Physiology of

blood
for
Post Graduation Entrance
Examination
DR ABTAHIR RAHIM TAHA
Post Graduation Preparation & Learning MBBS (SOMC)
Curves By Dr Rafaa & Friends
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

FEATURES OF BLOOD

PRODUCTION OF BLOOD CELLS

STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF
BLOOD CELLS
 STEM CELL
PLASMA

PLASMA PROTEINS

FEATURES OF RBC
STAGES OF RBC DEVELOPMENT
 Factors Required For Erythropoiesis
1. Protein (amino acid)
2. Vitamin B6, B12, C, Folic acid
3. Iron
4. Bile salt
5. Hormones :
 Erythropoietin
 Thyroid hormone
 TSH
 Adrenocortical hormone
 Testosterone

 Maturation factors:
 Vitamin B12
 Folic acid
ENZYMES IN RBC
STRUCTURE OF RBC MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN
TYPES OF HAEMOGLOBIN

ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN
AT A GLANCE……..
IRON ABSORPTION
THE RED CELL ABSOLUTE VALUES
ANAEMIA
Microcytic Hypochromic anaemia

Thalassaemia
Iron deficiency anaemia
Anaemia of Chronic disease
Sideroblastic anaemia
Lead Poisoning
Macrocytic Anaemia
PERIPHERAL BLOOD FILM
POLYCYTHEMIA
FATE OF RBC
WHITE BLOOD CELL
DEVELOPMENT OF WBC
NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHIL & BASOPHIL

MONOCYTE

LYMPHOCYTES
PLEASE CORELATE WITH IMMUNOLOGY
Leuko erythroblastic Blood Picture
• Secondary deposit to bone marrow
• Myelofibrosis
• Active hemolytic anaemia
• Thalassaemia major
• Lymphoma
• Gaucher’s & nieman pick disease
• Marble bone disease
Philadelphia chromosome
• CML
• AML
• ALL
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

• Myelofibrosis
• Essential thrombocythaemia
• Polycythaemia rubra vera
• CML
PLATELETS
 Substances secreted by Platelets
From Cell Membrane: Thromboxane A2
From Cytoplasmic Organelles:
Dense granules Alpha granules Lambda granules
Ca2+ Clotting factor 1,3,5,13 Acid hydrolyses
ADP Platelet derived growth factor
ATP Platelet factor 4
Serotonin Von willebrand factor
Adenine Beta thrombo globulin
nucleotide Transforming growth factor B
DEVELOPMENT OF PLATELETS
 Blood Clotting Factors

Primary Clotting Factors: VIT K Dependent Factors

Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, Tissue factor, Ca2+ 2,7,9,10
WHY BLOOD REMAINS AS FLUID
IN BLOOD VESSELS?
HEMOSTASIS
 Prothrombin Activator
Ca2+, Phospholipid, Factor 5, Factor 10
 AnticoAgulAnts
Natural Synthetic
Antithrombin III EDTA
Heparin Na oxalate
Heparin cofactor II K oxalate
Protein C NH4 oxalate
Protein S Na citrate
Alpha 2 macroglobulin Na fluoride
Alpha 1 antitrypsin Na iodoacetate
Alpha 2 anti plasmin
C1 esterase
TFPI
LIMITING CLOT FORMATION
FIBRINOLYSIS
DISORDERS OF HAEMOSTASIS
 disoRdERs of
hAEMostAsis
Causes Of Prolonged PT

Deficiency of factor 2,5,7,10

Severe fibrinogen deficiency
Liver disease/failure
Overdose of oral
anticoagulant(Warfarin)
DIC
Vitamin K deficiency
Obstructive jaundice
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
BLOOD COMPONENTS
 chAngE in stoREd blood
Increased Decreased
•Sodium oCalcium
•Potassium oFactor 5,8
•Proton (acidosis) o2,3 DPG
•Iron oFunctional platelet
•Lactate
•Pyruvate
•Ammonia
•Phosphate
THANK YOU
WHATEVER YOU UNDERSTAND,MEMORIZATION IS THE KEY HERE.
LET ME KNOW THE FEEDBACK OF YOURS.