CHEMISTRY

Matter

Pure Substance
Mixture

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

7 Units Colloid
SI
suspension
kg ,
M
,
S
,
K ,
A ,
Cd ,
mol

Law of Definite Proportions / Proust 's Law

orbitals -

region of probability
-

every compound contains fixed proportions by mass of consistent elements Max valent electrons in a shell : 8

Law of conservation of Mass * Quantum numbers

Law of
Multiple Proportions / Dalton 's Law number
n
, principal quantum
-

ratio of small whole numbers ↳ distance from nucleus

and form CO coz

-
for example , carbon oxygen can or
I ,
angular / azimuthal quantum number

subatomic Particles ↳ describes shape of orbital ,

4s ped f }
, ,
,
[0 ,
n - 1]

Electron →
Sir JJ Thomson : cathode ray tube experiment m
, magnetic quantum number

charge )
""
-1.6×10 c
f- 1 unit ↳ [ -

l ,
l]

CONST 03 : me S,
spinquantum number

proton → Ernest Rutherford :

gold foil experiment ↳ { Yz -42 } ,

charge )
""
+ 1.6×10 c
( +1 unit Pauli 's Exclusion Principle
↳ two electrons atom have #s
CONST 01 :
Mp no in an can same
quantum

Neutron → James Chadwick Aufbau 's Principle Hund 's Rule

02 : Mn tells order of filling fill T first

up of orbitals
CONST ↳ up
-

Si Sam pasok sa
pinto ,
si Dan
pasok sa door pero si Fe ,

daan pa sa floor

Pudding / 6s 5f Gd
4s 3d 4p Gp 7s 6f
Thomson 's Plum Is 2s 2p 3s
3p 5s Jd 5p
Raisin bread model S
up to 2 d 6 10 14
f-
→
, ,
p →
,
→

Mass number : 11
23 p
# of protons t
Na n : 12
If no net
charge ,

neutrons
p e
=
,,
e : 1,
Atomic number

# of protons

24 : 12
zt P Else , e adjusts
Mg n : 12
based
12
e : 10
on
charge

Isotopes -

same # of protons , differ in #

of neutrons
1-
proton
-

may
be stable or radioactive
↳ will transform to
naturally
an
isotope of a diff
element

Atomic Mass -

weighted average of an element's isotopes

/ number
Isobars
I
-
same atomic weight mass

40K
both 40
40g 40g
:

Rutherford 's Ar
Planetary
-

pt { no
-

Model lsotones -

same #
of neutrons
I
neutron
 CHEMISTRY
Dmitri Mendeleev 's periodic table of Elements * Gas Pressures -

first noticed by Evangelista Torricelli

Conductors Semion Insulators
Groups
Periods I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 atm is the same as :

1.013 barr mmHg 14.7

I H
He ,
760 ,
760 torr, 29.9 inHg ,
101.3 kPa
, psi

2 hi Be B C N O F Combined Gas Law

Ne *

%¥
Al Si P Cl P V,
3 Na Mg S Ar
,

F.
4 Ga Ge se Br
Gay-Lussac ( Pds
K Ca As Kr
Boyle ( p{ V1 ,
Charles ( Vdt ) ,
T)

Rb Sr In Sn 's Law
g- Sb Te I Xe *
Avogadro
V1 I
6 Cs Ba Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
=

a- nz

7 Fr Ra Nh Fl Me Lv Ts 09 * Ideal Gas Law

Alkali Alkaline Noble / Rare
Nitrogen chakoqens
Fw
"
Boron Carbon
Nak
"
PV =
NRT ; n = =
R ay
maker
metals earth 9M gases
qrp qrp Halogens
metals
Liam
↳
readily accept
from
an electron
another atom to
R = 0.0821
no , .k
=
8.314m¥ [ E) [ m÷ ] ,
=
[ ¥1k]
form compounds ↳ this Work
Halina ka Rb Cs Fr * Dalton 's Law of partial pressures use whenever ,
,

m3 units for volume or

( balgeyntin)
,

BAIGAINTINH Pt = Epi
velocities are involved

CSI Genshin Pub flow * Mole fraction

He Near
ikrxepnoglkersernog ) ×, =
I
GEAS Site Po Bsb ( metalloids) PT

radioactive Lanthanide ! Promethium Kinetic Theory of Gases

Only 1 *
•

.
Most abundant elements in atmosphere -

average KE
of
gases depend only on temperature p 8.314¥
Nitrogen 178.1 %) KE monoatomic =
F. KT Vrms :
3¥ =
3kt
MW

Oxygen ( 21.8%) KE diatomic =

Izkt ↳ convert to
kg / Mol
↳ CONST 25
.
Most abundant elements in earth 's crust Boltzmann 's constant

oxygen 415%) * concentration

Silicon 125%7 i. Percent by Mass

mass solute
✗ 100%
Aluminum ( 8%) =

mass sin

. Most abundant elements in human body 2. Molarity

Oxygen ( 65%
) µ =
moles solute
liter Sol 'n
-1m¥ ]
Carbon ( 18% ) 3. Molality
moles solute
-

Diatomic gases
: m =
[ m¥g ]
kg solvent

Have no fear of ice cold beer ! * Acids & Bases

H2 Nz Fz 02 Iz Clz Brz
When ionized in water , acids
produce Ht
( also Hez) bases
-

produce OH

Allotropes -
other forms of an element pH
= -

log [ Ht ] Acids > 7

-
e.
q
02 & 03
] Neutral
.

log [ OH
-

7
POH = =
-

Molar Base < 7

* mass
pH +
POH =
14

)
"
const 24 : G. 022×10 ( Avogadro 's # * Graham 's Law of Effusion
1- u= 1 amu = 1 dalton : 1
g
/
mole = 1- ( can also be used for diffusion )
I
glmol N : 14 glmol TMW
H: He :
4g/ moi c: 12
glmol

=F÷
0: 16 gtmol
Na : 23 glmol Al : 27 glmol
S:
32g/ not I
Ar : 40
glmol Fe : 56 l2
Cl : 35.5g / not
glmol
Note :
* Percent composition

mass of one element intensive properties

-

independent of mass
100%
=
✗

total mass of compound " "

extensive properties -

depends on extent

specific properties extensive properties over mass

-
 CHEMISTRY
Hydrocarbons
 PHYSICS
* Law of Universal Gravitation *
Speed of transverse wave in
long string (1)
f- =
Gm .

d2
ma
✓ =
m+%%÷r unit length
↳ '
A2
CONST 39
p =
tzuvw
longitudinal wave ( )
Il
* Friction * speed of

moduwsofel.astic.it#Fmax--Fstatic--MsN
✓
÷ =

density
f-kinetic Restitution
MKN coefficient of
=

Note : Fs > Fk h bounce

e = = -

h initial Ui -
Uz

* Kinetic & Potential Energy

as ratio of relative velocities
negative
PE =
mgh Huygens 's Principle
KE
trans
=
§ MVZ

KE rot = { IWZ
Rotational Inertia I of common objects
F-
2
solid Mr
sphere
I for
solid tzmr
'
( also disk) increasing
cylinder same m { r ;

higher I harder
Hollow sphere 3- mr2 ,

rotate
to
Hollow cylinder
mr2 ( also ring ) ×

* Work ( scalar)

W =
Fxd = tdcoso Snell 's Law

* Power (scalar ) n , since , =

nzsinoz
HLA LHT
P :
¥
§ ( higher to lower
n = n n
,

* Momentum ( vector ) away from normal )

L IW
↳ If n is close to 1 medium is fast
mu
p
= ,

* Impulse ( vector) * Critical angle

0 < or in order to
( k)
"
J =
Flit =
mov Qc = sin
n,
refract ,
else reflect

* Wavelength * common refractive indices ,

n

f =
¥ hair = 1
, nwater = 1.33

* Law of Conservation of Energy nglass :

1.5 ,
nquartz =
1.54

KE , + PE ,
= KE z t PE , t losses
Sound
*

power of
source p
Law of conservation of Momentum
F- 211-42 A' up [¥ ]
=

* I
Era
= = =

enclosing sphere
M, U t Mz Uz M, V, t
V2
=
, Mz

I
Io Wo If Wf 1dB 10109
= =

-12
, ✗ 10
Harmonic Motion velocity
Simple
hearing
* ↳ threshold of
I
1- = 21T I
K
fmm☐ V = W A
'
- X2
* Doppler Effect
I t
displacement
* simple Pendulum 2nF f- =
to YÉ¥ ; + towards ,
-

away

1- = 21T 1- 6- If source is
moving towards observer
relatively ,
f- > fo .

g
* Torsional Pendulum
* Speed of Sound ( varies per reference )

1- = 21T ¥ ✓ =
331 It
TI =
331 + 0.6 Too
zzgoc
1
torsional constant ×

Mach 1
 PHYSICS
For meniscus lens :

* Properties of Light
R, , → R2 R' R2

(t ) C-) C- ) (t)

}
→ oo

if planar
→ o

convex Concave R
±
↳ looks like +
negative R
positive R
Note :

* Lens in parallel R
1- 1- I
+ s
ft
=
f- , fz virtual real side
side
( resistor )
Red : lowest frequency , longest wavelength analogy
real virtual
Power of lens a
④ * a

[ ¥iama÷n]
whole
For a
sphere side side
Intensity : I = ,

f-
-

w w = 41T p = [ In or diopter (D) ] Intuition :

[ Cd ]
↳ don't forget to convert ! real side is where light
is after passing lens / mirror

Illuminance :
[ tux ]
E =

A
[ lummezns_ ] ( 1 foot candle
I 1m / ft
2
=) * Photoelectric

no electrons ,
Effect

not
enough ev

[ ¥]
I
Luminance : L =
-

A
[nits ]
output in lumens
Luminous
efficiency eh =

input in Watts

Amount of
energy photon holds depends on
freq
@
)
if

(
image
Plane hf
no

✗
focus . same size =

Mirrors
if @ center " ""✗
concave Lens
✗ ↳
y
CONST 06
spnen.ca, concave
Planck 's constant
convex
6.63 ✗ 10-34 [ Js ]
light ( higher field of
)
reflect view
refract light
# of photons = available energy usually OPE
=

VMCL : of energy per photon hf

convex
=
mirrors
=
are
analogs
concave lenses
= =

-
both diverging
-

image is virtual , upright ,

smaller

nearsightedness ( myopia ) lenses

use concave
to treat , .

concave → man cave → me →

myopia
↳ home → near

to treat farsightedness ( hyperopia) ,

use convex lenses .

* Mirror
Equation
÷ t to =

¥ ; f =
I
* Magnification of mirrors

-
i
=
hi
m
-0
=
ho

OI =
I
Qe to

* Lens maker
Equation

f- = in -
1) ( ¥ ¥) +

-
 THERMODYNAMICS
* Laws of Thermodynamics * Thermal Expansion
Zeroth : If two bodies A and B are at thermal equilibrium with 0L = a LOT 0C + 273.15 =
K

thermal DV
=p VDT
C then A and at
third body body B °F 460 R
•
are 1- =
,

with each other

equilibrium p =
3d
sensible ( change in T , not in phase )
First : WE =
Q -
W * Heat
Latent ( change in phase ,
not int )
the net total
change in
energy
of a
system is
equal sensible Heat
heat
p specific capacity
to the heat added minus work done
moot
.

Q =
COT =

second : ↳ heat capacity

1 Kelvin -

Planck statement *
specific heat capacity of water , Cw :

1.0B¥
heat cannot be
completely transformed to work cw = 1.0
go.de = to
=

lbm°F
I eat =
4.186J use these to convert,

esp in latent heat

1054 g-
.

I BTU
perfect engine
=
no constants !
Qc to 1 Cal = 1 kcal

#
Cw = 4.186
g¥ =
4.186 =

kg°C
=
4186
I
kgk
↳ all SI units

* If not given :

2 Clausius statement Cice = 0.5C water

C steam 0.4C water

heat cannot
go from cooler body to hotter body
=
a

Latent Heat

Q =
± ML note kj !

cyclic processes
impossible !
L in
k÷g←
hot
Fusion ( s → 1) 333.5 L can also be in

91
Yg Btubm
"

cold Vaporization ( I →
g) 2256 or

Win =/ 0 when sublimation ( s

C to H !
→
g) 2838
transferring
p
n

constant work =/ PDV w

P V, T
, Q
^^ P, PI
lsochoric V W :O
=
Q=mcu0T
equivalence of
t and 2 :
Note
p
,
, F, Tz

¥ ¥
^

I Isobaric P W = Pov
=
Q=mcp0T
, , ,

go Isothermal T W :P , V. lmk ^ 0T=O DE int :O

V →

get
,
>

W=nRTln
'
P V,,
=
Pzvz IQ =
IW

Or replace
V2
with
E
j, P2
" n -
1
Poly tropic pv

¥2 ( ¥
W :
Pah -
Pi V1 stint : ±Q±W
( think of this
=

n : polytropic I -

n
( general )
as
general process,
index
For ideal : k n
→ 8.314
-

gases Q= w

É
( 1¥)
K t
( T2 Ti ) Piltz -1T)
-

NR I
-

W= = =
K can be 1.67 1.4
l -
n MW(I -
n ) T , is
or
n
given
" K -
I
✓
Isentropic PV
÷:( ÷
W =
pzvz -
P, V , Q = 0
reversible ( adiabatic)
( adiabatic ) I K
-

K =

K = 1.67 ( monoatomic )
k= 1.4 ( diatomic ) I
T
=

( ¥)
equivalent
,
3 Also :

the
In all
spontaneous processes , entropy of If air is
given , since air is
largely composed of Nz and 02 ,

±
universe increases assume diatomic and K = 1.4 Moreover 12=287
kgk
. .
, .

8.314 J / molk

completely µ 28.97×10-3
Third : The value of entropy of a
pure crystalline glmol

substance @ absolute T is Zen Also R= Cv for

Cp
.

gases
-

S = klnw At STP , 22.4 Llmol for

any gas .
 THERMODYNAMICS
* Heat transfer ( note that 9- are P ) * Absolute and Gauge Pressure

conduction ¥ is analogous to I ( think of Q

t
= charge
time ) tabs =
Pg t Patin
to T
analogous ( think OV 0T )

¥
KANT
→
✓ is

TEA ¥ #-)
=

to ( think of
L R is analogous R = =

Convection

¥ = HAAT

Radiation

F-
Q "
oeA(TI ti )
'
= oe AT If two T 's are
given
: =
-

f-
"
↳
¥
CONST 31 OAT
67×108 W
For parallel surfaces : =

5.
E. ti +

(P2p )¥
'
MZK " note :
e = 1 for blackbody =

,
so

Carnot , Otto , and Brayton

use the same formula
Summary
.

Carnot efficiency
I change Q to T )

Te Reversible Processes involved Efficiency

e : TH -

TH adiabatic, TH To I
( isothermal )
-

✓ Carnot da ☐1- n = = I -

to remember :
TH t,

output ,
efficiency =

✓ 0++0 OV OQ n 1-
( 1¥ )
:

input
±
=
Stirling OT OV
QH
I
QH -
Qc
=
DP " 1-
✓ Brayton OQ
( 1¥ )
=

QH

Use absolute temperatures

( Kelvin or Rankine ) !

Father of thermo si Carnot at a

: QT
young age
Work is input for heat pumps and
Mayor ng Pasig : VQ Otto
with QH and Qc
refrigerators as

outputs , respectively .
Brand
ng TV :
Stirling
QH
COP PQ !
Galit Kay Brayton
= :
,+p QH -
Qc
Qc
Pref =

Qu -
Qc

Max cop : Q → T

All real processes are irreversible .

A Carnot cycle consists of 2 isothermal and 2 adiabatic processes .

Isentropic → reversible adiabatic

*
Brayton cycle
I
n =
I -

K -
I

(E)
"
 MECHANICS
O EF =O
statics
a- -

Motion
✗ =oem=o
* Projectile
Mechanics
Kinematics Max at 45°
range
.

Dynamics reference to forces EF

2¥00
-
w/o =
ma
-

kinetics EM = Ia
total time of flight it .
If with drag ,
Max

< 45 ?
ymax range at
I
-
Y
R
* Kinematic Equations
" '
Voisin 20
s =
Vot ± { at For rotational motion :
+ =
2Vsin0-
Ymax =
( rosina ) R =

g 2g g
v =
No ± at s= ro V=rw ra
a
Al 2- V The 2 's arranged
=
be t are the 2 's
arranged
-

wanna a are

and ✗ in kinematic
v2 v5 use
horizontally
a- w
=
± zag , , sino over
g ng vertically
equations .

W
w
*
Banking on curves

w w
:
Ideal
angle of banking
gurl ( V.V / gr )
w w
w
tana = bebe
✓ ✓ V V ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓
gr
ar *
I 1 I

For w/o
Point Concentrated Uniformly Distributed
Uniformly Varying Parabolic greater velocity skidding
Load Load Load Load I
tan (0-+4) =

gr
1-2 I § I
¥ 01 ( If
v2

GT )
I = = =
tan horizontal
µ
=
=
,
µ
ti t
w =
Wh W :
¥ W :
÷ angle
friction
of coefficient
of friction

* Belt Friction

* Uniform Circular Motion

( Wr )2
an
= ¥ =
I
= w2r

Intuition behind reaction forces : at = ar = 0 if uniform

consider
pin support an 2+9+2
:
a =
total

No horizontal
movement

No vertical

movement
* Equivalent Force Couple system

can be T
rotated ①
EMA
✓ ✓

. Efx
Therefore :
A

be zero Elastic Inelastic Collisions

A-
×
> Note that Ax or
Ay can
,
* Vs
say
forces
•
these are
just possible rxn .

no net external forces

,

Ay y

Convention :

Positive : T > 9
?⃝
 MECHANICS
* Elastic Collision Shortcut

Final velocities :

MI -
M2
V, = y
m , 1- M2

2mi
V2 = y
m , 1- Mz

OH
)

µ cost , block
s ino > will accelerate down the ramp .

> block accelerate K

Alternatively if tano µ
will .

, ,

↳ : tan µ
- '

angle of repose 0 =

* Weird conversion

1
lbf = 4.45 N

to accelerate
For the
system ,
at
T <
mg

ing

-
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS I
strain due to applied force (rod )
s :
* simple stress

¥E
Force
stress =
Area L 8 =

* Shear stress T
,

P EAR :
parallel
S strain due to weight ( hanging wd )
-

own
I =
-

A
s =
mgh = pgi
ZAE ZE
Lap Joint

:
Common
Young 's moduli

E =
70 6Pa
aluminum
✓

Area is a circle parallel to force E =

110 6Pa
,
copper

wood : Estee, =
200 6Pa
Consider glue
p Area is a rectangle still parallel E Enicke, 2106Pa
/
, = =
iron
,
,

'
* Poisson 's Ratio →
from 0 to 0.5

÷
p -

N =
-

Etat = ←
t
→

8-
* Tensile stress ,
of perpendicular ) Gong Lo
9

o =
P * shear strain
A-
→

it
• =
(valid approximation for small 0
)
* Bearing stress ,
OB ←

P For tensile stress ( t) :

OB = -
( special kind of tensile stress )
AB O = EE
↳ modulus of elasticity /
Young 's modulus

would For shear stress

µY
/ be areas for
tensile stress I =
GO
☒ ↳ modulus of rigidity / modulus
To remember : of elasticity in shear

[ stress ] =
[ constant ][ strain ] → Hooke 's Law
✓

the Gor E
Simply consider the rectangle at the center as area .
Tor o for E

This perpendicular Thermal Stress

area is .

* Thermal Expansion *

tensile
From
thermodynamics :
0 =
✗ EDT
0 Intuition :
Longitudinal DL =
✗ LDT
Normal compressive 8 = ✗ Lot and 8=1
AE
Stress Bulk Following notation here :
shear
I g =
✗ Lot ¥E= ✗ LOT

P
Axial strain E with hole will ✗ 0T
Heating
=
a
plate cause
-

* , a
AE
the hole to increase diameter
E = 8 change in
length (longitudinal )
in .

A-
p = ✗ EDT but 0 =
¥
L
original length
o= ✗ EAT

* stress-Strain Diagram
and V Factor of
If these are close ,
brittle
* Relate G, E , *
safety
<

hardening necking
Else , ductile .

G =
E
f. s .
=
Ultimate
strength
grain =h u 2 ( Itv ) allowable stress
In some references ,
← elastic limit
/
yield strength =

/
/ For brittle materials
1

(
Fracture
/ point
Hooke 's Law :
'
O = EE
y
in

past the yield point , material will have a plastic deformation

when the stress is removed .
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
* Pressure vessels ( derivation is included ) * Polar Moment of Inertia
,
J * Max shear stress , Imax
derived from
Cylindrical Pressure Vessel Shaft shaft i.
tr
radius J 4 Tmax |6T-
)
inner
I ☐ solid

}
r =
solid =
,
=

}
Use Sl
32 Itd
1- = wall thickness
units

p
: fluid
pressure
(
gauge) Jnouow = ± (☐
¢ -

day
16 naturonanghinati at

32
pinadalanangtatlongbeses
o, o, =

tangential /
q circumferential / mga polar
bears pinadala
-
og Imax hollow =
161--17
hoop stress apat subdivision
,
s
sa na
"
)
,
"

tig -32 IT (D d
← longitudinal
-

Oz =
axial /
to
o,
stress 16 na
throng dung pinadala ,

hang apatnabeses perodurog

-

cut
along z-axis : then take half of that cut :
dung pa rin :c

y
^
pkt back Relating torque and
power
' %
pressure is
pushing i [ rpm]
za ×
the vessel
walls are
keeping p =
LTLNT '
[N -
m ]
-

"
together due to stresses in
I 60
material
1 OZ [w ]

to
force due Pressure
← Force ! stress Force !
shaft
pressure
transmitted hollow
( P -
-

E. ⇐ PA
) p .
Area ; 0 .

Area
* Max
torque by
cross section

)
-

"

(
" Imax ,
P ( Zr DZ) o 2 ( thz ) Tina D d same formula from
÷,
. -
=
-
→
,

b
p
memorize
only one of them
for top
& bottom
*
Angular deformation ,
0

EF×=o ( Zr DZ ) = 0 2 (t.dz )
p [m ]
→

torque [ N length
,
'm ]

¥
.

0 [ rad ] =

Troop =
polar moment [ m4 ] .
modulus of
[ Pa ]
of inertia rigidity
cut 2- axis !
Now , consider only one
along
-

* Helical springs ↳ t
Stress Force
note that I =
so
Force ! :
pressure
maximum
shearing stress g-
a
; Patry Oz .

Hrt
axial load
a =
IF
< d
of spring
a
radius
( R2 F) q r , mean
note that A- =/ IT
-

a
ring
due to
walled vessel
assumption of thin -

T =

¥Pl÷ ( 44m¥
1
+
0.615

m )
↳ I
ratio of wall thickness
diameter of ratio of diameter of
spring
2¥
mean
to inner diameter is =

wire of spring diameter of wire of

Patrol
to
EFz 214ft spring
mean
0 Oz less than
4,0
= → =
-

16 roses pinadala nang tatting beses

0 paper
= PI
10h9 apat na manika bawas isa apart na
zt ,

manika bawas apart ,

may 0.6151m
and circumferential joints:
When
given efficiencies 4 of longitudinal
Spring deformation
Limiting tensile stress =

Onoop or Tong ( choose smaller ! ) 8 = 64 PÑn

" "
long hnoop Gd

Spherical Pressure Vessel

o
64
paper
"
roses natapon tatting beses ,

God damn
"
1 beses
o← → o napa
-

apart na

t constant
o
spring
k =
I
Following the sa.me
analysis
:
8

E. Fx EFZ Zarb Effective Spring Constant ( capacitor analogy)

=
=
0 →
P .
tip = o .

o=pr_ series
springs
:

2T
1- =
I +
1- + . .
.

If there is external
pressure
: keffk.kz
Replace with Parallel
p paternal Pintemai
-

springs
keff = K, t ka t . . .
 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
* Simple interest * Depreciation

PC ) Method
f- =
it in
straight Line
I value
d- MODE 3 ( STAT ) -
2 ( At BX)
^

ordinary : n=
360
d
Ex × y
d-
-

exact : n =

366
365
Bvg 5y^
or
0 10000 =

l l l l l I 7 time

Factor Name Converts Formula 10 500 D= 1y^ 2y^=F

-

"
amount factor P→F ( Tti )
single payment sinking Fund method

t
single payment present worth f- → p
( Iti )
" ↳ think of
annuity
:

uniform series amount factor A → f- (1ti) F- = A Ati)

"
-
,
i i
Uniform series sinking fund F > A "
( Iti ) -1
"
( Iti) -1 "
uniform series present worth A → P ( Iti ) -
l
ie ,+ in Fc -
su =
d
"
il Iti )
i
capital Recovery P → A "
( Iti ) -1

Balance Method / Constant

Note : Declining Percentage Method
NR nominal annual interest rate
i. = MODE 3( STAT ) -
6 ( Api )
m # of compounding periods per year value
a
Rate Ex
Effective ✗ y
.

*
( exponential )
BVz=3y^
" d'
ER =
( Iti ) -
1 0 50000
dz

5 15000
NR compounded . . .
m I 1 1 11 I > time

1
annually think of DBM → CPM →
percentage
→
exponential function
2 Sum of Years Digits
semi-annually
- -

4 (STAT) ( CXZ ) :
quarterly MODE 3 -
3 -
1- needs 3
points
6
bimonthly Ex .
✗
Y value
a

monthly 12 0 6.18M
( parabolic )
semi -

monthly 24 8 309k

replace copy from

360/365/366
or
1 I 1 I 1 I 7 time
daily q zogk →
"
>
( Iti ) with
prevww
( set 999 ) ein
continuously BV,
•
5J
m= =

Balance Method
* Inflation Rate Double
Declining
( Iti )
" MODE 3( STAT ) -
6 ( Api ) ( same as DBM )
f- =p

(Itf )
"

EX . ✗ y

Annuities 0 FC You need FC to

* only
get any value
^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ 1 Fc -
2- Fc .

l l l l l l l l l l
2 SLM ( linear )
0 I 2 3 4 0 I 2 4

¢+i)
3
MODE 3 3 SYD ( copy last entry ) ( parabolic )
Ordinary Annuity f- = A

Due 6
Annuity DBM
( exponential )
( )
0 FC

^^ ^^ ^^ ^ DDBM , ec.ge ,
- .
. . .
Po = A-
i * Capitalized cost
l l l l l l l l l l

0 I 2 3 4 0 I 2 3 4 00
CC =
FC t ¥
Deferred Perpetuity ↳ recall :
Annuity perpetuity

Breakeven
* Analysis
For uniform gradients
:
income =
expenses
Cost Models
p=£ → some function of n *
Estimating rate)
n=i ( Iti )
"
log ( learning curve
,

Tn =
To In )
I
learning curve

applies for doubling

cumulative production
 ELECTROMAGNETICS + VECTORS
scalar ( scalar )
vector
Magnitude *
Laplacian of a

I =
{ ax ay , , az > dir ( grad U ) =
7 .

Pu

Hoi Il =
a = ax
-
+
ay
'

taz
'
=
3¥ 0¥ +3¥
. +

unit vector * curl of a Vector ( vector)

a- "
É
£ '
J
=
Haiti curl a- =p ✗ a-
÷ :-, Ez
=

Ita 11=1 ax az
ay

Scalar Multiplication * Coulomb 's Law

CÑ =
( cax Cay , . Caz ) F = KQ ,
Q2

tell oil r2
( cand't ( Cray )'t (Caz )
-

l
=

vectors in calculator : K =
¥8
MODE 8 ( VECTOR) ↳ CONST 32

define if 2b or 3D * Electric Field ,

E

-
SHIFT +51-7 : Dot
E
¥ KI
= =

Use for r2
✗ cross product
-

-
SHIFT + hyp : Abs C) [% ] or
[ 4m ]
* Scalar Product

A- B A Boost I. B =D Ñ of Infinite sheet of

Infinite charge charge
=
Line *
.

*
.

Dot product of t vectors = o

P p = EE =

21T Eor 2 Eo
* Projection
Ay
"

"
I ¥
1 AB

scalar
AB :
I. ÑB =
Ñ B-.

Projection 1131

vector Ñps = Ñ .BE In

Projection IBI IBT
d field intensity does not
↳ unit vector,
length of same direction depend on distance from
projection as B- sheet

* Vector Product Note :

succeeding discussion has conceptual differences with emags
in Elecs Proceed with caution
/ A ✗ BI =
IAIIBI sino Ñ×É =/ B- ✗ A- .
.

↳ area of parallelogram * Electric Flux ,

BE
↳
* Volume of a
Parallelepiped measure of flow of electric field through given area

↳ total #
of lines of force

① É Ñ
I A- ④ ✗ C) I
EA cos
=

O V
.
=
= E

↳ order doesn't matter simply :

PE = Q HE =
0¥ .

Go

* Electric Flux Density ,

D

* Gradient of a scalar ( vector) D=

¥ ( regardless of material )

grad U =L }¥ ,
¥ ¥z > .
=
TU D=
<¥rz 1%4
=
{¥ .
¥ %-) ,
D= E. E

* Divergence of a vector (scalar)

↳ rate of outward flow

diva =
3¥ +
3¥ °÷ +

=
{¥ , ?y %) ,
-

fax , ay ,
az )
= P .
a-
 ELECTROMAGNETICS + VECTORS
'
L'aw
* Gauss *
Ampere 's circuital Law

↳ total electric flux ↳ to

'

savant 's Law

passing normal is
equal to charge enclosed
by analogous Gauss Law
, opposite of Biot -

that surface . ↳ because of magnetic field there is a current

,

I =
§H -

DL

I =
HL
de = Qenc
↳ if circular
,
L=2Tr

HE =

Qge÷ .
I = H .

21T r

H =
¥r
* Stoke 's Theorem

*
Divergence theorem fP×HdA =
§ Hdl
w
f FDDV =
§ D. DA HL = I
w
☐A
Recall : D= ¥ Q=bA I =/ Tx Hd A
Q =
ft . DDV
I =
f JDA
third Maxwell 's
Q =

fpvdv Tx H = j
Equation
8. D=
pv
Maxwell 's
pv_ First :
g. E =

Eo Equation summary
7- E = 0-1-1=0

* Work and Potential Difference Intuition :

Think of divergence (F) flow For electric fields

kQ
✗ r as

kQr÷ W
.

f- =
,
:
,

w Fd
¥É ¥-01
a)
-

(
-

flow does not return to source i.e .

and
HI →
,

÷ Q E :
I v. I ÷Q For
magnetic fields ,
flow returns to source
,
hence 0 .

9 Q

v v

E KI
E =
! %)
[
kg
y
=
,
,
r ✗ r r

E
Electric Current Density 0 H J
=
* ☐ ✗ ☐ ✗ =

1- Intuition :
J =

A
think of curl (F) as rotation .

field would be rotated J

Biot Savart Rotate
magnet nonzero
→ →
*
-
Law ,

⑦
air
"

because of current there is

§ Idl ✗
H =
,

magnetic field "

4+122
a

H =

211T
[ Am ]
hence
Rotate point charge , nothing changes ,
0 .

B=µoH
¥17
- Is +
1 : B. =
µ
4£ / ↳ £
.

circumference 21T r
is 211T

Electric field E [ "m ] note

voltage ! ties back
} torn }
:

[ Ahn ]
-11
H note current !
-

Magnetic field :
?⃝
 LAWS AND ETHICS RA 9292
RA 9292 : Electronics Engineering Law of 2004 , April 17,2004
↳ approved Section 19. Issuance of the
a Certificate of Registration and
Professional Identification Card.
Number of articles per section : 5 7 14 4 4 2 25 Section 20. Registration without
Examination for Electronics
section is reg:
or Technicians. cert = None
Section 21. Non-issuance of a
Certificate of Registration and/or prof = “oath”
Professional Identification Card for
Names of Articles : Go PEP squad Pasa Tira Foul ! Certain Grounds. ( sobrangpilit nito suri basta ,
Section 22. Professional Oath.
mukhang Python code )

I GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 23. Revocation and

Suspension of Certificate of REVO REIN ROSTER EX
Registration, Professional
I d e n t i fi c a t i o n C a r d a n d
I PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF ELECTRONICS Cancellation of Special Permits. " "
ENGINEERING Section 24. Reinstatement, Re-

¥.¥¥¥¥É¥¥÷ÉÉÉ
'
issuance or Replacement of
Certificate of Registration and
Professional Identification Card.
* EXAMINATION, REGISTRATION AND LICENSURE Section 25. Roster of Professional
Electronics Engineers, Electronics
Engineers and Electronics
og
PRACTICE OF PROFESSIONAL ELECTRONICS Technicians.
(Toyota)
Section 26. Exemptions from rain rooster
☒ ENGINEERING, ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, AND Examination and Registration.
revo
✗

ELECTRONICS TECHNICIANS

Article N
PRACTICE PRO SEAL CO
SUNDRY PROVISIONS
Section 27. Practice of the
Profession.
Section 28. Prohibitions and
VI PENAL PROVISION AND ASSISTANCE OF LAW Limitations on the Practice of
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES Electronics Engineering and

☒
Electronics Technician Profession.
Section 29. Seal of the Professional d.
Electronics Engineers.
VI
"

TRANSITORY PROVISIONS Section 30. Code of Ethics and Code

"

practice para pro

seal Ko
of Technical Standards of Practice.

Article V
☒ FINAL PROVISION
Section 31. Continuing Professional CONTI INTEGRATE FOR POS
Education (CPE) and/or
Development Programs.
Article I
Section 32. Integrated and

1- IT STA DE CA NA
Accredited Professional
Organization.
Section 33. Foreign Reciprocity.
/fcxldx
1. Short Title
2. Statement of Policy Section 34. Positions in
3. Definition and Interpretation of Terms Government Requiring the Services
4. Categories of Practice Context :
of Registered and Licensed
5. Nature and Scope of Practice of… Musta ? boards
Professional Electronics Engineers, konti
integration sa

1 Electronics Engineers and at

'

may purpose you

E¥F Electronics Technicians.
"

tita musta ?
'
"
Article V1 Article V11
,
di Kana !

Article I Section 35. Penal Provision. Section 37. Transitory Provision.

Section 36. Assistance of Law S e c t i o n 3 8 . Ve s t e d R i g h t s :
Electronics and Communications
Enforcement and Other
Engineers when this Law is
Section 6. Composition of the Board. com POW QT CO RE CU Government Agencies. Passed.
Section 7. Powers and Functions of

fr.EaE@i.i.DwMiY1I.r
the Board. PENAL ASS TV
Section 8. Qualifications of Board
Members. . : .

Section 9. Term of Office.

Section 10. Compensation and
Allowances of the Board.
S e c t i o n 11 . R e m o v a l o f B o a r d
KqqggggÉy§
-
Article six
,
six sounds like

published
Article 7- → channel 7- → TV

Members.
Sept
"

17,2007
"

Section 12. Custodian of Board fu Cutie kuriku

kung
.
,

Records, Secretariat and Support (Panda ) took effect 1M A SERE EFF

↳
tigyawat Article V11
Services. Oct .
2,2007 M
µ
Section 39. Implementing Rules
and Regulations.
Article III ( divided into three mnemonics )
Section 40. Appropriations.
Section 41. Separability Clause.
1¥
Section 13. Licensure Examination.
LIQUAS RARE QUALI Section 42. Repealing Clause. ¥É¥¥

☒É¥¥¥¥
S e c t i o n 1 4 . Q u a l i fi c a t i o n s f o r Section 43. Effectivity. "

Examinations.
"
I'm a sheriff !
Section 15. Scope of Examination for
Electronics Engineers and Electronics
Technicians. Signatories :
Section 16. Ratings.
Section 17. Release of the Results of
Examination. I
MAY?É¥
-
S e c t i o n 1 8 . Q u a l i fi c a t i o n s a n d
Schedule of Registration for
Professional Electronics Engineer.
Likas rare koala
 LAWS AND ETHICS RA 9292: IRR

Board of Electronics Engineering, Resolution 2, Series of 2007 Term of Office

Accredited Professional Organization - refers to IECEP as the
integrated and accredited national organization of Professional
Electronics Engineers, Electronics Engineers, and Electornics
Technicians
Broadcast, Broadcasting - an undertaking the object of which is
to transmit audio, video, etc for reception of broad audience
Commercial Estbalishment - includes offices, hotels, motels,
hospitals, etc where electronic machinery or equipment are
installed, used, sold, etc
Communications - process of sending/receiving information/data
between two or more points
Computer - any variety of electronic devices that is capable of
accepting data, programs/instructions, executing them and
processing
Consulting Services - includes services requiring adequate
technical expertise in the field
Electronics - the science dealing with the development and
application of devices involving the flow of electrons or other
carriers of electric charge.
Electronics and Communications Engineer - qualified under RA
5734
- shall hold office for a term of three years or until their
successors have been appointed, they may be reappointed for
another term, continuous tenure shall not exceed 6 years
Qualifications for PECE
- for application, must be a licensed ECE, of good standing from
the APO
- certified experience record for at least seven (7) years, at least 2
years of which are in responsible charge of significant engineering
work
- three certifications signed by three PECEs
Seal of the Professional Electronics Engineers
- bears registrant’s name, registration number, and title
- this must be stamped on every sheet, indicating therein their
current Professional Tax Receipt Number (PTR)
Official Seal/Logo of the board and
- official seal/logo of the board: 48mm outer, 28mm inner
diameter
- “BOARD OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING” up top,
“PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION” below
- atom with nucleus and electrons
- colors are specified: orange, navy blue, black, white, red
Seal of PECE
- 48mm outer, 32 mm inner (larger space needed for name and
license number)
GEAS

Electronics Engineer - under RA 9292, can affix ECE to name

Electronics Technician - under RA 9292, ECT

Industrial Plant - includes all manufacturing establishments and Penal Provisions

other business endeavors where electronic or electronically- 100,000 < fine < 1,000,000
controlled machinery or equipment are installed 6 months < imprisonment < 6 years

Information and Communications Technology - acquisition,

production, transformation, storage, and transmission of data in
forms such as vocal, pictorial, textual, numeric or the like

Professional Electronics Engineer - RA 9292, PECE

Telecommunications - transmission of data by wire, radio,

spectral, visual/optical, electronic, electromagnetic and
technological means

Categories of Practice: PECE, ECE, ECT

Nature and Scope of Practice of Electronics Engineering and

Electronics Technician
— applicable to PECE but they also can sign and seal electronics
plans, drawings, etc prepared by themselves or under their direct
supervision

Composition of the Board

— (1) Chairman
— (2) members appointed by the president (chosen from three (3)
recommendees per position and ranked by the commission, in
turn chosen from five (5) nominees submitted by the APO in
accordance with EO No. 496 Series of 1991)

Qualifications of Board Members

- citizen and resident of PH for at least 5 consecutive years prior
to appointment
- of good moral character, holder of valid certificate as PECE, of
good standing of the APO
- active practive of profession for at least 10 continuous years
either in self-practive of employment in government/private
sector
- must not have any pecuniary interest in any school, academy,
college, etc
- must not have been convicted of an offense involving moral
turpitude
 LAWS AND ETHICS RA 10912

Continuing Profesional Development Act of 2016 Approved,

Accreditation - refers to formal or official approval granted to a FELICIANO BELMONTE, JR.

person, program, or organization Speaker of the House of Representatives

AIPO or APO - Accredited (Integrated) Professional Organization FRANKLIN M. DRILON

President of the Senate
ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework (AQRF) - refers to
device that enables comparisons of qualifications across ASEAN Senate Bill No. 2581, which was approved by the Senate on
member states August 3, 2015 was adopted as an amendment to House Bill No.
6423 by the House of Representatives on May 23, 2016.
ASEAN Mutual Recognition Arrangement (ASEAN MRA) - regional
arrangement entered into by the ASEAN member stataes MARILYN B. BARUA-YAP
Secretary General
Competence - refers to an ability that extends beyond the House of Representatives
possession of knowledge and skills (cognitive, functional,
personal, ethical) OSCAR G. YABES
Secretary of the Senate
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) - refers to
inculcation of advanced knowledge, skills, and ethical values in Approved: July 21, 2016
post-licensure specialization
(Sgd.) BENIGNO S. AQUINO, III
CPD Council - refers to body created to promote and ensure the President of the Philippine
continuous imporvement of professionals
Article I title ,
Policy ,
and Definition of terms

CPD Credit Unit - refers to the value of an amount of learning that

can be transferred to a qualification achieved from formal,

B
informal or nonformal learning seetting -> can be accumulated to

E-
award of qualification 1. Title
2. Declaration of Policy "
3. Definition of Terms
CPD Program - refers to set of learning activities accredited by
the CPD Council such as seminars, workshops, etc v0
CPD Provider - refers to natural or juridical person accredited by Tide fin
CPD Council to conduct CPD Programs
Article II

Formal learning - refers to educational arrangements recognized

by relevant national authorities Na Pow ✗ Pows
4. Strengthening the CPD Program strength
5. Nature of CPD Programs
Informal learning - occurs in daily life assessed through

3¥?☒⇐¥
6. Powers, Functions and
Responsibilities of PRC and the
recognition, validation and accreditation process Profesionnal Regulatory Boards (PRB)
7. CPD Council *
8. Powers, Functions, and
Learning outcomes - things expected to know Responsbilities of CPD Council
9. Secretariat

Lifelong learning - refers to learning activities undertaken May strength

→
napukpok
throughout life for the development of competencies Article III

Nonformal learning - learning acquired in addition or alternatively CR

to formal learning 10. CPD as Mandatory Requirement in
* ✗
Recognize
the Renewal of Professional License CR
and Accreditation System for the
Online learning - makes use of ICT solutions Practice of Professions Uy ,
ex !
11. Recognition of Credit Units C) Kita ! C)
12. Career Progression and
Pathways and equivalencies - refer to mechanisms that provide Specialization
( )
Ex
( )
me

13. Role of Concerned Government

access to qualifications and assist professionals to move easily Agencies and Private Sector "

and readily between the different education and training sectors Yung ex no
,
na
recognize "
no

sa CR

Philippines Qualifications Framework (PQF) - refers to the quality Article

assured national system for the development, recognition, and
award of qualifications at defined levels Fun Im Fraud Se Re Eff

Prior learning - skills acquired through work experience, 14. Funding

independent study etc 15. Implementing Rules and Regulation FEE
16. Fraud Relating to CPD Fraud
17. Separability
#÷¥¥¥÷¥

Professional - holds Professional Identification Card (PIC) from 18. Repealing Clause 1¥ '

19. Effectivity
PRC ¥¥÷¥¥¥¥
Self-directed learning - learning activities which did not undergo Fun I'm fraud sheriff
CPD accreditation but may be applied for and awarded CPD
,

units *
context for future readers :

Approved July 21, 2016 " "

initials
CPD po Kasi ng ex Ko , Kaya ✗ lang sya
Effectivity: March 15, 2017
sa mnemonics . . .

IRR is PRC Resolution 1032

Competency - inculcation of advanced knowledge, skills, and

abilities

Accreditation - formal or official approval granted to a person, etc

 ⛄⛄ 📺🍳

LAWS AND ETHICS OTHER LAWS

EO 546 DO 11
- Creation of the National Telecommunications Commission - general rules and regulations governing the construction,
- Creation of Ministry of Transportation and Communication installation, establishment, or operation of radio stations and the
possession or ownership, construction or manufacture, purchase,
546 → SAG
sale, and transfer of transmitters or transceivers in the Philippines

111 . .
ill 11 -> E )) ) ))
EO 125 (ABE)
DO 88 ( -> matabang ECE)
- Reorganization of Ministry of Transportation and
Communications - rules and regulations governing the services of registered ECE
- Abraham Lincoln started the connection of the different parts of
US -> Transportation ABC

EO 125-A
- Creation of Department of Transportation and Communication

EO 205 (CATV-“BOE” )
- Regulatory Operation of CATV in the Philippines
- Certificate of authority to operate cable antenna television (need
Php 1.5M as capital requirement)

EO 255 (BEE -> Singing bee -> OPM)

- requires all radio stations to broadcast OPM compositions every
4 hours
RA 3846
EO 59 (EI) - radio control law in the Philippines
- interconnection of public telecommunications carriers law - an act providing for the regulation of radio stations and radio
> EO! EI < (in Kalaw) communications in the Philippines General Classification of Radio
Stations required of Franchise
- a radio transmitting station for commercial purposes
EO 109 (LOG) - a receiving station for commercial purposes
- policy to improve the provision of local exchange carrier service - a radio broadcast station
- international gateway facility operator - mandated to install
300,000 lines in three years DEF
TUB -> DUGO (baka dumugo tenga pag di
GHI cinontrol nasa radyo)
EST -> improve -> logarithm -> log MNO

EO 266 (BFF) RA 3396

- Continuing Professional Education (CPE) - refers to the - Ship Radio Station Law or Maritime Communications Law
inculcation, assimilation, and acquisition od knowledge, skills,
proficiency and ethical and moral values to enhance the DEF
profesisonal level of performance DEF
WXYZ -> “ship natin sila” -> tas naging sila -> “deym!”
CPE (computer engineers), mga BFF ng ECE MNO

RA 3997 of 1932
PD 55 (SS -> )
- radio broadcasting law
- the privacy of communications and illegal wire-tapping and - 6 hours daily of government news, information, and education
eavesdropping violation programs
PD 401 (ERROR 401 -> unauthorized) DEF
- Law of Unauthorized Telephone Connections WXYZ
WXYZ -> news -> Mike Enriquez -> “Eyys-cuse me po!”
PD 217 (BAG) PQRS
- establishing basic policies for the telephone industry
- limits the self-financing plan to 50% the maximum cost for the RA 4200
installed telephone line - Anti-wire-tapping Law

na 50% off sa Lazada 420 -> drugs -> nag-wire tap para malaman drug pushers

PD 223 (BBC) RA 6849

- Creation of the Professional Regulations Commission - municipal telephone act of 1989
- created the Municipal Telephone Project Office (MTPO), with 10
PRC years project lifespan

PD 576-A (PD EGF-A “pwede egg pa?” habang nanunuod

(sobrang pilit)
⇐ tlo
M O
- regulating the ownership and operation of radio and TV stations T P

and for other purposes RA 7925

- no person or corporation may own, operate or manage more
than 1 radio or TV station in 1 municipality or city; nor more than
5 AM or FM radio stations, no more than 5 TV channels in the
entire country, and no radio or TV station shall be utilized by any
single interest group to disseminate information or otherwise
influence the public or the government to serve and support the
ends of such group
- Public Telecommunications Policy Act of the Philippines
- all telecommunications entities shall offer through stock
exchanges at least 30% of its aggregate common stocks within 5
years from the date of effectivity of this act
7 + 9 = 16, 2, 5 (JKL) -> PBL -> Public
 🍆

LAWS AND ETHICS OTHER LAWS

RA 8370 (BELO)
- Children’s Television Law
- requires a minimum of 15% of the daily total airtime for children

Si Belo mahilig sa bata.

RA 8792
- e-commerce act of 2000 (June 14, 2000)

TUV
PQRS
WXYZ -> VRYA -> barya since e-commerce
ABC

RA 8981 (HIH1 -> modern na tawa hihi)

- PRC Modernization Act of 2000 (December 12, 2000)

RA 6541 (FEDA, yun yung pangalan ng bahay)

- National Building Code of the Philippines (August 26, 1972)

RA 10912 (tanggap na lang)

- Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act 2016

RA 10844
- Department of Information and Communications (DIC) Act of
2015
- signed May 23, 2016

ABC

TUV -> DIC -> -> “auhh”

GHI
GHI

RA 11363
- Philippines Space Development and creation of Philippine
Space Agency Act

ABC
ABC
DEF -> space -> “BB… end?”
MNO
DEF

Philippine Electronics Code (Resolution No. 6 Series of 2014)

I. Telco Facilities - 8 chapters 8 nasi Kat na telco
II. Fire Detection - 4 chapters i. 2
III. Cable TV - 12 chapters ✗3

IV. Distributed Antenna - 6 chapters ,

°

÷ 2

Adopted: December 12, 2014

Effective: February 10, 2016

EO 196
jurisdiction, control and regulation over PH communications
satellite corporation with the NTC

EO 436
- governs operations of cable TV

EO 467
- provides national policy on use of international satellite
communications in the country

EO 468
governs e-commerce in the country

PD 1986
- created MTRCB

RA 9514
Revised Fire Code of the PH of 2008
 LAWS AND ETHICS
SUMMARY OF MEMORANDUMS AND RESOLUTIONS

Arranged in chronological (?) order

NTC MC No. 11-89 NTC MC No. 04-06-2016

allows ECE grads to take commercial radiotelephone reallocation of 470-512 MHz
operator’s examination
NTC MC No. 08-08-2016
NTC MC No. 26-89 adoption and implementation of Annex 2, Appendix 17
modification of freq allocation relating to 136-137 MHz band
NTC MC No. 09-11-2016
NTC MC No. 03-01-91 interconnection charge for voice service
registration and licensing of Satellite TVRO
NTC MC No. 10-12-2016
NTC MC No. 7-4-99 rules on measurement of mobile broadband/internet access
exempting unmanned radio stations from requirement of
duly licensed radio operators Resolution No. 2016-990
revised guidelines for CPD
NTC MC No. 09-03-2000
radio frequency allocation for CMTS NTC MC No. 02-04-2017
allows use of TV white space
NTC MC No. 10-11-2001
extension of FM broadcast band to 87.5 - 108.0 MHz NTC-DICT-DTI Joint MC 05-12-2017
prescribing 1 year expiration period for prepaid loads
NTC MC No. 09-09-2003
wireless data networks and devices NTC MC. No. 10-10-2017
telephone services within 02 local exchange area shall
NTC MC No. 11-09-2004 migrate all 7-digit nums to 8-digits (instead of 9)
mandatory taping of radio and television programs
NTC MC No. 02-02-2018
NTC MC No. 07-08-2005 additional frequency allocations for Broadband Wireless
3G radio frequency bands Access (BWA)

NTC MC No. 10-11-2005 NTC MC No. 03-04-2018

guidelines on the cablecasting of CATV channels with guidelines on electronic-billing
chatroom formats
NTC MC No. 03-12-2020
NTC MC No. 03-08-2006 use of code 911 as only emergency hotline number in the PH
use and operation of RFID

NTC MC No. 04-06-2007

data log retention of telecommunications traffic
required public telecommunications entities (PTEs) to retain
records of traffic

NTC MC No. 02-06-2006

guidelines for the grant and authorization of 500 W FM
broadcast stations

Resolution No. 2012-01

issued by IECEP CPE council requiring certificate of good
standing (COGS) in renewal of licenses

NTC MC 03-08-2012
revised amateur radio regulations

Resolution No. 2013-774

revised guidelines on CPD

NTC MC No. 05-11-2013

for Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast Service

DILG MC No. 2013-01

implementation of ECE Law of 2004

NTC MC No. 04-08-2015

frequency allocation telemetry

NTC MC 01-01-2016
multiple gigabit wireless system (MGWS) from 47 Hz to 57
GHz
 LAWS AND ETHICS
SUMMARY OF MEMORANDUMS AND RESOLUTIONS
NTC MC 03-06-2019
Mobile service provider - a public telecommunications entity or a
virtual network operator or any entity that provides mobile
telecomms service to subscribers
Mobile number portability - refers to the ability of a mobile
postpaidor prepaid subscriber, who has no existing financial
obligation to the Donor Provider, to retain an existing mobile
number despite having moved from one mobile service provider
to another, or to change the type of subscription from postpaid to
prepaid or vice versa
Porting process - refers to the process by which a donor provider
moves a mobile number to a recipient provider or changes the
type of subscription from postpaid to prepaid or vice versa? In no
case shall the entire porting process take more than forty-eight
(48) hours
Local Number Portability Database - database of all ported
mobile numbers maintained bv a Mobile Service Provider
Number Portability Database - database maintained by the
Mobile Number Portability Service Provider in electronic form,
holding the details of all ported mobile numbers, including the
complete history of all transactions relating to the porting of such
numbers, but excluding any personal information of the
subscriber
Routing number - refers to the code assigned to every mobile
network provider for the purpose of implementing Mobile Number
Portability (0588 for Smart, 0587 for Globe)
Virtual network operator - refers to an entity that offers
telecommunications service to the public under its own brand,
but utilizes the network of another authorized PTE
Donor provider - refers to the mobile service provider to whose
network the mobile number belongs at the time the subscriber
submits a porting application
Recipient provider - refers to the mobile service provider that
shall provide mobile telecommunications service to the
subscriber after the porting process
NTC MC 11-11-2007
Digital FM Signal - refers to the sequence of discrete samples
taken from a finite set of waveform transmitted over a digital radio
broadcast station
Digital FM Radio Broadcast - enables FM radio stations to
broadcast their programs digitally as a sequence of discrete
samples taken from a finite set waveform
Enhanced FM Radio Broadcast - refers to the mobile service
provider to whose network the mobile number belongs at the
time the subscriber submits a porting application
NTC MC 4-2-92
Exemption certificate - certificate issued, after inspection to a
cargo vessel engaged on a voyage where the maximum distance
of the ship from the shore, the length of the voyage, the absence
of general navigational hazards, and other conditions affecting
safety are such as to render the full applications of the regulation
become unreasonable
Cargio Ship Safety Radio Certificate - refers to a safety radio
certificate shall be issued after inspection to a cargo vessel with
radio installation, which complies with the requirements of the
SOLAS Convention, as amended
Certification Society - refers to an international organization,
company or corporation established to facilitate effective
functioning of the marine issuance system and to safeguard life
and property at sea by undertaking inspection of ships and
offshore structures
NTC MC 09-11-2016
Php 2.50 - maximum interconnection charge for voice calls per
minute
NTC MC 06-10-2008
Interconnection - refers to the linkage by wire or wireless systems of
the backhaul networks and cable landing stations for the purpose of
connecting to international cable systems
Backhaul Network Operator - refers to duly enfranchised and
authorized inter-exchange carriers or international gateway facilities or
international carriers
NTC MC 10-07-2007
Access Provider - refers to a public telecommunications carrier, duly
enfranchised and licensed to provide a public communications
network or an associated facility and/or services
Access Seeker - duly licensed and/or registered telecommunications
or value – added service provider looking to use or gain access to
another telecommunications provider’s network, facilities and/or
services
Reference access offer - default offer or agreement containing the
terms and conditions, including prices, on which a public
telecommunications entity is prepared to provide access and other
related services to any access seeker
NTC MC 05-08-2005
Proximity readers - device which transmits and interrogating/querying
signal to an RFID tags and receives unique information from the tag
Services Ordinarily Provided for by Local Exchange and Inter-
Exchange Operator and Overseas Carriers - voice services offered
through circuit switched networks
Voice Over Internet Protocol Service - provision of voice
communication using Internet Protocol (IP) technology, instead of
traditional circuit switched technology
Enhanced Services - services that improve upon the quality and/or
functionality of services ordinarily offered by local exchange and inter-
exchange operators and overseas carriers
Value-added Service - refers to enhanced services beyond those
ordinarily provided for by local exchange and inter-exchange
operators, and overseas carriers through circuit switched networks
Passive tag - RFID tag is very near or in close proximity to a reader
and does not use any internal battery
Active tag - RFID tag is used for long distance purposes such as in toll
highways, parking areas, gas stations
NTC MC 03-03-2005
Public telecommunications entity - refers to any person, firm,
partnership or corporation, government or private, engaged in the
provision of telecom services to the public for compensation
Content provider - refers to an entity/organization that creates and/or
maintains a database of information/data and which may offer
services and products to the public for compensation
Commercial advertisements - notice or announcement for the purpose
of soliciting/advertising a business, product or services and to
generate revenue
Promotional advertisements - advertisements designed to increase
visibility or sale of a product or service
Push Messages - information transmitted to the mobile phone, either
subscribed or unsolicited messages without a user request and are
initiated by the PTE or CP
Spam Messages - unsolicited or unwanted commercial and
promotional advertisements and surveys
Short Messaging Service (SMS) - service for sending messages to
mobile phones that uses Global System for Mobile (GSM)
Communications in text formatc
 LAWS AND ETHICS
SUMMARY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND BROADCASTING LAWS
Arranged in increasing order PD 1986
MTRCB
DO 5
governs commercial radio operator PD 1987
creating videogram regulatory board
DO 11
transfer of transmitters or transceivers in the PH DO 2001-46
mandatory installation of global positioning system
PD 55
Snake Snake DO 2001-47
privacy of communications and illegal wire-tapping/ mandatory ship reporting system
eavesdropping
RA 3396
EO 59 DEYM
EI Ship Radio Station Law of Maritime Comms Law
public telecommunications carriers law
RA 3846
DO 87 DUGO
low power ship radiotelephone service of the PH radio control law

DO 88 RA 3997
rules and regulations regarding services of registered ECE EYYS
Radio Broadacasting Law, 6 hours of news, info, educ
EO 109
LOG RA 4200
improve provision of local exchange carrier service Anti-wire tapping Law

EO 125 RA 6541
ABE FEDA
reorganization of Ministry of Transpo and Comms national building code of the Philippines

EO 125-A RA 6849
cre(A)tion of Department of Transpo and Comms Municipal Telephone Project Office (MTPO)
Municipal Telephone Act of 1989
EO 196
jursdiction over Philippine Communications Satellite Corp RA 7920
more responsive and comprehensive regulation of
EO 205 practice, licensing, and regulation of ECE and EE
CATV-BOE
regulatory operation of cable TV in the PH RA 7925
PBL
PD 217 Public Telecomms Policy Act of the PH
BAG
limits self-financing plan to 50% max cost RA 8293
intellectual property code of the PH
PD 223
BBC -> PRC RA 8370
creation of PRC BELO
minimum of 15% daily airtime for children
EO 255
BEE RA 8792
broadcast 4 OPM songs every hour VRYA
E-commerce act of 2000, transaction and documents
EO 266
BFF RA 8981
Continuing Professional Education HIH1
PRC modernization Act of 2000
EO 269
creating CICT RA 9514: Revised Fire Code of the PH 2008
RA 10515
PD 401 Anti-cable television and cable internet tapping act of 2013
Error 401: Unauthorized
Law of unauthorized telephone connections RA 10844
A_UHH
EO 469 Department of Info and Comms (DIC) Act of 2015
amending EO 190 and establishing National Information
Technology Council RA 10912
CPD Act of 2016
EO 546
SAG RA 11202
creation of Ministry of Transportation and Communication + mobile number portability act
National Telecommunications Commmission
RA 11363
PD 576-A Philippines Space Development and PH Space Agency Act
regulating ownership and operation of radio and TV stations Radio Station’s Typical Emissions Symbols
F1: Telegraphy by frequency shift keying
EO 648 F2: Telegraphy by the on-off keying of a frequency modulating…
transfer NTC back to CICT F3: Telephony
F4: Facsimile by direct frequency modulation of the carrier
EO 835 F5: Television
special boards for OFWs in middle East F6: Four-frequency diplex telegraphy; F9: other cases
 LAWS AND ETHICS
PHILIPPINE ELECTRONICS CODE: BOOK 1
BOOK 1 (Telecommunications Facilities Distribution System)
VOLUME 1: Safety (General Electrical Protection and Grounding
Requirements)
Electrical Hazards
Lightning - an electrical discharge which occurs between clouds
and also clouds to earth
Power contact/induction
Acoustic Shock - from abnormally high sound level (>120 dBm)
Electric Shock - current through body rather than voltage
determines the electric shock intensity
- resistance of a dry adult human body is approx 1000 ohms
- wet/damaged skin decreases resistance
- ventricular fibrillation may occur when a 60 Hz RMS current
of 0.03 A passes through one’s chest cavity
- hazardous: 30 mA RMS AC or 90 mA DC that can be drawn
through 1.5 kohm resistor
- potentital difference between any exposed structure
(equipment cabinets, housings, supports) to ground or between
anything within the reach of an adult person (around 1.5 m) shall
be no greater than 45 Vrms or 135 Vdc (same is true for any two
points on the floor separated by 1 m)
Protection Methods
Shielding - provision of a grounded electrical conducting material
Voltage Limiting - using surge arresters, discharge gaps, diodes
Current Limiting and Interrupting - using a fuse in series with a
circuit
Grounding and Bonding - installed at and some distance away
from the protected equipment
Ground resistance - should never exceed 5 Ω for equipment
locations, antenna towers and 25 Ω for outside plant telephone
poles and manholes
Made ground - electrode buried in the ground for establishing
low resistance electrical contact with the earth
Methods and Materials
Lightning Rods - made usually of copper, avoids lightning
damage
Fuses and Current Interrupting - in series
Surge Arresters - open-circuited devices that pass no current
Measurements
Ground Resistance Test Methods - direct method/two-terminal
test, the fall of potential method/three-terminal test, voltmeter-
ammeter method, triangulation method
Earth resistivity - resistance of parallel faces of one cubic
centimeter of soil (in Ω-cm)
How to improve grounds
1) lengthen the ground-electrode in the earth
2) use multiple rods
3) treat the soil if 1 and 2 are not feasible
Ground resistance shall be tested when installed and periodically
afterwards at least once a year during the dry months. All ground
connections should also be checked at least once a year.
General Strength Requirements
Loading Zones
Heavy loading zone - resultant stress due to wind and dead
weight for 240 kph wind velocity
Medium loading zone - … 200 kph
Light loading zone - … 160 kph
Power Sources
Storage Batteries and Chargers
- batteries should be located between 60 and 90 deg Fahrenheit
- lead acid or similar gas emitting battery that exceeds 5 kW shall
be located in a properly ventilated room
- explosion resistant vents shall be provided for these
- no smoking signs should be placed around battery rooms
- batteries transported by air or boat shall be shipped dry charge
- batteries on racks shall be provided with earthquake bracings
which hold the sides of the batteries
- caustic soda or acid neutralizing agents should be stored in
battery rooms for accidental spillage
- voltage drop from battery to working equipment shall be limited
to a maximum of one volt
VOLUME 2: Building Telephone Facilities
Service entrance - defined as wires or cable entering the building,
terminated to the main cross connecting point within the building
from the nearest telephone facility
Types of service entrance
Aerial entrance
- means of providing service aerially from a pole to a building
- generally, the maximum span from telephone pole to building
should be 30 m, conduit must be > 50 mm diameter
- minimum clearance between telephone cable and power
entrance must be 1-m radial distance
- minimum clearance from ground level when crossing the street
must be 5.5 m
- minimum clearance over areas accessible to pedestrians only
must be 3.5 m
Underground service entrance
- provide mechanical protection and minimize the need for
possible subsequent repairs to the property
- use corrosion-resistant material like PVC duct
- no 2 to 90 degree bends
- minimum depth: 600 mm (0.6 m) under areas used for vehicular
traffic inside private property
- conduits should be separated from power conduits by not less
than 300 mm in well-tamped earth or 50 mm concrete (17237.6
kPa), underground entrance conduit must be > 75 mm diameter
Handholes
- use for entrance cable not exceeding 50 pairs (0.65 mm in
diameter), for pull through or staright run entrance cable
- for pull through or straight run entrance cable
- minimum size for vehicular - 0.61 x 0.91 x 0.91 (m)
for non-vehicular - 0.61 x 0.91 x 0.73 (m)
Service Box
- use for entrace cable ABOVE 50 pairs (0.65 mm in diameter)
- minimum size for vehicular - 0.19 x 1.23 x 1.21
for non-vehicular - 0.91 x 1.22 x 1.19
Main terminals may either be placed in an indoor type DP or a
cross-connect point within the building. It is a point where cable
from TELCO and the interbuilding distribution system are
terminated.
Requirements:
- location should be dry andl ocated as close as possible to the
central point of the riser cable distribution facilities
- equipped with adequate lighting, located 2.6 m above floor
finish and accessible to company personnel even during off hours
- should have enough working space in front of all terminations
(normally 900 mm and away from all hazards)
- provided with a 12 mm diameter nonmetallic conduit to an
approved ground connection to house the 14 mm^2 ground wire
Types of Main Terminals
Main Telephone Terminal Cabinet (MTTC) - required for
terminating entrance cabes using one or more terminal blocks
Backboard color Terminals to be terminated
White Entrance
Yellow House / Riser
Blue Other special services
Main Distributing Frame (MDF) - generally recommended when
entrance cable requirements exceed 300 pairs
Riser system - vertical and horizontal distribution of telephone
communication lines between two or more floors near the cabinet
to the telephone terminal or outlet
Types of Riser System
Open Riser - no floor separation similar to ventilating shaft,
telephone cable not permitted in unless placed in metallic conduit
Closed Riser - extends throughout height of building
Types of Distribution System
Conduit system - provides concealment with least flexibility
Under floor duct system - distribution ducts + feeder ducts
Ceiling system - serves same floor -> brought down to desks
Cellular floor system - distribution ducts + feeder ducts
Unlimited access (raised floor) - for computer rooms and offices
 LAWS AND ETHICS
PHILIPPINE ELECTRONICS CODE: BOOK 2
BOOK 2: Fire Detection Alarm System

Definition of Terms Two-way Telephone Communication Sub-system

Addressable Device - a fire detection and alarm systems (FDAS)
component that can be individually identified of its status or used
individually control other functions
Annunciator - an FDAS component containing lamps or
alphanumeric displays in which each indication provides status
information
Conventional Device - FDAS component such as smoke detector,
heat detector, manual fire alarm station that does not have
software address that gives it a discrete identity
If total floor area is more than 8000 sq m, a semi-addressable or
addressable system shall be used. Otherwise, use conventional.
Relevant provision: RA 9514
FDAS: automatic detection and manual signal initiation, activation
of fire alarm notif appliances, emergency comms system,
activation of annunciators, monitoring of abnormal conditions in
fire suppression system, activation of fire safety functions,
transmission of alarm signal to an off premises central station
Areas where detection is required
— spaces under floor more than 600 m in height
— space above drop ceiling more than 1 m in height
— concealed spaces under the roof more than 1 m in height
— stairwells, return air ducts of aircon system, tunnels linking 2 or
more bldgs, vaults, vertical shafts
Areas where detection is not required
— toilet/bathroom less than 4 sq m
— exhaust ducts from toilets/bathrooms
— any walk-in type enclosure with a floor area < 1 sq m
— spaces under raised floor with a height of 250 mm or less
— spaces above drop ceiling < 1 m
— concealed spaces under the roof < 1 m
— covered paths
— areas under structures such as platrforms and ducts
FDAS designer qualifications:
1. registered PECE, 2. experienced in FDAS design as certified by
IECEP
Requirements
— smoke detectors shall not be installed in rooms with
temperature below 5ºC, above 45ºC, and with relative humidity
above 93%
— heat detectors shall have temeperature ratings set at least
11ºC above maximum expected (inside the room) and is spaced
not more than 7.5 m, not installed if relative humidity is above
93% and ceiling height is more than 4 m
— beam type smoke detector shall be used if ceilings are more
than 6 m in height and shall be kept clear of opaque obstacles
— duct-smoke detectors shall be equipped in the air duct of all
air handling units for centralized aircon system, listed for use with
air velocity, temp, and humidity expected in the duct
— flame detectors shall be based on the matching of spectral
response of the detector to the spectral emissions of the fire to
avoid nuisance alarms
— carbon monoxide detector shall be installed for dwelling units
with attached garages and for units with a permanently installed
fuel-burning appliance (without mechanical ventilations)
— manual detection is achieved through fire push or pull stations
installed 1.4 m above floor, easily seen and accessed, colored red
— notification appliances: alarm should have a minimum of 65
dBa or 10dB higher than ambient room noise and a maximum of
115 dBa sound level, visual notification is also required for areas
where hearing protection is worn
Required for conventional system with fire alarm control panel
(FACP) of more than 10 zones and for addressable and semi-
addressable systems with more than 200 automatic detectors
Power supply
— primary power supply to the entire system shall be normally
direct 220-240 Vac single phase. Operating voltage shall not be
more than Vdc
— capacity of the secondary power supply shall operate for a
minimum of 24 hours, change over from primary to secondary or
vice versa shall be automatic
False alarm
— owner of protected structures shall be responsible to prevent
false alarms
— any alarm at the FACP shall be treated as a fire until proven to
be a false alarm
Installation requirements
— should comply with Philippine Electrical Code and Revised Fire
Code of the Philippines 2008 (Ch 3.3 to 3.8)
— installation of FDAS shall be done by registered PECE or
registered ECE who is experienced as certified by IECEP
— tests to be done: insulation resistance and continuity of wires,
verification of installed devices, operation and response of FDAS,
operation of initiating devices, measureing sound pressure level
generated by notification devices
— all wires and cables shall be protected in conduit pipe or
similar raceways, minimum wire gauge is 0.9 sq mm
— final test shall be done on whole system
— manuals of equipment to be used shall be provided to the suer
before final inspection by the Bureau of Fire department
Maintenance, Testing, and Inspection
— owner of a protected building should do regular maintenance,
they are responsible in ensuring that the installation is tested, and
results are recorded in the log results
— Records: necessary documentation are 1) complete set of
operation and maintenance manuals covering all equipment, 2)
complete set of as-built drawings, 3) written sequence of
operation, 4) duly filled out record of completion, 5) log record
book
— AHJ annual inspection (starts after first year of initial
acceptance)

One-way Emergency Voice Alarm Communication Sub-system

Required for the following facilities:
— airports, seaports, transportation terminals, shopping malls,
hotels, office buildings, residential buildings or condominiums
with floor area more than 25000 sq m or with more than 25 floors,
buildings with floor area greater than 15000 sq m or with more
than 15 floors
 LAWS AND ETHICS
PHILIPPINE ELECTRONICS CODE: BOOK 3

BOOK 3: Cable Television System

Electronic permit shall include the following minimum information: Digital Transmission
— applicant, PECE who signed and sealed plans and specs, Applies only to Performance of Data over Cable Service Interface
PECE and/or ECE who is in charge of cable installation and Specifications (DOCSIS):
electronic works, building/lot owner, building official
— electronic plans and drawings shall be drawn in standard sizes
(A0, A1, A2, A3), in metric scale, and graphic scales shall be
shown on each drawing
— plans shall have the following information: location and site
plans, legends or sumbols, general notes and specs, cable TV
layout, signal levels in tabulated form, budget losses, powering,
one-line diagram showing amplifier+splitter+power supply+length
of cable, standard title block provided with this code

Headend - a term used to define a system’s signal processing

center generally at the antenna site of a cable TV system Applies to TV services utilizing DVB-C standards:

Headend Facility - should be located in an area free from

interference and obstructions, availability of utilities, accessibility,
nearest the area to be served, nearest to the antenna system

Time-domain Reflectometer (TDR) - device that measures the

quality of a transmission line by transmitting a pulse and then
measuring signal reflected as a function of time

Service entrance facility (may be aerial or underground) starts

from the outside plant to the main service box of the building. It
applies to all multi-dwelling units (MDU) that require structured
cabling within the building.
Backbone Distribution System
The backbone cabling system provides the interconnection
between entrance facilities, headend equipment room and
horizontal distribution system within the building and can extend
between buildings in a campus environment.
Recognized backbone cables
— depends on network topology: could be tree-and-branch,
hybrid-fiber coaxial network (HFC), or fiber-to-the-home (FTTH)
Signal Leakage
— signal leakages from a cable television system using a cut-to-
channel horizontal dipole antenna tuned to any frequency from 54
MHz to 216 MHz shall be employed
— signal leakage measurements shall be done at least FOUR
times a year, with no more than three months between successive
tests thereafter
Grounding and Bonding
— establishes a reference ground potential for the electronics in
the system
— grounding wires (short as possible) and bonding wires should
be installed in straight lines

Horizontal Distribution System Cables and Connectors

Home-run wiring method shall be done to connect from work area — hardline coaxial cable (75 Ω), braided coaxial cable (75 Ω),
outlets to the backbone distribution system. For coaxial copper cable UTP, fiber optic cable, RF connector and adapter,
connection, a junction box shall be installed. jack

Work Area Testing

— at least one TV outlet box shall be planned for each room with Coaxial Cable: using RF network analyzer, measure velocity of
the following construction and dimension: 2.71 in x 1.38 in x 1.40 propagation or using metallic TDR
in, corner radius: 0.16 in, distance to 1st obstruction: 1.2 in Fiber optic cable: set 0 dB reference, attach launch cable to
source, test wavelength and measured loss
Outside Plant System
Cables and devices shall not be installed to any of the following
poles:
— defective poles, poles that are too short to provide clearances
required, transmission poles for electrical use, guying poles, poles
schedules for pole clearing, prohibited poles listed in the JPA,
non-contracted poles
— there should be a 2560 mm minimum clearance between cable
and electric utility PRIMARY wire at mid span
— a 760 mm minimum clearance between cables and electric
utility SECONDARY wire should be seen at midspan

Technical Operating Parameters

Analog Transmission
 LAWS AND ETHICS
PHILIPPINE ELECTRONICS CODE: BOOK 4
BOOK 4: Distributed Antenna System
Individual Distributed Antenna System (IDAS)
- services to one service provider or operator only
Common Distributed Antenna System (CDAS)
- several wireless providers or operators utilize a shared or
common system
RF Material Specifications
RF Antenna
— Pico Omni-directional Antenna - emits evenly in all directions
(360º beam width)
— Directional antenna - emits in one or two directions only (60 to
65º and more gain due to larger RF source)
— Directional Antenna for Microcell - used to provide coverage in
lifts and elevators (higher gain than normal directional antenna to
penetrate roof walls)
RF Cable
— Feeder or coaxial cable - connecting line from BTS to DAS
where EM wave is propagatd until antenna is reached
— Jumper cable - connects feeders to splitters, couplers, and
combiners, highly flexible
— Radiating/Leaky cables - most applicable for use in executive
rooms, elevator shafts, and tunnels where signal propagation is
difficult
— Fiber Optics Cable - light wave propagation, may be in single
mode or multi-mode
— Twisted Pair Cables - connects transport equipment to BTS,
type of wiring in which two conductors are twisted together for
the purpose of cancelling
— Category 5 Cable (CAT 5) - twisted pair for carrying signals,
used for ethernet, provides up to 100 MHz, suitable for 10BASE-
T, 100BASE-TX (Fast ethernet), 1000BASE-TX (GIGABIT ethernet)
— Category 6 Cable (CAT 6) - for gigabit ethernet , backwards
compatible with CAT 5/5e and CAT3, provides up to 250 MHz,
suitable for above as well as 10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit
Combiner Types
— diplexer, triplexer, 4-way combiner… n-way combiner
Couplers
- bidirectional couplers are unbalanced couplers that distributes
power unevenly -> low loss on first output port and high loss on
second output port
Splitters
- balanced couplers that split two cable systems evenly
Hybrid Coupler
- input power is equally divided between two output ports, can
combine two frequency bands and divide the power output in
ports
Code of RDAS Implementation
— bending of cable must noe exceed maximum allowable bend
— fire retardant can be mandated or optional based on operator
requirements
— cable tray should conform to NEMA cable tray standards
— cable route should be installed based on installation plan
— cable brace can be installed every 1-1.5 m of cable
Wireless Technology Deployment
— DAS at minimum should provide voice and data services,
should be future proof in order to accomodate emerging
technologies
— DAS at minimum should support both 2G and 3G operating in
GSM 900 MHz and GSM 1800 MHz in 2G while UMT 900 MHz
and UMT 2100 MHz for 3G technology
Target Coverage Areas
— all public access areasm bars, food courts, basement, parking,
botiques, salons, bowling alleys, business centers, gyms, locker
rooms, driver’s waiting lounges, galleries, guest lifts, offices,
stores, supermarkets, clinics, comfort rooms
Incidental Coverage Areas
— fire exit, storage room, areas restricted by owners like banks,
BPO, tenant’s electrical and mechanical rooms, AHU
Building Type Number of Floors
Low rise 1st to 5th
Mid rise 6th to 15th
High rise 16th to 35th
Super high rise 36th to 70th
Skyscraper 71st to 100th
Types of DAS Design
Passive DAS Solution
— type of DAS design in which it uses purely passive
components and no line amplifier is used
Pure Active DAS Solution
— type of design in which every antenna has a dedicated radio
unit, every radio unit has a master unit which is fed through fiber
optic lines (monitored via network management systems (NMS)
Installation
The building must be 99% covered by indoor RF signals such
that it overpowers any stray outdoor RF signal in some part of the
building.
— Omnidirectional antennas are used, full coverage is provided
unless restricted by building admin
Conventional Antenna System Deployment
-> installed either below false ceiling or inside building -> focuses
on convenience
Aesthetic Antenna System Deployment
-> antennas are designed to look like other devices such as CCTV
cameras, smoke detectors, etc
Panel Antenna Installation
-> installed on building corners, long hallways and places that will
fill shadow area from omni antennas
Omni Antenna with Pipe Extender
-> max allowable bending radius of coaxial cable is 90º
Radio Remote Units (RRU)
— placed on a wallmount or a 19” rack
— power source is -48 Vdc or 240 Vac
— max length of DC power cable is 150 m
— linked to baseband unit (BBU) via fiber optics cable
— deployed in riser areas, EE rooms, telecom rooms
Fiber optics cable use multimode system if less than 2 km. Else,
single mode.
Riser is the path for water pipe, electrical cable, and other IT
services
DAS Standards
— minimum equipment room size is 2.5 x 2.5 x 3.5 meters
— minimum combiner room size for CDAS is 2.0 x 2.0 x 3.5
— airconditioning is required to maintain 20º C
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
BTS-2G Technology - facilitates wireless comms between user
equipment and a network
NodeB-3G Technology - UMTS equivalent to BTS description
eNodeB-4G Technology - E-UTRAN Node B
Transmission Rack
Microwave transmission rack - used for wireless backhaul
Fiber optics rack - used for wired backhaul
AC Supply and Surge Protectors
— transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS, only for circuits less
than 600 V), alternating current panel distribution board (ACPDB),
busbar (strip of coppper within switchboard), lightning arrester
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy (SDH), standardized protocols that transfer
multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber