Biology 1 q1 Module 4

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Module 4 Cell Cycle
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4.1:
Cell Cycle

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General Biology 1 – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4.1: Cell Cycle
First Edition, 2020
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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
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General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4.1:
Cell Cycle

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Biology 1- Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Cell Cycle!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:
Welcome to the General Biology 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Cell
Cycle!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

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skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Lesson 2 – Mitosis
• Lesson 3 – Meiosis
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine and characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control
points
2. explain the importance of checkpoints in cell cycle
3. describe the stages and main features of mitosis
4. describe the stages and main features of meiosis
5. compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
6. cite the importance of mitosis and meiosis

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What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following proteins served as checkpoints in each stage of

Interphase?
a. Ketose and Kinases
b. Kinases and Cyclins
c. Cyclins and Histones
d. Histones and Kinases
2. How is a chromosome different from a chromatin?

a. A chromosome is a segment of DNA while chromatin is the DNA itself
b. A chromatin is a segment of DNA while chromosome is the DNA itself
c. Chromosome is tightly coiled DNA while chromatin is loosely coiled DNA
d. Chromatin is tightly coiled DNA while chromosome is loosely coiled DNA
3. Which of the following term produces the spindle fibers which pulled the
sister chromatids towards the opposite poles?
a. Centriole
b. Centromere
c. Centrosome
d. Asters
4. Why is there a need to produce diploid type of cell at the end of cell division?
a. so that the cells produced are exact copy of the parent cell
b. So that abnormalities of the cell will be avoided.
c. So that the purpose of growth happens in the organism
d. So that the copy of DNA is retained.
5. Which of the following is the main reason why DNA must exist in
chromosome form?
a. To favor the formation of sister chromatids
b. To allow the protein histones to carry out its task
c. To avoid the genetic material to be tangled away during cell division
d. To promote the formation of spindle fibers
6. Which phase of mitosis is shown in the picture?

a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase

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7. If there are 20 chromosomes in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes

are there is each daughter cell following cytokinesis of mitosis?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 80
8. The reconstruction of the nuclear membrane takes place in what phase of

the cell cycle?
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
9. Which of the following favors the alignment of chromosomes along the

equatorial plate?
a. Centromere duplication
b. Puling and pushing of the spindle fiber
c. The presence of centrosome
d. The pair of aster at the beginning of cell division
10. Which of the following is the main feature of anaphase?

a. The separation of sister chromatids towards the opposite pole
b. The start of cytokinesis
c. The formation of cleavage furrow in the cell
d. The alignment of chromosomes in the equatorial plate.
11. Crossing over occurs during

a. Anaphase 1
b. Metaphase 2
c. Prophase
d. Prophase 2
12. Which of the following distinguishes prophase 1 of meiosis from prophase

of mitosis?
a. Homologous chromosomes pair up
b. Spindle forms
c. Nuclear membrane breaks down
d. Chromosomes become visible
13. A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many

chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
d. 48

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14. Meiosis results in ______.

a. 2 haploid daughter cells
b. 4 haploid daughter cells
c. 2 diploid daughter cells
d. 4 diploid daughter cells
15. Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?

a. sperm cells
b. liver cells
c. unicellular organisms
d. all of these

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Lesson
Cell Cycle Checkpoints and
1 Stages
The cell cycle is a

fairly complicated
process. Like in rapidly
dividing human cells with
a 24-hour cell cycle, the
G1 phase lasts
approximately nine
hours, the S phase lasts
10 hours, the G2 phase
lasts about four and one-half hours, and the M phase lasts
approximately one-half hour. In early embryos of fruit flies, the cell cycle is
completed in about eight minutes. The timing of events in the cell cycle is
controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell.
In order to make sure everything goes right, there are checkpoints in the
cycle. Let’s learn about these and how they help control the cell cycle but
first familiarize yourself with the important terms below:
What’s In
Histones for the Win
Did you know that when we add all the chromosomes up, each cell
actually contains about 2m of DNA and this DNA has to fit into a tiny
nucleus of 5-10ưm in diameter. This is like trying to stuff a piece of string
2km long. To do this seemingly impossible task, cells devised an ingenious
packaging system: it wraps DNA around Histone proteins.

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Chromosomes, Chromatin, Chromatid: Which is which!

Chromatin is an uncoiled mass of genetic material composed of
DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes. It is composed of
small proteins called Histones which help in the coiling of Chromatin so that
this very long thread like structure will become a compacted chromosomes.
Chromosomes are single-stranded groupings of coiled
chromatin. Chromatin must exist in chromosomes or coiled form to prevent
it from being entangled during cell division which ensures that all the
information from the DNA are properly copied and not entangled.
Chromatid is either of the two strands of a replicated
chromosome. Chromatids connected by a centromere are called sister
chromatids and has the familiar X shape.
NOTE: See for yourself how DNA transforms from chromatin,

chromosomes and chromatid through the help of histone proteins by visiting
the link below (if internet is available).
https://youtu.be/gbSIBhFwQ4s
Centromere is the point of

attachment of between sister
chromatid. Within the chromatid, a
kinetochore can be found.
Kinetochore is the structure where
the spindle fiber attaches during cell
division.
Do you know where the spindle fiber that attaches to the

kinetochore within the centromere come from?
The spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in two
daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. This spindle fibers are protein
fibers called microtubules which extend from a pair of centrioles. Moreover,
these centrioles are produced by centrosome which is the microtubule
organizing center of the cell
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Notes to the Teacher

Encourage the students to watch the animations in the provided
link so they can visualize the concepts.
What’s New
CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
Checkpoint Consideration #1:

Regulation of the Cell Cycle by External Events
Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by

events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process.
An event may be as simple as the death of a nearby cell or as sweeping as
the release of growth-promoting hormones, such as human growth hormone
(HGH). A lack of HGH can inhibit cell division, resulting in dwarfism,
whereas too much HGH can result in gigantism. Crowding of cells can also
inhibit cell division. Another factor that can initiate cell division is the size of
the cell; as a cell grows, it becomes inefficient due to its decreasing surface-
to-volume ratio. The solution to this problem is to divide.
Whatever the source of the message, the cell receives the signal, and a
series of events within the cell allows it to proceed into interphase. Moving
forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell
cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress.
Checkpoint Consideration #2:

Regulation at Internal Checkpoints
It is essential that the daughter cells produced be exact duplicates of

the parent cell. Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the
chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new
cell produced from an abnormal cell. To prevent a compromised cell from
continuing to divide, there are internal control mechanisms that operate at
three main cell cycle checkpoints. A checkpoint is one of several points in the
eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the
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cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. These checkpoints occur
near the end of G1, at the G2/M transition, and during metaphase
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints.

The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G1 checkpoint.
Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the
G2 checkpoint. Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle
Fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint.
The G1 Checkpoint
The G1 checkpoint determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell
division to proceed. This checkpoint checks the following:
✓ Adequate reserves of protein and cell size
✓ There is a check for genomic DNA damage
Note: A cell that does not meet all the requirements will not be allowed to
progress into the S phase. The cell can halt the cycle and attempt to remedy
the problematic condition, or the cell can advance into G0 and await further
signals when conditions improve.
The G2 Checkpoint
The G2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are
not met. As at the G1 checkpoint, it checks the following:
✓ Assessment of cell size and protein reserves
✓ Ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated
✓ Make sure that the replicated DNA is not damaged.
NOTE: If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell
cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or
repair the damaged DNA.
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The M Checkpoint
The M checkpoint occurs near the end of the metaphase stage of
Karyokinesis. The M checkpoint checks the following:
✓ Determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the
spindle microtubules.
NOTE: Because the separation of the sister chromatids during anaphase is
an irreversible step, the cycle will not proceed until the kinetochores of each
pair of sister chromatids are firmly anchored to at least two spindle fibers
arising from opposite poles of the cell.
Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle

In addition to the internally controlled checkpoints, there are two groups of
intracellular molecules that regulate the cell cycle. These regulatory
molecules either promote progress of the cell to the next phase (positive
regulation) or halt the cycle (negative regulation). Regulator molecules may
act individually, or they can influence the activity or production of other
regulatory proteins. Therefore, the failure of a single regulator may have
almost no effect on the cell cycle, especially if more than one mechanism
controls the same event. Conversely, the effect of a deficient or non-
functioning regulator can be wide-ranging and possibly fatal to the cell if
multiple processes are affected.
Positive Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Two groups of proteins, called cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDk),
are responsible for the progress of the cell through the various checkpoints.
The levels of the four Cyclin proteins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle in a
predictable pattern (Figure 2). Increases in the concentration of Cyclin
proteins are triggered by both external and internal signals. After the cell
moves to the next stage of the cell cycle, the cyclins that were active in the
previous stage are degraded.
In Figure 2. The concentrations of cyclin proteins change throughout

the cell cycle. There is a direct correlation between Cyclin accumulation and
the three major cell cycle checkpoints. Also note the sharp decline of cyclin
levels following each checkpoint (the transition between phases of the cell
cycle), as Cyclin is degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes.
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Cyclins regulate the cell cycle only when they are tightly bound to
CDk. To be fully active, the CDk/cyclin complex must also be
phosphorylated in specific locations.
Like all kinases, Cdks are enzymes (kinases) that phosphorylate other
proteins. Phosphorylation activates the protein by changing its shape. The
proteins phosphorylated by Cdks are involved in advancing the cell to the
next phase (Figure 3). The levels of CDk proteins are relatively stable
throughout the cell cycle; however, the concentrations of cyclin fluctuate and
determine when CDk/cyclin complexes form. The different cyclins and Cdks
bind at specific points in the cell cycle and thus regulate different
checkpoints.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are protein kinases that, when fully

activated, can phosphorylate and thus activate other proteins that advance
the cell cycle past a checkpoint. To become fully activated, a CDk must bind
to a cyclin protein and then be phosphorylated by another kinase.
Since the cyclic fluctuations of cyclin levels are based on the timing of
the cell cycle and not on specific events, regulation of the cell cycle usually
occurs by either the CDk molecules alone or the CDk/cyclin complexes.
Without a specific concentration of fully activated cyclin/CDk complexes, the
cell cycle cannot proceed through the checkpoints. Please take time to
analyze the diagram below!
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Although the cyclins are the main regulatory molecules that

determine the forward momentum of the cell cycle, there are several other
mechanisms that fine-tune the progress of the cycle with negative, rather
than positive, effects. These mechanisms essentially block the progression of
the cell cycle until problematic conditions are resolved. Molecules that
prevent the full activation of Cdks are called CDk inhibitors. Many of these
inhibitor molecules directly or indirectly monitor a particular cell cycle event.
The block placed on Cdks by inhibitor molecules will not be removed until
the specific event that the inhibitor monitors is completed.
Negative Regulation of the Cell Cycle

The second group of cell cycle regulatory molecules are negative
regulators. Negative regulators halt the cell cycle. Remember that in positive
regulation, active molecules cause the cycle to progress.
The best understood negative regulatory molecules are retinoblastoma

protein (Rb), p53, and p21. Retinoblastoma proteins are a group of tumor-
suppressor proteins common in many cells. Much of what is known about
cell cycle regulation comes from research conducted with cells that have lost
regulatory control. All three of these regulatory proteins were discovered to
be damaged or non-functional in cells that had begun to replicate
uncontrollably (became cancerous). In each case, the main cause of the
unchecked progress through the cell cycle was a faulty copy of the regulatory
protein.
Rb, p53, and p21 act primarily at the G1 checkpoint. P53 is a multi-
functional protein that has a major impact on the commitment of a cell to
division because it acts when there is damaged DNA in cells that are
undergoing the preparatory processes during G1. If damaged DNA is
detected, p53 halts the cell cycle and recruits enzymes to repair the DNA. If
the DNA cannot be repaired, p53 can trigger apoptosis, or cell suicide, to
prevent the duplication of damaged chromosomes. As p53 levels rise, the
production of p21 is triggered. P21 enforces the halt in the cycle dictated by
p53 by binding to and inhibiting the activity of the CDk/cyclin complexes.
As a cell is exposed to more stress, higher levels of p53 and p21 accumulate,
making it less likely that the cell will move into the S phase.
Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown

of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. The loss of control begins
with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the
regulatory molecules. Faulty instructions lead to a protein that does not
function as it should. Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow
other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. Each successive cell
division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage.
Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing
cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in a tumor or leukemia (blood cancer).
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NOTE: To fully understand and enjoy CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS

and if internet is available you may watch a 3d animation using the link
below:
https://youtu.be/nEMMKzYQf9A
What is It
Let’s learn more!

Stages of Mitosis
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NOTE: To fully understand and enjoy MITOSIS and if internet is

available you may watch a 3d animation of mitosis using the link below:
https://youtu.be/DwAFZb8juMQ
Mitosis and more!!

Meiosis Time!
Critical Reading
Read these passages and be ready to answer the questions that follow.
Meiosis
The process that produces haploid gametes is meiosis. Meiosis is a
type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.
It occurs only in reproductive cells of the organisms. During meiosis,
homologous chromosomes separate, and the haploid cells that form have
only one chromosome from each pair. Two cell divisions occur during
meiosis, and a total of four haploid cells are produced. The two cell divisions
are called meiosis I and meiosis II.
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I begins after DNA replicates during interphase. In both
meiosis I and meiosis II, cells go through the same four phases as mitosis.
However, there are important differences between meiosis I and mitosis.
Meiosis I
1. Prophase I: The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the
chromosomes condense. Centrioles start moving to opposite poles of the cell,
and a spindle begins to form. Importantly, homologous chromosomes pair
up, which is unique to prophase I. In here crossing over happens where the
homologous chromosomes pair up with each other and exchange different
segments of genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes. In simple
words genetic trait both from your mother and father are recombining and
exchanging traits accordingly which gives way to the mixing and matching of
traits. It is also the reason why there is uniqueness among organisms and
even among siblings. (You may watch the crossing over animation in the link
below to further understand this).
https://youtu.be/4YfDq8rPDdM
2. Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach to the paired homologous

chromosomes. The paired chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.
This occurs only in metaphase I. In metaphase of mitosis and meiosis II, it is
sister chromatids that line up along the equator of the cell.
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3. Anaphase I: Spindle fibers shorten, and the chromosomes of

each homologous pair start to separate from each other. One chromosome of
each pair moves toward one pole of the cell, and the other chromosome
moves toward the opposite pole.
4. Telophase I and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new

nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of the cell divides, and two haploid
daughter cells result. The daughter cells each have a random assortment of
chromosomes, with one from each homologous pair. Both daughter cells go
on to meiosis II.
Meiosis II
1. Prophase II: The nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle
begins to form in each haploid daughter cell from meiosis I. The centrioles
also start to separate.
2. Metaphase II: Spindle fibers line up the sister chromatids of
each chromosome along the equator of the cell.
3. Anaphase II: Sister Chromatids separate and move to opposite
poles.
4. Telophase II and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new
nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of each cell divides, and four
haploid cells result. Each cell has a unique combination of chromosomes.
NOTE: To fully understand and enjoy MEIOSIS and if internet is
available you may watch a 3d animation of meiosis using the link below:
https://youtu.be/c5hAOWCv1lg
SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
Real Life Connect!!
o Mitosis plays a significant role in the development of embryos

as well as for the growth of our bodies.
o When we are wounded or when our body needs healing, new
cells are created to replace those that were damaged through mitosis.
o To replace lost arms starfish use mitosis.
o Hydra use mitosis to produce genetically identical offspring.
o Meiosis plays a significant role in preparing the cells needed for
sexual reproduction. Without it, life will not perpetuate.
o Meiosis ensures that all organisms contain the correct number
of chromosomes which lessen the probability of birth defects or
disorders.
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Values Connect!!
o No two people are exactly alike because of crossing over so

RESPECT each other’s differences.
o You are wonderfully mad, you are unique!
What’s More
Challenge # 1: CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
EXPRESS IN WRITING
Use your own words to answer the questions below:
A. Why are cell cycle checkpoints important?
B. Describe how cancer cell is produced.
C. Describe the functions of the following in cell division:
A. nucleus
B. DNA
C. centromeres
D. Histone protein
E. Spindle fibers
F. Cyclins
Challenge # 2: CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
Direction: Complete the table below using what you have learned from the
concepts presented above.
Checkpoint Factors Needed Duration CDK
needed to materials/ (Present or
proceed with molecules Absent)
the cell cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Challenge #3: MITOSIS

Illustration Time!
Enhance your creativity and critical thinking skills by making your own
illustration of the phases of mitosis, make sure to write appropriate
descriptions for each phase. You can include your learning from the
animation that you have watched. Given 2n=6.
Prophase Metaphase
Anaphase Telophase
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Challenge #4: MEIOSIS

EXPRESS IN WRITING!
Direction: Answer briefly and concisely
1.Define Meiosis.
2.Is the DNA replicated after meiosis I? Why or why not?
3.Describe the main difference between metaphase I and metaphase II.
4.State the phase where each of the following processes occurs:
(a) Sister chromatids separate,
(b) Homologous chromosomes form pairs
(c) Two haploid cells form.
5. What is final product of meiosis?
Challenge #5: MEIOSIS

Illustration Time!
Enhance your creativity and critical thinking skills by making your own
illustration of the phases of meiosis using the descriptions presented above,
make sure to write appropriate descriptions or labels for each phase. Given
2n=6. See to it to use two different colors of pen to easily distinguish the maternal and
paternal traits during crossing over.
Prophase 1 Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1 Telophase 1
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Prophase 2 Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2 Telophase 2
What I Have Learned
1. Each step of the cell cycle is monitored by internal controls called

checkpoints. There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle: one near
the end of G1, a second at the G2/M transition, and the third during
metaphase. Positive regulator molecules allow the cell cycle to advance to the
next stage. Negative regulator molecules monitor cellular conditions and can
halt the cycle until specific requirements are met.
2. For the cell to move past each of the checkpoints, all positive
regulators must be <turned on,= and all negative regulators must be <turned
off.=
3. Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two genetically
identical daughter cells developing from a single parent cell. Its phases
beginning interphase are PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE and
TELOPHASE.
4. Meiosis is the division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the
nucleus and giving rise to four gametes or sex cells, each possessing half the
number of chromosomes of the original cell. Its phases beginning interphase
are PROPHASE 1, METAPHASE 1, ANAPHASE 1, TELOPHASE 1, PROPHASE
2, METAPHASE 2, ANAPHASE 2, and TELOPHASE 2.
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What I Can Do
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS COMPARISON TABLE
Basis of Comparison Mitosis Meiosis
1. Type of Cell where the

process occurs
2. Number of cell divisions
3. Number of
chromosomes in parent
cell and daughter cell
4. Needed Checkpoints
5. Stages/ Phases
6. Final product
7. Example
3 Points Exit
Three concepts I learned:

1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
Two real-life realizations after finishing the topic
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
One most favorite part of the lesson
1. _________________________________________________
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
chromosome form?
2. Which phase of mitosis is shown in the picture?

a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
3. If there are 20 chromosomes in a cell at metaphase, how many

chromosomes are there is each daughter cell following cytokinesis of
mitosis?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 80
4. The reconstruction of the nuclear membrane takes place in what phase of

the cell cycle?
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
5. Which of the following favors the alignment of chromosomes along the

equatorial plate?
a. Centromere duplication
b. Puling and pushing of the spindle fiber
c. The presence of centrosome
d. The pair of aster at the beginning of cell division
25

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6. Which of the following is the main feature of anaphase?

a. The separation of sister chromatids towards the opposite pole
b. The start of cytokinesis
c. The formation of cleavage furrow in the cell
d. The alignment of chromosomes in the equatorial plate
7. Which of the following proteins served as checkpoints in each stage of

Interphase?
a. Ketose and Kinases
b. Kinases and Cyclins
c. Cyclins and Histones
d. Histones and Kinases
8. How is a chromosome different from a chromatin?

a. A chromosome is a segment of DNA while chromatin is the DNA itself
b. A chromatin is a segment of DNA while chromosome is the DNA itself
c. Chromosome is tightly coiled DNA while chromatin is loosely coiled DNA
d. Chromatin is tightly coiled DNA while chromosome is loosely coiled DNA
9. Which of the following term produces the spindle fibers which pulled the
sister chromatids towards the opposite poles?
a. Centriole
b. Centromere
c. Centrosome
d. Asters
10. Why is there a need to produce diploid type of cell at the end of cell
division?
a. so that the cells produced are exact copy of the parent cell
b. So that abnormalities of the cell will be avoided.
c. So that the purpose of growth happens in the organism
d. So that the copy of DNA is retained.
chromosome form?
12. A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many

chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
d. 48
26

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13. Meiosis results in ______.

a. 2 haploid daughter cells
b. 4 haploid daughter cells
c. 2 diploid daughter cells
d. 4 diploid daughter cells
14. Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?

a. sperm cells
b. liver cells
c. unicellular organisms
d. all of these
15. Crossing over occurs during

a. Anaphase 1
b. Metaphase 2
c. Prophase
d. Prophase 2
27

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Additional Activities
Google Time! Your Turn!

Direction: After having learned about CELL CYCLE especially MITOSIS and
MEIOSIS, use the internet (if available) to search for disorders and diseases
that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle. Search for
the causes and effects of the disorder and prepare for a short reflection
about it. Be ready to present it to your teacher during the scheduled time.
(Ask your teacher about it).
28

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References
• https://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_meiosis.html
• https://images.app.goo.gl/4sJpxwQ9RR7DNVidA
• mrsbisch.weebly.com>uploads/cell_division_word_search.pdf
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-biology1/chapter/cell-
cycle-checkpoints/
• https://www.cusd80.com>lib (Chapter 5 CK-12 Biology Chapter 5
Worksheets.pdf)
• https://www.urmc.rochester.edu>Cancer_and_the_Cell_Cycle.pdf
• https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/how-cells-divide.html
• https://www.kyrene.org>lib2(Cell Cycle.pdf
• http:www.litebiology.com/2010/04/difference-chromatin-chromatid-
chromosome.html?m=1
• https://www.creativebiomart.net/researcharea-centromere-
proteins_921.htm
• https://www.livescience.com/amp/52512-mitosis.html.
• Bailey, Regina. (2020, February 15). What is Chromatin’s Structure
and Function? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/chromatin-
373461
• Richard M. Liebaert. (2003). Student Study Guide for Biology
Concepts and Connections 4th Edition pages 80-86
• Carmelita M. Capco. (2003). Phoenix Science Series Biology. pages
383-395
29

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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Module 4 Cell Cycle

Nursing (Bukidnon State University)

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

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General Biology 1 – Grade 12

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Cavite

Office Address: Capitol Compound, Brgy. Luciano

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Welcome to the General Biology 1- Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

Notes to the Teacher

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For the learner:

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

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skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

The following are some reminders in using this module:

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What I Need to Know

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

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1. Which of the following proteins served as checkpoints in each stage of

2. How is a chromosome different from a chromatin?

6. Which phase of mitosis is shown in the picture?

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7. If there are 20 chromosomes in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes

8. The reconstruction of the nuclear membrane takes place in what phase of

9. Which of the following favors the alignment of chromosomes along the

10. Which of the following is the main feature of anaphase?

11. Crossing over occurs during

12. Which of the following distinguishes prophase 1 of meiosis from prophase

13. A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many

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14. Meiosis results in ______.

15. Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?

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The cell cycle is a

Histones for the Win

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