® Responsibility Module 3: (Ethics in RSS Sia Research) “ Reliailty & Behavior ri Principle RelationshipDefinition of Ethics Ethies (Greek word “ethos”, which means “way of ig”) ll + Richard William Paul and Linda Elder deiine ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determinirg’what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures" * Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an activity. * The established customs, morals, and fundamental human relationship that exist throughout the world. * Ethical Behavior; Behavior that is morally accepted as good or right as opposed to bad or wrongResearch Ethics + Research ethics provides guidelines for the respeitsible conduct of research. + Iteducates and monitors scientists conductive research to ensure a high ethical standard. + Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. * Ifa society deems dishonesty to be unethical, then this means that any researcher who behaves dishonestly in the research process is acting unethically.Objectives of Research Ethics * To guard/protect human participants, their dignity, rights and welfare . * To make sure that research is directed in a manner that assists welfares of persons, groups and/or civilization as a whole. + To inspect particular research vents and schemes for their ethical reliability, considering issues such as the controlling risk, protection of privacy and the progression of informed consent.Ethical Principles Honesty * Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public. Objectivity * Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, personnel decisions, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research. Integrity * Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.Ethical Principles (Cont...) Carefulness + Ayoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Openness + Share data, results, ideas, tools, resoutces. Be open to criticism and new ideas. ‘Transparency * Disclose methods, materials, assumptions, analyses, and other information needed to evaluate your research. Accountability + Take responsibility for your part in research and be prepared to give an account (i.e. an explanation or justification) of what you did on a research project and why.Ethical Principles (Cont...) Intellectual Property + Do not use unpublished data, methods, or resuiis without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all co Confidentiality * Protect confidential communications, such as personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records. y * Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. Social Respons Non-Discrimination + Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.Ethical Principles (Cont...) Legality + Know and obey relevant laws and institutional aud governmental policies. Human Subjects protection + When conducting research on humai* subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human diguity, privacy, and autonomyTypes of ethical issues Ethical issue Definition Voluntary participation out of the study at any point im Your participants are free to opt in time. Informed consent Participants know the purpos#, benefits, risks, and funding behind the study before they agree or decline to join. ‘Anonymity You don’t know the identities of the participants. Personally identifiable data is not colle Confidentiality You know who the participants are but you keep that information hidden from everyone else. You anonymize personally identifiable data so that it can’t be linked to other data by anyone else. Potential for harm Physical, social, psychological and all other types of harm are kept to an absolute minimum. Results communication You ensure your work is free of plagiarism or research misconduct, and you accurately represent your results.Research Misconduct + Research misconduct means making up or falsfiying data, manipulating data analyses, or misrepresenting results in researcit reports. It’s a form of academic fraud. * Example: Bharat Aggarwal (US), 29 Indian-American biochemist, a former Ransom Horne, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Cancer Research at the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, resigned his position after fraud was discovered in 65 papers published by him in the area of treatment for cancer. + As of 2022 Aggarwal has had 30 of his research papers retracted, with 10 others having received an expression of concern and 17 others having been corrected.Types of Ethical Misconduct in Research + Falsification: changing data + Fabrication: making up data + Plagiarism: using words or ideas without proper attribution + Duplication: writing exactly the same parts in different publications + Slicing: Using the resulis of the same research project in more than one publication * They should be assumed as unethical as lying, cheating, copying, etc.Plagiarism + Plagiarism means submitting others’ works as your own. + Anytime you borrow something developed or created by someone and don not give that person proper credit, you have committed: plagiarism. + It’s an ethical problem in research communication because you may benefit by harming other researchers * Self-plagiarism is when you republish or re-submit parts of your own papers or reports without properly citing your original work. * This is problematic because you may benefit from presenting your ideas as new and original even though they've already been published elsewhere in the past.