FACULTY OF OCEAN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS

MMT 3082 BENGKEL PERMESINAN DAN KIMPALAN

2023/2024

LECTURER: EN. SHEIKH ALIF ALI

INSTRUCTOR: EN. YUSOF

WORKSHOP REPORT: LATHE MACHINE

PREPARED BY: HARSHINI A/P KALIMUTHU

MATRIC NO: S65687

GROUP: TM1

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

BIL CONTENTS PAGE

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

2 TITLE 3

3 OBJECTIVE 3

4 THEORY 3

5 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS 4

6 PROCEDURE 4

7 EXPERIMENT DATA 4

8 ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION 5

9 DISCUSSION 5-13

11 CONCLUSION 13

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TITLE: LATHE MACHINE
OBJECTIVE:
In this lathe machine project, we as a student to take knowledge to understand how to work or
use the lathe machine with correctly. Lathe is one of the most important machines in any
workshop. Its main objective is to remove material from outside by rotating the work against a
cutting tool. Though a lathe is used to produce cylindrical work, yet it may also be used for
many other purposes such as drilling, threading, grinding, milling etc.
THEORY:
A lathe machine is a machine tool which removes the undesired material from a rotating
workpiece in the form of chips with the help of a tool which is traversed across the work and
can be feed deep into the work. A lathe is a machine which is one of the most versatile and
widely used machine tool all over the world. Lathe is also known as the ‘Mother of all
Machines’. Nowadays, Lathe Machine has become a general-purpose machine tool, employed
in production and repair work, because it permits a large variety of operations to be performed
on it.
A Lathe works on the principle of rotating the workpiece and a fixed cutting tool. The workpiece
is held between two rigid and strong supports called center or in a chuck or in face plate which
revolves.Lathe removes the undesired material from a rotating workpiece in the form of chips
with the help of a tool which is transverse across the work and can be fed deep in the work. The
main function of the lathe is to remove the metal from a job to give it the required shape and
size. The normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or at
right angles to the axis of the work. The cutting tool can be fed at angle relative to the axis of
the work for machining tapers and angles.

These days lathe machine is the most popular and essential machinery in metalworking. LATHE
is an abbreviation of “Longitudinal Access Turning Horizontal Equipment”. Lathes are intended
to spin a workpiece against a tool bit, unlike milling machines. According to the complete form,
it works on the principle of the rotating workpiece and fixed cutting tool. The workpiece is held
between two strong supports known as centers. Usually, lathes have two types of centers, A live
center and another one is dead center. The Center, at the headstock, is called a live center. That
rotates the workpiece. And dead center at the tailstock holds the workpiece aligned with the
live center. The cutting tool is moved towards the rotating workpiece, to cut it into the desired
shape. For normal operations, the cutting tool is fed either parallel or perpendicular to the
working axis.

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APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS:

1. Lathe machine
2. Vernier caliper
3. Spanner
4. T handle tap wren
5. L spanner
6. wire brush
7. goggle
8. gloves
9. Tool holder
10. Jacket

PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE
By using saw workpiece was cut that needed. The length of the workpiece is 1200mm
The workpiece was hold in the chuck than straight turning the workpiece along 15mm to
get 025mm, 15mm o15mm, 5mm 07mm and 25mm 015mm
The workpiece was turned over to another side. The workpiece was cut1000mm using parting
tools cut off.
Then straight turning the workpiece along 40mm to get 30mm
At the front of the work piece is made by turning the screw thread of size M10x1.5
Lastly the workpiece cleaned and polished it to prevent it rusty.

EXPERIMENT DATA
24mm
30mm

25mm
40mm

30mm

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CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS

DISCUSSION

Here we attached the result and final image of our workpiece after finishing the lab successfully. When
we start to use lathe machine, it is not easy to handle. After that, our lab instructor guides us to use this
lathe machine so that we able to handle this machine and complete this lab successfully. We must have
some knowledge to use this machine because this machine is quite hard to handle and operate. For
example, we must be able to work in teamwork because the important thing in using lathe machine. If
we don’t have good teamwork connection, we can’t be able to complete this lab successfully. Next, we
also need to calculate the revolutions per minute, RPM of this lathe machine based on the material of
the workpiece that we used for this lab. The material can be defect and damaged if the RPM is wrong
and not suitable. This can also be dangerous to us because this lathe machine is running very fast.

DISCUSSION

1. Lathe Applications:

Lathe has many different applications in an industrial setting. Whether working wooden table legs to
constructing baseball trophy top pieces, a lathe exists for almost every type of material. The following
table details a few of the applications.

Woodturning: Used to make wooden objects such as ornate table legs, baseball bats, wooden bowl, and
platters; operators use a variety of tools to form

Metalworking: Used to create precision parts; most often associated with a multistep process requiring
different tools for each step

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Metal Spinning: A process where metal spins on a spindle, while the operator works it with tools; an
automated process

Acrylic Spinning: Involves spinning acrylic on a spindle to form items from acrylic; most often used in
the making of the top pieces for trophies

Thermal Spraying: Combines the rotating spindle with the painting process; the paint sticks to the stock
via processes involving heating the paint materials

Pottery: By using a potter’s wheel, artisans can make a variety of pottery pieces; though formed mainly
by hand, crafts persons also use tools

NUMBER COMPONENTS FUNCTION PICTURE

1. Lanthe machine The primary
function of a
lathe machine is
to remove
material from a
workpiece to
achieve desired
shapes and
dimensions. It
accomplishes this
through the
rotation of the
workpiece while a
cutting tool is
applied to it.
2. DRO (Digital The Digital Read
rend out) Out provides
precise
measurements of
the tool's position
along the X and Y
axes, enhancing
accuracy and
repeatability in
machining
3. Spindle 3 jaw The three-jaw
chuck chuck is a
workholding
device that
securely grips and
rotates the
workpiece. It is
commonly used
for round or

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 hexagonal
workpieces
4. Spindle 4 jaw Similar to the
chuck three-jaw chuck,
the four-jaw
chuck holds the
workpiece, but it
provides more
flexibility in
holding
irregularly shaped
or non-
symmetrical
pieces.
5. Speed change The speed change
lever lever allows the
operator to adjust
the rotational
speed of the lathe
spindle, enabling
the machining of
different
materials or
achieving specific
surface finishes
6. Feed change The feed change
lever lever controls the
rate at which the
cutting tool
advances along
the workpiece,
influencing the
material removal
rate and surface
finish
7. Emergency stop The emergency
stop button is a
safety feature
that quickly halts
all machine
movements and
operations in case
of an emergency
or potential
hazard
8. Screw thread The screw thread
mechanism mechanism

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 facilitates the
cutting of threads
on a workpiece,
allowing the
creation of screw
threads with
precision.
9. Tool holder The tool holder
securely holds
cutting tools in
place, allowing
for efficient and
accurate
machining.
10. X-axis handle These handles
control the
movement of the
cutting tool along
the X and Y axes,
determining the
dimensions and
shape of the
machined part.
11. Y-axis handle These handles
control the
movement of the
cutting tool along
the X and Y axes,
determining the
dimensions and
shape of the
machined part.

12. Lead screw The lead screw

engage engage/disengage
mechanism
allows the
operator to
selectively
connect or
disconnect the
lead screw,
affecting the
longitudinal

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 movement of the
carriage.
13. Spindle Forward These controls
/ reverse / stop manage the
direction of
spindle rotation,
allowing for
forward and
reverse rotation
as well as
stopping the
spindle.
14. Tailstock The tailstock
provides
additional
support to the
workpiece and
may house a live
or dead center for
additional
stability during
machining
15. Brake/ This is another
Emergency stop safety feature,
often a brake or
emergency stop
button, which
quickly stops the
spindle or other
machine
movements in
case of an
emergency.
16. Screw pitch Screw pitch
gauges gauges are used
to measure the
pitch of threads
on a workpiece
and aid in setting
up the lathe for
threading
operations

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17. Turning tool These are
inserts replaceable
cutting inserts
used in the tool
holder for turning
operations. They
come in various
shapes and
materials to suit
different
machining needs.
18. Centre drill The center drill
creates a starter
hole for the live
center or dead
center, ensuring
accurate
centering of the
workpiece

19. Centre Hole If a long piece of

material has to be
turned on a lathe
then a centre drill
is used
to produce the
hole at one end.
This allows the
drilled end to be
supported by the
tailstock centre.
20. Coolant Coolant is used to
lubricate and cool
the cutting tool
and workpiece
during machining,
reducing heat and
extending tool
life.

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2. Lathe Safety Guidelines:

• Lathes contain several fast-rotating parts that can cause contact and entanglement hazards.
Keep all body parts away from all rotating parts. Never wear loose-fitting clothing or jewelry
while operating a lathe. Tie back and contain all long hair. Use guards to protect from accidental
contact with rotating parts.

• When the lathe spindle is set at too fast of an RPM, it will take longer for the spindle to stop
rotating in an emergency situation. Limit spindle to 1000 RPM and use the lowest RPM
applicable to the task.

• Rotating and other moving parts can create pinch points. Pinch points can crush, bruise, lacerate,
or amputate body parts. Utilize guards and avoid contact with these points.

• Cutting Tools, drill bits, machined edges, chips, and cutoffs are potential cut and laceration
hazards. Handle all sharp parts and tools with care. Do not clear chips with bare hands. Use a
brush or compressed air (< 30psi).

• There are several flying object hazards that can potentially come from a lathe. Make sure to
secure both the workpiece and cutting tool. Be sure to remove the chuck key from the chuck.
Make sure to keep the work area clean from all debris, chips, and tools.

• High-speed metalworking can create burn hazards from the high amount of friction. Cutting
chips, workpieces, and cutoffs can be hot to the touch during and immediately after the work
process. Allow enough time for all objects to cool before handling them.

3. How To Center The Workpiece In Lathe?

Centering a workpiece in a lathe is a crucial step in the machining process to ensure accuracy and
precision in the final product. Here's a general guide on how to center a workpiece in a lathe:

Requirements:

1. Lathe Machine: Ensure that the lathe machine is in good working condition and properly
calibrated.

2. Chuck or Collet: Use an appropriate chuck or collet that fits the workpiece securely.

3. Centering Tools: You may need center drills, center finders, or other tools designed for
centering.

Steps:

1. Select the Workholding Device: Choose a chuck or collet based on the size and shape of your
workpiece. Ensure that it's securely tightened.

2. Clean the Workpiece: Clean the workpiece to remove any dirt, grease, or debris that could affect
the machining process.

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 3. Mount the Workpiece: Mount the workpiece securely in the chuck or collet. Make sure it's
tightened properly to prevent any movement during machining.

4. Check Alignment: Use a dial indicator or another alignment tool to check if the workpiece is
running true. If it's not aligned, adjust the position in the chuck or collet until it runs true.

5. Face the End: Face the end of the workpiece to create a flat and even surface. This step ensures
that the workpiece is perpendicular to the lathe axis.

6. Center Drill: Use a center drill to create a small divot in the end of the workpiece. This divot will
be the starting point for the live center.

7. Install the Live Center: Insert the live center into the tailstock and align it with the center drill
divot on the workpiece. Gradually advance the tailstock to apply pressure and secure the
workpiece.

8. Check Alignment Again: Recheck the alignment using a dial indicator after installing the live
center. Make any necessary adjustments to ensure the workpiece is centered accurately.

9. Secure Tailstock: Once the workpiece is centered, securely lock the tailstock in place to prevent
movement during machining.

10. Double-Check: Before starting any machining operations, double-check the alignment and
tightness of the workpiece, chuck or collet, and tailstock.

11. Begin Machining: You can now proceed with the machining operations, confident that the
workpiece is centered accurately.

4. Why Cutting Speed Is Important In Lathe?

Cutting speed is a critical factor in lathe machining and other machining processes because it directly
influences several aspects of the machining operation. Cutting speed, also known as surface speed,
refers to the speed at which the cutting tool moves across the workpiece surface during the machining
process. It is usually measured in surface feet per minute (SFPM) or meters per minute (m/min). Here
are some reasons why cutting speed is important in lathe operations:

Tool Life:

Cutting speed has a significant impact on tool life. Excessive cutting speeds can cause increased tool
wear, leading to a shorter tool life. On the other hand, operating at an optimal cutting speed helps
maintain tool sharpness and extends tool life.

Surface Finish:

The cutting speed influences the quality of the surface finish on the workpiece. Proper cutting speed
selection helps achieve a smooth and accurate surface finish, reducing the need for additional finishing
operations.

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Material Removal Rate (MRR):

Cutting speed, along with the feed rate, determines the material removal rate. Balancing these
parameters optimally allows for efficient material removal without compromising tool life or surface
finish. Higher cutting speeds, within limits, generally result in higher material removal rates.

Heat Generation:

Cutting generates heat, and the cutting speed affects the amount of heat produced. High cutting speeds
can lead to excessive heat, potentially causing thermal damage to the workpiece or the cutting tool.
Proper cutting speed selection helps manage heat generation and prevent thermal issues.

Chip Formation:

The cutting speed influences the formation of chips during the machining process. Optimal cutting
speeds promote the creation of manageable chips that are easy to evacuate from the cutting zone,
reducing the likelihood of chip entanglement and tool damage.

Machine Power Requirements:

The cutting speed affects the power requirements of the lathe machine. Higher cutting speeds may
require more power, and the machine's motor must be capable of providing the necessary energy for
efficient cutting.

In summary, the cutting speed in lathe operations is crucial for achieving a balance between tool life,
surface finish, material removal rate, and overall machining efficiency. Machinists must consider cutting
speed along with other cutting parameters to optimize the machining process and achieve the desired
results.

CONCLUSION

From the lab, we can understand how to operate the lathe machine carefully after having some problem
and difficulties during this lab session. We also can know the surface roughness was affected by the
spindle speed, feed rate and else. The surface roughness can increase with increased of the feed rate
and increased depth cut when the machine was running. However, we can neutralise it with increasing
or decreasing the spindle speed making it the process to become smooth and suitable for the material. It
is because this shows the important to calculate the speed rotation to get the suitable or the right
spindle speed when cutting the material. By doing this lab session and process, we can know the
advantages and disadvantages of this process when we use this lathe machine again. Lastly, we are
grateful and happy because can finish this lab session.

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