Visual inspection –

1) Light intensity 500 lux

2) Viewing angle – Not less that 30 deg.

3) Vewing dist- 600 mm , optimum range – 150- 500 mm

4) Magnification range – 2X – 5X

Weldability – It is the ability of to be get welded by any common welding process and retain the
required mechanical properties.

Weldability of sreel can be judge on the basis of CEV.

Poor weldability generally occur welding cracks.

When considering any type of welding crack mechanisim in weld metal there must be 3 essential
variable present prior to any occurance.

a) Stress b) restraint c) Suspect bile micro structure.

Residual stress is always present in weldment , through local expansion and contraction.

Hydrogen cracking is generally a cold cracking occur in HAZ and weld metal below 300 deg

Hydrogen get absorbed in welding arc from many sources moisture on the surface , oil , paints or long or
unsable arc.

4 Critical factors , where h2 cracking are likely to occur

a) Hydrogen content - greater than 15 ml/100 gm

b) Hardness – 350 Hv

c) Stress – greater than 0.5% of yield stress.

d) Temp less than – 300 deg.

5) Prevention of hydrogen cracking.

To avoid H2 cracking in HAZ it may nesscary to pre-heat the weldment.

Pre-heat retarding the rate of cooling and surpress the formation of martensite.

It will promotes diffusion of hydrogen back to the atmosphere.

^) Consideration during calculating of pre-heat requirement.

a) CEQ b) Thickness and join type. C) ARC energy D) Hydrogen scale

H2 cracking induced in weld metal of HSLA steel . Final inspection delayed by 72 hours.
Soldification cracking is a HOT CRACKING mechanism that occur during sildification of welds in steel
having high sulphur content

Lamellar tearing .

1) This tearing will appear as step wise formation near HAZ area.

2) Lamellar tearing will occur in material which have less through thickness ductility.

3) As welding progressed it cause contractional stress along the thickness direction which cause
contractional stress in material , if material have less ductility through thickness will generate lamellar
tearing.

4) To access material for lamellar tearing short transverse test is carried out and min 20 % reduction in
area is acceptable. Below this threshold value material is consider suspectable to lamellar tearing.

5) Another factor contribute to this phenomenon in inclusion in steel such sulphir , phosphurs inclusion.

6) Toavoid lamellar tearing factors to be consider.

a) Check for S & P composition it should be with in 0.05% .

b) STRAT test ductility re. 20%

c) Lamination to be check by UT or PT at edges.

d) Joint design consideration

e) Use of buttering layer of high ductily material which absorbed contractional streaa.