Record Keeping and Data Storage / Retrieval.
vi. Other QA/QC records or dossiers.
AUDIT REPORT AND TRACKING
i. Audit report shall be prepared and documented for each audit.
ii. The audits findings and recommendations shall be recorded and tracked until
closure.

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APPENDIX 6: GUIDELINE FOR APPLICATION OF PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC TESTING (PAUT) OR

TIME OF FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD) FOR WELDING WORKS AT PETRONAS PREMISES
INTRODUCTION
i. Generally RT is specified for inspection of welds in oil and gas sectors
ii. PAUT or TOFD have been allowed and used to examine welds in-lieu of
Radiography Testing (RT) subject to Company approval, mainly due to:
a. Risk related to radiation hazard if radiography is performed.
b. Constraint and limited time / window allocated for radiography activities.
c. Restriction of RT activities due to certain country legislative requirement
such as permit RT to be carried out inside RT Bunker only, unless
permission obtained and granted. Besides that, the bunker size/length is
not long enough to accommodate the whole length of some of the
vessels.
iii. Use of UT in-lieu of RT is permitted with some limitations, per Project

Specifications and also several codes and standards for Pressure Vessel (e.g. ASME
VIII Div. 1 & 2, PD 5500), Tank (e.g. API 650, API 620, EN 14620) or Piping (e.g.
ASME B31.3), however shall be subjected to Owner approval with some
conditions after considering and analyzing the risks and limitations.
iv. If UT is used in lieu of RT, automated computer enhanced data acquisition is

required to obtain a permanent record of the full weld (i.e. TOFD or PAUT).
PURPOSE
In addition to the requirements specified in the project specification and the referencing
codes and standards, it’s essential for Company to standardize the requirements / conditions
for the use of TOFD or PAUT in-lieu of RT for examination of welds examination.
TOFD AND PAUT LIMITATION/RISK
i. Limitation / Risk associated with TOFD

a. Required competent, qualified and skilled TOFD Operator / Interpreter.
b. Some instances where Certified Level-II personnel failed blind (mock up)
test.
c. TOFD may not be able (insensitive) to detect near surface discontinuities
or defects i.e. Due to dead zone near surface.
d. TOFD may difficult to apply on thin material or small diameter piping.
e. TOFD may not be able to carry out due to configuration or constraint
because of geometrical condition.
f. Some configuration affects the ultrasonic wave signal or scanning e.g. (i)
Improper probe contact due to presence of weld reinforcement at “T”
joint or surface condition and waviness.
g. Insufficient information of defect actual location.
h. No establishment of defect identification against TOFD images.

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i. Unmatched with radiography interpretation in detection and

characterization of inclusions and gas pores.
ii. Limitation / Risk associated with PAUT

a. Required competent, qualified and skilled PAUT Operator.
b. Some instances where Certified Level-II personnel failed blind (mock up)
test.
c. TOFD may not able to detect transverse discontinuities or defects for
smaller pipe size.
d. TOFD may difficult to apply on thin material or small diameter piping.
e. Some configuration affects the ultrasonic wave signal or scanning e.g. (i)
Improper probe contact due to presence of weld reinforcement at “T”
joint or Surface condition and waviness.
f. Doesn‘t quite match radiography in detection and characterization of
inclusions and gas pores.
SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENT AND ADDITIONAL NDT TO REDUCE RISK AND CONDITION

FOR APPLICATION OF TOFD / PAUT
In addition to the project specifications and codes / standards requirements, the followings
shall also be complied and carried out.
i. Thickness Permitted
a. Range of thickness allow per table below, however it is subjected to
Company approval and satisfactory qualification / demonstration of
procedures and scan plans witnessed by Main Contractor Level-III.
NDT Unfired/Fired Storage Tank API Piping/Pipeline

Method Pressure Vessel 650/620/EN 14620
TOFD / 12.7 mm thk. 10 mm thk and -8 mm and greater for non-HP Piping
PAUT and greater greater -For TOFD, NPS 6 and greater
-For PAUT, NPS 3 and greater
-12.7 13 mm and greater for HP Piping
ii. Pulse repetition rate shall be set such that no interference occurs between signals
caused by successive transmission pulses. General supplementary requirements:
a. Main Contractor to provide TOFD / PAUT Level-II personnel to witness
TOFD / PAUT activities.
b. In addition to TOFD / PAUT, all “T” Joints shall be:
 Weld flush for permitting a complete TOFD/PAUT examination or
 PAUT manual scanning or
 Radiographic Testing.
 Manual UT is not allowed
c. For piping, a minimum of 5% of the total weld length shall be cross

checked by RT for each TOFD / PAUT operators, exclusive of all “T” joints
that have been RT. Any significant findings / discrepancies need to be

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investigated and the number of cross checking shall be increased by 10%,

and discrepancies shall be resolved (i.e. re-examination of all the welds
that were examined by the Operator) at contractors cost. Further
discrepancies shall be the ground for revocation of TOFD / PAUT operator
qualification or TOFD / PAUT in-lieu of RT approval.
d. For TOFD, to perform 100% Manual UT or PAUT at all joints as mandatory

complementary method to enable detection of near surface flaws at
near-field and far-field.
e. For PAUT, to perform 100% Manual UT at all joints as mandatory
complementary method to enable detection of transverse
defects/discontinuities for smaller pipe size.
f. The final TOFD / PAUT data, records and reports prepared by the qualified
TOFD / PAUT Level-II personnel shall be reviewed and endorsed by Main
Contractor Level-III.
iii. Qualification / Demonstration of TOFD / PAUT Procedures and Scan Plans

a. Qualification and demonstration of TOFD / PAUT Procedures,
Examination Strategy or Scan Plans shall be witnessed and endorsed by
Main Contractor’s Level-III personal and shall be documented.
b. All procedures and scan plans shall be approved, qualified and
demonstrated prior to commencement of TOFD / PAUT activities by NDT
contractor. The overall examination methodology shall be demonstrated
to be effective over the full weld volume.
c. All the blocks used for the calibration and qualification / demonstration
shall be verified and certified by an independent 3rd Party such as SIRIM
or other lab approved by Owner/PMC.
iv. Qualification and Blind (Mock Up) Performance Test of TOFD / PAUT Operators
a. All TOFD / PAUT personnel, meeting the pre-qualification requirements,
as per Company Specification or Level-II of ISO 9712 or equivalent with
independent certification by accredited third party inspection agency,
shall be subjected to and pass Blind (Mock Up) Test witnessed and
certified by Main Contractor’s Level-III personnel.
b. ASNT certification scheme may be accepted with a proper evident of
documentation such as training records, examination papers and marking
and experiences shall be made available to Company prior to mock up
test.
c. Refer attachment 1 for General Guideline for Blind (Mock Up) Test of
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) and Time of Flight Diffraction
(TOFD) Operators and Interpreters.
d. Only Level-II or Level-III personnel that have been subjected to and pass
Blind (Mock Up) Test shall perform UT examinations, analyse the data, or
interpret the results.

PTS 15.30.02
Page 58 of 58
v. Audit of TOFD / PAUT activities

a. Audit shall lead by Main Contractor’s TOFD Level-III and carried out at
regular interval to ensure that the TOFD / PAUT implementation comply
to approve procedure, specifications and codes/standards requirements.
The audit interval shall not be more than six (6) months or at least once
for project lasted less than six month.
Refer Appendix V - Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) and Time of
Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Audit Scope.

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PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

© 2017 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

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ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA ................................................................................................. 26

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11.0 AUDIT ............................................................................................................................. 42

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1.1.4 AUT multi probes shall not be used in company premises.

General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

Specific Definition of Terms

1 A-Scan A method of data presentation utilizing a

2 B-Scan A means of ultrasonic data presentations which

3 C-Scan An ultrasonic data presentation which provides

4 D-Scan An ultrasonic data presentation which provides

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5 E-Scan The same focal law is multiplexed across a

6 S-Scan May refer either to the beam movement or the

7 Written Practice Detailed certification procedure for the control

2 AUT System that only utilizes PAUT, TOFD or

5 EMAT Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer

6 FSH Full Screen Height

7 HAZ Heat Affected Zone

8 IOW Institute of Welding

9 IRIS Internal Rotary Inspection System

10 JPK Jabatan Pembangunan Kemahiran

11 NDE Non-destructive Examination

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13 PCN Personnel Certification in NDT

14 PCS Probe Centre Spacing

15 POD Probability of Detection

16 SAFT Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique

17 SAW Submerge Arc Welding

18 TOFD Time of Flight Diffraction

19 UT Manual Ultrasonic Examinations (MUT) or

Table 1.2: Specific Abbreviation

This PTS 15.30.02(January 2017) replaces PTS 15.30.02 (December 2015).

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2.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

All ultrasonic equipment and accessories as listed in Appendix 1 shall be supplied by

Owner may require periodic demonstration of Contractor’s personnel to demonstrate to the

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The UT apparatus shall have the following properties:

UT equipment performance shall be documented prior to commencement of an ultrasonic

UT equipment shall have both single & double transducer functions.

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The following Calibration Blocks shall be available:

Fabrication of Calibration Blocks shall be made from the following:

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A suitable non corrosive couplant shall be used throughout the examination.

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All UT shall be conducted at ambient temperature. Temperature Correction Factor (TCF) as

Accept/reject parameters will be according to the reference code.

Sizing of defects shall be as follows:

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Evaluation and assessment of indications shall be conducted (where possible) as follows:

Transducers of the following frequency range shall be employed: