VITAMINS – Are a group of unrelated organic

compounds needed only in minute quantities in the diet Deficiency syndrome:

but essential for specific metabolic reactions within the - Scurvy, Anemia, Poor wound healing, Less
cell.
resistance to infection.
Vitamins come from the word!

VITA – Life AMINE – Nitrogen compound Toxicity:

2 TYPES OF VITAMINS - Some patients exhibit increased urinary
excretion of oxalate
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
 Water Soluble Vitamins VITAMIN B COMPLEX
THIAMIN – known as Vitamin B1
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

1. Vit A – Retinol • Microorganisms and plants but not animals can

2. Vit D – Calciferol synthesize this vitamin.
3. Vit E – Tocopherol
4. Vit K – Phylloguinone menadione • Concentrated in the outer layer of seeds

VITAMINS SOURCES DEF TOXICITY

• Fairly high in the outer layer of cereal grains,
peas, yeast and animal tissue.
A PRE FORMED- -NIGHT -NAUSEA AND
ANIMAL
PRO VITAMIN-
GREEN AND
BLINDNESS
-BITOT SPOT
-
VOMITING
• Tend to be removed when cooked.

•
YELLOW PLANTS XEROPTHALMIA
Absorbed in the upper small intestine.
D -CHEESE -TETANY HYPERCALCEMI A
-EGGYOLK
-BUTTER
-MILK
-RICKETS
• For CHO metabolism

E -NUTS -LOW BLOOD HYPERVITAMINO

• Good muscle function and appetite.
-LEGUMES- LEVELS OF SIS E
EGGYOLK TOCOPHEROLS
• Distributed all over the body with high
K -DGLV -HEMORRHAGIC -VOMITING
-LIVER DSE IN NEW concentration in the heart, liver and kidneys.
-WHEAT BRAN BORN
Deficiency Syndrome: Beriberi
- (wet and dry), Loss of appetite, weakness,
WATER COLUBLE VITAMINS
indigestion, severe constipation, retarded
1. Vit C – Ascorbic Acid growth, numbness of the extremities.
2. Vit B1 – Thiamine Toxicity:
3. Vit B2 – Riboflavin - Few reported cases only and usually
4. Vit B3 – Niacin resulted in hypersensitivity.
5. Vit B5 – Pantothenic Acid
NIACIN
6. Vit B6 – Pyridoxine
7. Vit B12 – Cobalamin
• Encompasses nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.

VITAMIN C – Ascorbic Acid

• Food Sources:
- liver, meat, whole grain cereals and fish
CHEMISTRY: L-ASCORBIC ACID
L-Dehydroascorbic CID • Serve as an enzyme or act as hydrogen and
electron acceptors.
• Cooking and Canning tend to destroy dietary
• Needed for photosynthesis in plants and
Vitamin C.
fixation of CO2 in animal cells.
• Readily absorb in the jejunum
Deficiency: Pellagra
• Improve absorption of Iron - which results in failure to grow, severe GI
disturbances, loss of appetite, dermatitis and
• Maintenance of Folic Acid dementia. Anorexia, indigestion, skin
• Maintenance of good connective tissue
changes.

• Boost immune system Toxicity:

 - Very large doses of nicotinic acid reduce FOLIC ACID
serum cholesterol level • Found in liver, yeast, fresh green vegetable and
Side Effects: some fruits
- Flushing, pruritus, nervousness, changes in • Essential for both RBC and WBC in the bone
hepatic function. marrow and for their maturation.

Deficiency:
RIBOFLAVIN – Known as Vitamin B2
- Megaloblastosis of all cells, retarded growth,
• Food Sources: anemia, leukopemia and thrombocytopenia.

- dairy products, eggs, green leafy vegetables,
yeast ad wheat germ.
• Essential for CHON, CHO and Fat metabolism.
• Helps in conversion of tryptophan to Niacin.
COBALAMINS- Known as Vitamin B12
• Cyanocobalamin is the stable pharmaceutical
form of Vit B12.
• Prime sources are beef liver, kidney, whole
milk, eggs, oyster, fresh shrimp, pork and
chicken.

• Helps maintain healthy skin, tongue and mouth, • 90% is in the liver
normal vision ad proper growth and • Involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
development.
Deficiency:
• Release of folate

- Angular Stomatitis, Sore throat, Glossitis, • Myelin formation

Cheilosis, Seborrheic Deficiency:
- Megaloblastic Anemia, Demyelination of the
myelin sheath and cell death.
PYRIDOXINE – Vitamin B6

• Pyridoxine found in food.

BIOTIN

• Result from research in two areas: a toxic

• Pyridoxal and pyrodixamine found in animals.
syndrome from raw eggs and growth
• Best Sources:
requirement of yeast.

- Whole grains, yeast. Wheat germs, legumes, • Present in all food particularly those good
oatmeal and potatoes. Pork and glandular sources of B complex such as yeast, liver,
meats. organ meats, grains and some vegetables.

• Some present in milk, eggs, vegetable and • Coenzyme factor in CO2 fixation
fruits.
• Helps in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines
• The active form of B6 is pyridoxal phosphate. fatty acids and carboxylation reactions.

• Involved in the metabolism of CHON, CHO and

Deficiency Syndrome:
Lipids. - Rare in human, but if occurs the symptoms
• Plasma B6 is bound to albumin. are dermatitis, graying of mucosal
membrane, dry skin and muscle pain.
• Substantial proportion is bound to glycogen I
the liver and muscle. PANTOTHENIC ACID

Deficiency:
• Novel yeast growth known as pantothenate.

- Growth failure, at loss, skin lesions, • Abundant in animal food sources.

stomatitis, anemia and peripheral
neuropathy. • 80% is found in all tissues

Toxicity: • Essential for Cho, CHON and Fat metabolism

- Sensory Neuropathy