‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺱ‬
‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫اﻷول‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺱ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺫﻴﺏ ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻭ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪2-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ) ﻏﺎﺯ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ) ﻏﺎﺯ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ) ﻏﺎﺯ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ) ﺴﺎﺌل (‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ) ﻏﺎﺯ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ) ﺴﺎﺌل (‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻴﺜﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﺠﻼﻴﻜﻭل ) ﺴﺎﺌل (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ) ﺴﺎﺌل (‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬
‫ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﻙ ) ﺴﺎﺌل (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ) ﺴﺎﺌل (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ) ﺼﻠﺏ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ) ﺴﺎﺌل (‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ) ﺼﻠﺏ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ) ﺼﻠﺏ (‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻠﻐﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ) ﺼﻠﺏ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ) ﺼﻠﺏ (‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺃﺴﻼﻙ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﻴﻨﻭل ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ ‪ -‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺱ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻤﺘﺯﺍﺝ ) ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺯﻭﺠﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺭﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺯﺠﺔ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨل ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺨﻔﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻜﻤﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ‪ -1 :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ -2 .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ -4 .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ‪ -5 .‬ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻜﻜل ﻭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ 2-2‬ﻭﺼﻔﺎ ﻟﻜل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪2-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬
‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬

‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬
‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ) ﺒﺎﻟﻠﺘﺭ (‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪Kg‬‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ‪ +‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ؟ ) ﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ (‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ ‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻤﻘﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻭ ﻤﻀﺭﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪. ١٠٠‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ NaCl‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 3.6 g NaCl‬ﻟﻜل ‪ 100 g‬ﻤﺎﺀ ‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ NaCl‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١١‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ‪ 20.0 g‬ﻤﻥ ‪ NaHCO3‬ﻤﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 600.0 ml‬ﻤﻥ ‪ H2O‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١٢‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺒﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ NaOCl‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﻫﻲ ‪، 3.62 %‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ‪ 1500.0 g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻓﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ NaOCl‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١٣‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ‪ ١٢‬؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١٤‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻫﻲ ‪ ، 2.62%‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪ 50.0 g‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ‬‬

‫‪ -١٥‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻤﻘﺴﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻀﺭﻭﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪. ١٠٠‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﻭﻗﻭﺩﺍ ﺒﺩﻴﻼ ﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺯل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ‪ .‬ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ‪ -١ :‬ﺴﻬل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪ -٢‬ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﺎﻡ ‪ -٤‬ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭﻴﺔ ( ‪ -٥‬ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺯﺠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺩﻴﺯل " ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ " ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺯﻭﺝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٦‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ‪ 5 ml‬ﺇﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪ 155 ml‬ﻤﺎﺀ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١٧‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺃﻴﺯﻭﺒﺭﻭﺒﻴل ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 24 ml‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻷﻴﺯﻭﺒﺭﻭﺒﻴل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.1 L‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ؟‬
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‫‪ -١٨‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ‪ 18 ml‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 15 %‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻴﻠﺘﺭ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺭﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺭﻱ ( ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١٩‬ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٠‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢١‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ " ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪. " 0.1 M‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢٢‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ‪ ، 1.0 L‬ﻭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 0.5 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٣‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ‪ 100.5 ml‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺤﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 5.01 g‬ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ‪ . C6H12O6‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﻫﻲ ‪ 180.16 g/mol‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٤‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 40.0 g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ‪ C6H12O6‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.5 L‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٥‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ 1.60 L‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 1.55 g‬ﻤﻥ ‪ KBr‬ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٦‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺒﻴﺽ ﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 9.5 g‬ﻤﻥ ‪ NaOCl‬ﻟﻜل ﻟﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٧‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Ca(OH)2‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪ g‬ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ‪ 1.5 L‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.25M‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٢٨‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ -i :‬ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -ii‬ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻹﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬
‫‪ -iii‬ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٩‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ‪ 375 g‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.0 L‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪. 1.5 M‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٠‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ CaCl2‬ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ‪ 500.0 ml‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.20 M‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
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‫‪ -٣١‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ NaOH‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ 250 ml‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 3.0 M‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٢‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪ 100.0 ml‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.15 M‬؟ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪. 0.7893 g/ml‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٣٣‬ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ‪ HCl‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪. 12M‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٥‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻭ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٣٦‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ = ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ × ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﻠﺘﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Q‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ = ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬
‫‪M1V1 = M2V2‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬
‫‪ = V‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ = M‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٧‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ M1‬ﻭ ‪ V1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ M2‬ﻭ ‪ V2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٨‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ CaCl2‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.30 M‬ﻭ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫‪ 0.5 L‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ‪ 2.0 M‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٩‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ‪ KI‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 3.0 M‬ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻥ ‪ KI‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 1.25 M‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ‪ 0.30 L‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
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‫‪ -٤٠‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ‪ H2SO4‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.50 M‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ‪ 100.0 ml‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬
‫‪ H2SO4‬ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.25 M‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
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‫‪ -٤١‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺨﻔﻑ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ‪ HCl‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ ، 5M‬ﻭ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ‪ 0.5 L‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ‪ ، 2 L‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪HCl‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﻲ ( ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٢‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1 Kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪ 1 ) 1m‬ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻭﻻﻟﻲ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻤﻘﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪. Kg‬‬
‫‪ -٤٣‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺃﻀﺎﻑ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 4.5 g‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 100.0 g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٤٤‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 10.0 g Na2SO4‬ﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1000.0 g‬ﻤﺎﺀ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٤٥‬ﺴﺅﺍل ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ Ba(OH)2‬ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 1.0 m‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺃﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ‪ .‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪ X‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺨﻁ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٤٦‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻜﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٧‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻟـ ‪ NaOH‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 22.8 %‬ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ NaOH‬؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٤٨‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻙ ‪ H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ، 0.325‬ﻓﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ 100 ml‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺱ‬
‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺱ‪ :‬ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫) ﺝ ( ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫) ﺏ ( ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫) ﺃ ( ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺫﻴﺏ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺒﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺫﺏ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺼل ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻭ ﺴﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺠﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ NaCl‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؟ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ‪ NaCl‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺘﺼﻁﺩﻡ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺠﺫﺏ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻨﺯﻟﻕ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺒﺘﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺱ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪ ) :‬ﺃ ( ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻗﺩ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻭﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ) ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺩﺓ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ‪ ، O-H‬ﻭ ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻤﻼﻤﺴﺔ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺼﻁﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻜل ‪ O-H‬ﻤﻭﻗﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﺒﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻭ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻻ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻜﺏ ﺒﻤﺫﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﻁﺒﻲ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻲ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻴﺫﻴﺏ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﻪ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪-------------------------------------------------------- :‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-١‬‬
‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ‪ ---------‬ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪ ---------‬ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻜﻭﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪ NH4NO3‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ CaCl2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٠‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ؟‬

‫ج‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪---------------------- -١‬‬ ‫‪---------------------- -١‬‬
‫‪---------------------- -٢‬‬ ‫‪---------------------- -٢‬‬
‫‪----------------------- -٣‬‬ ‫‪----------------------- -٣‬‬

‫‪ - ١١‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺤﻭﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ ؟‬
‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١٢‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺴﻜﺭ ﺫﺍﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺞ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١٣‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻁﻌﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻉ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -١٤‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -١٥‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ‪------------------------------------------------------------------ :‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫اﻟﺬوﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ ‪------------------------------------------------------------------ :‬‬
‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫‪ -١٦‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن و اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ‪ .‬و ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻻ ﯾﺬوب اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺬاب و ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر واﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ﺑﺸﺮط ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٧‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ؟‬

‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٨‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ؟‬

‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ 2-12‬ﺼـ‪ 55‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫) ﺃ ( ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ 64g CaCl2‬ﻟﻜل ‪ 100g H2O‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 10OC‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 27oC‬ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ 50%‬ﻤﻥ ‪ CaCl2‬ﻟﻜل ‪ 100g‬ﻤﻥ‪ H2O‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Ce2(SO4)3‬ﺘﻘل ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬

‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٩‬ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ؟‬

‫ج ‪:‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﯾﺒﺮد ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎ و ﺑﺒﻂء ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٠‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب – ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻮاة اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر – إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﺨﺩﻭﺸﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢١‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻭﻡ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﯾﻮدﯾﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ AgI‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﮫ ﻧﻮى ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺆدي ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻄﯿﺮات ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮ ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ھﺬه اﻵﻟﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﻤﻄﺎر اﻟﻐﯿﻮم ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻨﺎﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٢‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻀﺔ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت اﻟﺤﺮارة زادت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز و زادت ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ھﺮوب ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎﺗﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻁﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫‪-٢٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل زادت ذوﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٢٤‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺘﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺘﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺯﻉ ﻏﻁﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ؟ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺒﻼ ﻁﻌﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوب اﻟﻐﺎزي ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ و ﺗﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮ ‪ .‬و ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ان ﯾﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻛﻠﮫ ‪ ،‬و ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻼ ﻃﻌﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٥‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ھﻨﺮي ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ذوﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪S1 S 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬

‫‪ : P ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫‪ : S‬ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﺍ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٦‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺫﺍﺏ ‪ 0.85 g‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 4.0 atm‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.0 L‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ 25oC‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.0 L‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 1.0 atm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٧‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺫﺍﺏ ‪ 0.55 g‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.0 L‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 20 kpa‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ 25oC‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪. 110kpa‬‬
‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٢٨‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 0.66 g/L = 10 atm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 1.0 L‬ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 1.5 g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ؟‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٩‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 7 atm‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 0.52 g/L‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪. 10 atm‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٠‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 0.54 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 1.5 atm‬ﻓﺎﺤﺴﺏ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣١‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 9.5 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 4.5 atm‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1L‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪. 3.5 atm‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٢‬ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ‪ 1.80 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 37.0 kpa‬ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪.9.00 g/L‬‬
‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٣‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ CO2‬ﺩﺍﺨل ﺯﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ‪ 4.0 atm‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 25oC‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ CO2‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 0.12 mol/l‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 3.0 x 10-4‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪CO2‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ؟ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺠﺎﺒﺘﻙ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. g/L‬‬
‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺱ‬
‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪ :‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻁﻲ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ – ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ –‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻭﺯﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﻭﺼل ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻷﻨﻪ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍﺒﺔ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1 Kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪ 1 m‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪2 mol‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺃﻱ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻲ ‪. Na+ , Cl-‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ؟‬

‫ﺝ ‪ :‬ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ‪ 1 m‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻪ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺘﺤﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺼل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺫﻴﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻨﻘﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻤﺫﺍﺒﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻨﻘﻴﺎ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷن ﻣﻘﺪار ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻤﺘﺄﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺄﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٠‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺃﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ١‬ﻤﻭل ﻤﻥ ) ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ( ﺃﻡ‬

‫‪ ١‬ﻤﻭل ﻤﻥ ‪ AlCl3 , Na2SO4 , NaCl‬ﻤﻊ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ؟‬

‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -١١‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﻤﺘﻰ ﻴﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺎدل ﺿﻐﻄﮫ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٢‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷن اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺰوﯾﺪه ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺎدل اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٣‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺭﻤﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻨﻪ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪∆Tb = K b m‬‬
‫‪:‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻲ ‪ : m ،‬ﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬ ‫‪Kb‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪∆Tb‬‬

‫‪ -١٤‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺭﻤﺯﻩ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ‪ 1m‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻪ ‪. °C / m‬‬ ‫‪Kb‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ‬

‫‪ -١٥‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪ Kb‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪ 0.512 oC/m‬؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ‪ 1m‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﻴﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ 100.512°C‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 0.512 °C‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪. 100.0 °C‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻡ ‪ Kb‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٦‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷن ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٧‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷن اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺬاب ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -١٨‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ؟‬

‫ج ‪:‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ و ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻻﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٩‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻓﺘﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻏﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٠‬ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺍﺫﻜﺭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﻥ ﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻣﻼح إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻠﯿﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﺠﻠﯿﺪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ اﻧﺼﮭﺎر اﻟﺠﻠﯿﺪ‪ .‬و‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺠﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺘﺠﻤﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺠﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢١‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ ﺿﺮوري ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﺒﺤﺮﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٢‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺭﻤﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻨﻪ ؟‬

‫ج ‪:‬اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ ‪ :‬ھﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل و درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫و رﻣﺰه ‪ ∆Tf‬ﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻪ ‪∆Tf = K f m :‬‬

‫‪ -٢٣‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺭﻤﺯﻩ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ‪ 1m‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻪ ‪. °C / m‬‬ ‫‪Kf‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ‬

‫‪ -٢٤‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪ Kf‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪ 1.86 oC/m‬؟‬

‫ج ‪:‬ﺳﯿﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه ‪ 1m‬و ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺬاب ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮ و ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺄﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪-1.86 oC‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺃ ﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪. 0.0 oC‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺴﺭﻭل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺩﻤﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺹ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺄﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺠﻠﻴﻜﻭل ﺍﻹﻴﺜﻴﻠﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٥‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ NaCl‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺠﺎﺕ ) ﺍﻵﻴﺱ ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ( ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺘﺎ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.029 m‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ‪ Kb‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪0.512 oC/m‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ Kf‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪. 1.86 oC/m‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.625 m‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ‪ Kb‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪ 0.512 oC/m‬ﻭ ‪ Kf‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪-٢٦‬‬
‫= ‪. 1.86 oC/m‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٢٧‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ – ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻭﺯﻴﺔ – ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺫﻩ ؟‬

‫ج ‪:‬اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪:‬ھﻮ اﺧﺘﻼط اﻟﻐﺎزات أو اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﻮزﯾﺔ ‪ :‬ھﻲ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﺧﻼل ﻏﺸﺎء ﺷﺒﮫ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﻏﺸﯿﺔ ﺷﺒﮫ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة ‪ :‬ﺣﻮاﺟﺰ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮر ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
‫ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺫﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻭﺯﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻑ ﻤﻔﺼﻭﻻﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻭﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٨‬ﻋﺭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻭﺯﻱ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٩‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻭﺯﻱ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷﺳﻤﻮزي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٣٠‬ﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.40 m‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ‪ Kb‬ﻟﻺﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل = ‪1.22 oC/m‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ Kf‬ﻟﻺﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل = ‪. 1.99 oC/m‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣١‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ‪ 0.045m‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺄﻴﻥ ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻤﺩﻩ ﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 0.08 oC‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩﻩ ‪ Kf‬؟ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻓﻭﺭﻡ ) ‪ Kf‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪ 1.86 oC/m‬ﻭ ﻟﻺﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل = ‪ 1.99 oC/m‬ﻭ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻭﺭﻡ = ‪(4.68 oC/m‬‬
‫ج ‪............................................................................................................................................................................ :‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٢‬ﻴﻐﻠﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ CaCl2‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 101.3oC‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬
‫ﺠﺭﺍﻡ ‪ Kg‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1000 g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺏ ؟ ) ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪( Ca = 40 , Cl = 35.5‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٣٣‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 50 g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ‪ C6H12O6‬ﻤﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 500.0 g‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ‪ Kb‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪ 0.512 oC/m‬ﻭ ‪ Kf‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫= ‪ ) 1.86 oC/m‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪. ( C = 12 , O = 16 , H = 1‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٤‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 12.1 g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﺎﻟﻴﻥ ‪ C10H8‬ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.175 Kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ‪C6H6‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ = ‪ 5.5‬ﻭ ‪ Kf‬ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ = ‪ ). 5.12‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ‪( C=12 , H = 1‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٣٥‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻗﻤﺕ ﺒﺈﺫﺍﺒﺔ ‪ 179g‬ﻤﻥ ‪ MgCl2‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 1.00 L‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ = ﺼﻔﺭ ﻭ ‪ Kf = 1.86‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪( Mg = 24 , Cl = 35.5‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٦‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻁﺒﺎﺥ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﻠﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 12.5 g‬ﻤﻥ ‪ NaCl‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 0.750 L‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ = ‪ 100oC‬ﻭ ‪ Kb = 0.512‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ‬
‫‪. Na= 23 , Cl = 35.5‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٣٧‬ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ‪ C2H5OH‬ﻤﻥ ‪ 78.5oC‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 85.2 oC‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﺎﻟﻴﻥ ‪ C10H8‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ 1.00 Kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺜﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪ g‬ﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ‬
‫‪ Kb‬ﻟﻺﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل = ‪ 1.22‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪. C = 12 , O = 16 , H = 1‬‬
‫‪............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -٣٨‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﺭﻱ ‪ NaCl‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﺜﻠﺠﺎﺕ ) ﺃﻴﺱ ﻜﺭﻴﻡ (‬
‫ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 10.0oC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻥ ‪ Kf = 1.86‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪. Na= 23 , Cl = 35.5‬‬
‫ج ‪............................................................................................................................................................................ :‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﺱ‬
‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺃ – ﻤﻭﺯﻭﻨﺔ ‪ .‬ﺏ‪ -‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ‪ .‬ﺝ‪ -‬ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪∆H‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺸﻜل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻭﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ ∆Hcomb‬؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﺎ ﻜﺎﻤﻼ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ‪ C6H12O6‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ‪ ∆Hcomb= -2808 KJ‬؟‬
‫‪C6 H12 O6( s ) + 6O2( g ) ‬‬
‫) ‪→ 6CO2( g ) + 6 H 2 O( l‬‬ ‫‪∆H comb = -2808 kJ‬‬ ‫ج‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ‪ C2H5OH‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ‪ ∆Hcomb= -1367 KJ‬؟‬
‫‪C2 H 5OH ( l ) + 3O2( g ) ‬‬
‫) ‪→ 2CO2( g ) + 3H 2O( l‬‬ ‫ج ‪∆H comb = -1367 kJ :‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ‪ ∆Ho‬؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ STP‬ﻭ ) ‪ ( o‬؟‬

‫ج ‪ : STP :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ) ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 1 atm‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪( 0 ͦC‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ) ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 1 atm‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪. ( 25 ͦC‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﻫل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻁﻠﻕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ؟ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻙ ﻨﻌﻡ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻨﻌﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ – ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ – ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻑ – ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٠‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺘﺸﻌﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺴﻤﻙ ﻴﺭﺘﻌﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻠﺩﻙ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩ ﻴﺯﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻠﺩﻙ ﻭ ﺘﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺠﺴﻤﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -١١‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ∆Hvap‬؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٢‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺸﺭﺏ ﻜﺄﺱ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻓﺈﻨﻙ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻓﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺯﻭﺩ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺼﻬﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٣‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ∆Hfus‬؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺼﻬﺭ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٤‬ﻋﻠل ‪ ∆H :‬ﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻭ ﺼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﺼﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٥‬ﻓﺴﺭ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪H2O(l‬‬ ‫)‪H2O(g‬‬ ‫‪∆Hvap= 40.7 KJ‬‬

‫)‪H2O(s‬‬ ‫)‪H2O(l‬‬ ‫‪∆Hfus= 6.01 KJ‬‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪ 40.7 kJ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ‪ 6.01 kJ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺼﻬﺭ ﻤﻭل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٦‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪H2O(g‬‬ ‫)‪H2O(l‬‬ ‫‪∆Hcond = - 40.7 KJ‬‬

‫)‪H2O(l‬‬ ‫)‪H2O(s‬‬ ‫‪∆Hsolid = - 6.01 KJ‬‬

‫‪ -١٧‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ∆Hcond‬؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٨‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ∆Hsolid‬؟‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ‪ 1 mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ -١ :‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ = ∆Hcond‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ∆Hvap‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪∆Hvap = - ∆Hcond‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ = ∆Hsolid‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ∆Hfus‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪∆Hfus = - ∆Hsolid‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٩‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺼﻔﺤـــﺔ ‪ ٨٧‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻴﺴﺘﻐل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢٠‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻐﻤﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻨﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺤﻘﻭﻟﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ؟‬
‫ج ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﻁﻠﻕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﺩﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﻬﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢١‬ﺼﻨﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫ج‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٢٢‬ﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ؟‬

‫)‪a- C2H5OH(l‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪C2H5OH(g‬‬

‫‪b-‬‬ ‫)‪Br2(l‬‬ ‫)‪Br2(s‬‬ ‫ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪c- C5H12(g) + 8O2(g‬‬ ‫)‪5CO2(g‬‬ ‫ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪+ 6H2O(l‬‬

‫‪ -٢٣‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺃﻜﺴﺠﻴﻨﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 54.0g‬ﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ‪ C6H12O6‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪C6H12O6(s) +‬‬ ‫)‪6O2(g‬‬ ‫)‪6CO2(g‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪6H2O(l‬‬ ‫‪∆Hcomb= -2808 KJ‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ) ‪( C = 12 , O =16 , H = 1‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٢٤‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺼﻬﺭ ‪ 25.7g‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل‪ . 4.94 KJ/mol = CH3OH‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ) ‪( C = 12 , O =16 , H = 1‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٥‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻜﺜﻑ ‪ 275g‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭ‪ . -23.3 KJ/mol = NH3‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ) ‪( N = 14 , H = 1‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٦‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ‪ CH4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻹﻁﻼﻕ ‪ 12.880 KJ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ‬
‫= ‪ . -891 KJ/mol‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـ ) ‪( C = 12 , H = 1‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٧‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 206g‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ‪∆Hcomb = -286 KJ/mol‬‬
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‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫‪ -٢٨‬ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻤﺩ ‪ 0.25mol‬ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ‪∆Hsolid =-6.01 KJ/mol‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٩‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪ 23.3 KJ/mol‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻻﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ؟‬
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‫‪ -٣٠‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 5.0Kg‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ 96.2%‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ‪ ∆Hcomb = -394 KJ/mol‬؟‬
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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 1mol‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﻌﺭ ﺘﻨﻁﻠﻕ ‪ 2808KJ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﺽ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﺴﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻴﺘﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﻭﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﺠﺎﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﻨﻭﺴﻴﻥ ‪. ATP‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ‪ ATP‬ﺒﺈﻁﻼﻕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣١‬ﻋﻠل ‪ :‬ﺘﻌﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ج ‪ :‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺯﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻕ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ‪ 2808kJ / mol‬ﻟﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﺸﻁﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ‪ ) ٣‬ﻛﻴﻢ ‪( ٢١٦/ ٢١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ‪ :‬ﺃ( ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﺴﻤﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ( ﻨﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻭﻁﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ ‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬

‫ﻤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻴﻨﻁﻕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪. 891KJ‬‬

‫‪CH4 (g) +‬‬ ‫)‪2O2(g‬‬ ‫)‪CO2(g‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪H2O(l) + 891KJ‬‬

‫ﻫـ( ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺯﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺘﺎﻥ ‪. C8H18‬‬

‫‪C8H18 (g) +‬‬ ‫)‪25/2 O2(g‬‬ ‫)‪8CO2(g‬‬ ‫‪+ 9H2O(l) + 5417KJ‬‬

‫ﻭ( ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻜﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪H2 (g) +‬‬ ‫)‪1/2 O2(g‬‬ ‫‪H2O(l) + 286KJ‬‬

‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﺳـﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺃ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬