Date : 04-01-2024 STD 12 Science Physics Total Marks : 121

SECTION A () Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [5]
1. A biconvex lens of glass having refractive index 1.47 is immersed in a liquid. It becomes
invisible and behaves as a plane glass plate. The refractive index of the liquid is:
(A) 1.47 (B) 1.62 (C) 1.33 (D) 1.51

Ans. :
a. 1.47
Explanation:

As per the question, the biconvex lens of glass having refractive index 1.47
is immersed in a liquid and then behaves like a plane glass plate.

This shows that the ray will pass undeviated through it.
This is only possible when the medium's refractive index is the same as that
of a biconvex lens.

Thus, the refractive index of the liquid must be 1.47.

2. The focal length of the objective of a compound microscope is:
(A) Greater than the focal length of eyepiece.
(B) Lesser than the focal length of eyepiece.
(C) Equal to the focal length of eyepiece.
(D) Equal to the length of its tube.
Ans. :
b. Lesser than the focal length of eyepiece.
3. For a glass prism, the angle of minimum deviation will be smallest for the light of:
(A) Red colour. (B) Blue colour.
(C) Yellow colour. (D) Green colour.
Ans. :
a. Red colour.
Explanation:
When a ray of light passes through a prism, it disperses the ray of light into seven
colours. They are - Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red i.e., VIBGYOR.
The angle of deviation increases in order.
It means that Violet bends the most and Red the least. The extent of bending
depends on their wavelength. Red has larger wavelength than blue.

4. The focal length of a lens of refractive index μ is f. If the lens is immersed in a liquid of
refractive index μ then the focal length of lens is:

(A) f (B) 2f (C) Infinite (D) zero

2

Ans. :
c. Infinite
Explanation:
1 1 1
​ = (n − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

[1]
 where, n is refractive index of lens material with respect to its surrounding medium.
If lens is immersed in the liquid of refractive index equal to its own then n = 1 and
1
hence above equation becomes: = 0
f

⇒f= ∞

5. When a wave travels from one medium to another, the quantity which will not change is
its:
(A) Amplitude (B) Velocity (C) Frequency (D) Intensity

Ans. :
c. Frequency
Explanation:
When a wave travels from one medium to another, the amplitude, wavelength,
velocity and intensity change but frequency does not change.

SECTION A () a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason [5]

(R). Choose the correct option.
6. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false and R is also false.
Assertion: A convex lens is made of two different materials. A point object is placed on
the principal axis. The number of images formed by the lens will be two.
Reason: The image formed by convex lens is always virtual.

Ans. :
c. A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Since thelensis made of two different materials of different refractive indices, there
will be two different focal lengths of the lens. Hence two images will be fanned. The
image fanned by convex lens is always real except in case when object is placed
between optical centre and focus.

7. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false and R is also false.
Assertion: The images formed by total intemal reflections are brighter than those
formed by mirrors or lenses.
Reason: There is no loss of intensity in total internal reflection.

Ans. :
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

[2]
 In total internal reflection, 100% of incident light is reflected back into the same
medium, and there is no loss of intensity, while in reflection from mirrors and
refraction from lenses, th ere is always some loss of intensity. Therefore images
formed by total internal reflection are much brighter than those formed by mirrors or
lenses.

8. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false and R is also false.
Assertion: The light travelling from air to glass can not suffer total internal reflection.
Reason: Air is rarer than glass.

Ans. :
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The light travelling from air to glass cannot suffer total internal reflection because
for total internal reflection, the essential condition is that light should travel from a
denser medium to a rarer medium with incidence angle more than the critical angle.

9. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false and R is also false.
Assertion: The focal length of an equiconvex lens placed in air is equal to radius of
curvature of either face. Lens is made up of material of refractive index of 1.5.
Reason: For an equiconvex lens, radius of curvature of both the faces is same.

Ans. :
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
For an equiconvex lens, R1 = R2 = R
1 1 1
From = (μ − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

Using lens maker's formula for glass, μ = 1.5 placed in air

1 2
= (1.5 − 1) ⇒ f = R.
f R

10. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false and R is also false.
Assertion: Endoscopy involves use of optical fibres to study intemal organs.

[3]
 Reason: Optical fibres are based on phenomena of total internal reflection.

Ans. :
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
An endoscope is made of optical fibres. Its core is made of optically denser material.
Its outer cladding is made of optically rarer material. It is based on total internal
reflection.

SECTION A () Answer The Following Questions In One Sentence.[1 Marks Each] [7]
11. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the
critical angle of incidence depend on the colour of light?

Ans. : Critical angle depends upon the refractive index (n) of the medium and refractive
index is different for different colours of light.

12. State the conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur.

Ans. :
i. Refraction should take place from denser to rarer medium.
ii. Angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle.
13. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in
water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens?
Give reason.

Ans. : Converging lens.

Light rays converge, on moving from denser to rarer medium.

14. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet
light is replaced with red light?

A+Dm
sin ( )
2

Ans. : μ =

sin (A/2)

Angle of Minimum Deviation, Dm , decreases.

15. For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three media A, B
and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would the velocity of light be
minimum?

Ans. : Velocity of light is minimum in medium ‘A’.

16. Two thin lenses of power + 6 D and – 2 D are in contact. What is the focal length of the
combination?

Ans. : Power = + 6D – 2D = + 4D
1
focal length = = 25cm.
power

17. A biconcave lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in
water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens?
Give reason.

Ans. : As a diverging lens.

[4]
 Light rays diverge on going from a rarer to a denser medium.

SECTION B () Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [6]

18. Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between f and 2f of a concave
mirror forms an image beyond 2f.

Ans. : 1

v
+
1

u
=
1
(f is negative)
f

1
U = −f ⟹ = 0 ⟹ v = ∞
v

1 −1
U = −2f ⟹ = ⟹ v = −2f
v 2f

\(\text{Hence if}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }-\text{2f}<\text{u}<-\text{f}\Longrightarrow-2f

Alternate Answer
2f > u > f

1 1 1
− > − > −
2f u f

1 1 1 1 1 1
− > − > −
f 2f f u f f

1 1
< < 0
2f V

2f < V <∝]

19. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracting in the prism BAC
made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism.
From which face will the ray emerge? Justify your answer.

Ans. :

Face-AC
−1 2
Here ic = sin ( )
3

−1
= sin (0.6)

∠i on face AC is 30º which is less than ∠ic Hence the ray get replaced here.

20. A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 has a focal length of 18cm in air. Calculate the
4
change in its focal length when it is immersed in water of refractive index
3

[5]
 Ans. :
1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

for air

1 a 1 1 1 1 1
= ( μg − 1)( − ) = ( )( − )
f a R1 R2 2 R1 R2

For water

1 w 1 1 1 1 1
= ( μg − 1)( − ) = ( )( − )
f w R1 R2 8 R1 R2

fw = 4fa

Change in focal length = 3fa = 54cm

SECTION C () Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [33]

21. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal
length 5.0 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects
when,
a. the telescope is in normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity)?
b. the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm)?

Ans. : Focal length of the objective lens, f0 = 140 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, fe = 5 cm
Least distance of distinct vision, d = 25 cm
a. When the telescope is in normal adjustment, its magnifying power is given as:
When the final image is formed at d, the
f0
m =
fe

140
= = 28
5

b. magnifying power of the telescope is given as:

f0 fe
[1 + ]
fe d

140 5
= [1 + ]
5 25

= 28[1 + 0.2]
= 28 × 1.2 = 33.6

22. Three rays (1, 2, 3) of different colours fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles
right angled prism as shown. The refractive index of prism for these rays is 1.39, 1.47
and 1.52 respectively. Find which of these rays get internally reflected and which get
only refracted from AC. Trace the paths of rays. Justify your answer with the help of
necessary calculations.

Ans. : i = 45
∘
(on face AC)
For TIR

[6]
 i > ic

⇒ sin i > sin ic

1 1
⇒ <
sin i sin ic

1 1
⇒ μ > ∵ μ =
sin i sin ic
–
μ > √2 = 1.414 for TIR
∴ Ray (1) is refracted from AC And rays (2) and (3) are internally reflected.

23. In the following diagram, an object ‘O’ is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens L1 of
focal length 20 cm and the final image is formed at ‘I’ at a distance of 80 cm from the
second lens L2 . Find the focal length of the lens L2 .

Ans. : For L1
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f
1

1 1 1 1
⇒ = − = −
v1 20 15 60

⇒ v1 = −60 cm

For lens L2
u = (-20 – 60) cm = -80 cm
v = 80 cm
∴ |u| = |v| = 2f2

80
⇒ f2 = = 40 cm
2

24. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in (i) a medium
of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33.
a. Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
b. How will its focal length change in the two media?

Ans. :
1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

a.
i. Diverging lens or concave lens.
ii. Converging lens or convex lens.
b.
i. Focal length will become negative and its magnitude would increase.
ii. Focal length increases.
25. a. Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.

[7]
 b. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an
eyepiece and as an objective to construct a compound microscope?
Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm)
L1 3 8
L2 6 1
L3 10 1
c. Define resolving power of a microscope and write one factor on which it
depends.

Ans. :
a. Ray Diagram for compound microscope:

b.
Objective: Lens L3

Eye Piece: Lens L2

2μ sin β
c. Rp =
1.22λ

26. Find the angle of deviation suffered by the light ray shown in figure. The refractive
index μ = 1.5 for the prism material.

Ans. :
Given, μ = 1.5
∘
And angle of prism = 4
A+δm A+δm
sin ( ) ( )
2 2

∴ μ = = ( for small angle sin θ = θ)

sin A A
( )
2 2

∘
A+δm 4 +δm
⇒ μ = ⇒ 1.5 = ∘
2 4
∘ ∘ ∘
⇒ δm = 4 × (1.5) − 4 = 2

27.

[8]
 A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of glass of refractive
index 1·5, is placed on a layer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in the
figure. An optical needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is moved along the
axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle itself. The distance of the
needle from the lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid layer and repeating
the experiment, the distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive
index of the liquid in terms of x and y.

Ans. : Let f1 = focal length of biconvex lens.

f2 = focal length of plano concave liquid.
f = focal length of combination of above two lenses.
f=x
f1 = y .........(i)
From combination of thin lenses,
1 1 1
+ =
f1 f2 f

1 1 1
= −
f2 f f1

1 1
= −
x y

1 y−x
= . . . . (ii)
f2 xy

For bicovex lens,

1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( + )
f1 R R

1 2
= (1.5 − 1)( )
f1 R

f1 = R = y .......(iii)
For planoconcave liquid,
1 1 1
= (μ1 − 1)( − − )
f2 R ∞

From equation (ii) & (iii),

y−x 1
⇒ = (μ1 − 1)( − )
xy y

y−x
⇒ = 1 − μ1
x
y−x
μ1 = 1 −
x
x−y+x
μ1 = 1 −
x

2x−y
μ1 =
x

28. a. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of image by a reflecting telescope.
b. Write two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope.

[9]
 Ans. :
a.
Ray Diagram.
Arrow marking.
Labelling.

b. Advantages:
i. Spherical aberration is absent.
ii. Chromatic aberration is absent.
iii. Mounting is easier.
iv. Polishing is done on only one side.
v. Light gathering power is more.
29. A double convex lens of glass of refractive index 1.6 has its both surfaces of equal radii
of curvature of 30 cm each. An object of height 5cm is placed at a distance of 12.5 cm
from the lens. Calculate the size of the image formed.

Ans. :
1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

Alternate Answer
R
f =
2(μ−1)

f = 25 cm
1 1 1
= −
f v u

v = - 25 cm
I v
= = 2
0 u

Alternate Answer
I f
=
0 f+ u

∴ I = +10cm.

30. You are given three lenses L1 , L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at
40 cm in front of L1 , as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus I of L3 . Find
the separations between L1 , L2 and L3 .

Ans. : For lens L1

1 1 1
= −
f1 v1 u1

1 1 1
= − => v1 = 40 cm
20 v1 −40

For L3
1 1 1
= −
f3 v3 u3

u3 = ?, f3 = + 20 cm, v3 = 20 cm

[10]
 1 1 1
= +
20 20 u3

u3 = ∞

It shows that L2 must render the rays parallel to the common axis. It means that the image
( I1 ), formed by L1 , must be at a distance of 20 cm from L2 (at the focus of L2 )
Therefore, distance between L1 and L2 (=40+20) = 60 cm and distance between L2 and L3
can have any value.

31. Find the angle of minimum deviation for an equilateral prism made of a material of
refractive index 1.732. What is the angle of incidence for this deviation?

Ans. : Refractive index (μ) of the material from which prism is made = 1.732
We know refractive index is given by:
δ +A
min
[ ]
2

μ =
A
sin [ ]
2

Where δmin is the angleof minimum deviation and A is the angle of prism = 60º
∘
∘ δmin +60
⇒ 1.732 × sin(30 ) = sin ( )
2

∘
1.732 δmin +60
⇒ = sin ( )
2 2

∘
δmin +60 ∘
⇒ ( ) = 60
20

∘
δmin = 60

δmin = 2i − A
∘
2i = 120
∘
i = 60

Hence, the required angle of deviation is 60°.

SECTION D () Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [65]

32. A person with a normal near point (25 cm) using a compound microscope with objective
of focal length 8.0 mm and an eyepiece of focal length 2.5 cm can bring an object
placed at 9.0 mm from the objective in sharp focus. What is the separation between the
two lenses? Calculate the magnifying power of the microscope.

Ans. : Focal length of the objective lens, f0 = 8 mm = 0.8 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, fe = 2.5 cm
Object distance for the objective lens, u0 = - 9.0 mm = - 0.9 cm
Least distance of distant vision, d = 25 cm
Image distance for the eyepiece, ve = - d= - 25 cm
Object distance for the eyepiece = ue
Using the lens formula, we can obtain the value of ue as:

[11]
 1 1 1
− =
ve ue fe

1 1 1
= −
ue ve fe

1 1 −1−10 −11
= − = =
−25 2.5 25 25

25
∴ ue = − = −2.27 cm
11

We can also obtain the value of the image distance for the objective lens ( ) 0 v
using the lens formula.
1 1 1
− =
v0 u0 f0

1 1 1
= +
v0 f0 u0

1 1 0.9−0.8 0.1
= − = =
0.8 0.9 0.72 0.72

∴ v0 = 7.2 cm

The distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece = |ue| + v0
= 2.27 + 7.2

= 9.47 cm
The magnifying power of the microscope is calculated as:
According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
v0 d
(1 + )
| u0 | fe

7.2 25
= (1 + ) = 8(1 + 10) = 88
0.9 2.5

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 88.

33. equiconvex lens (of refractive index 1.50) in contact with a liquid layer on top of a plane
mirror. A small needle with its tip on the principal axis is moved along the axis until its
inverted image is found at the position of the needle. The distance of the needle from
the lens is measured to be 45.0 cm. The liquid is removed and the experiment is
repeated. The new distance is measured to be 30.0 cm. What is the refractive index of
the liquid?

Ans. : Focal length of the convex lens, f1 = 30 cm

The liquid acts as a mirror. Focal length of the liquid = f2
Focal length of the system (convex lens + liquid), f = 45 cm
For a pair of optical systems placed in contact, the equivalent focal length is given as:
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2

1 1 1
= −
f2 f f1

1 1 1
= − = −
45 30 90

[12]
 ∴ f2 = −90 cm

Let the refractive index of the lens be µ1 and the radius of curvature of one surface be R.
Hence, the radius of curvature of the other surface is - R.
R can be obtained using the relation:
1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( + )
f1 R R

1 2
= (1.5 − 1)( )
30 R

∴ R = 30 × (0.5) × 2 = 30cm

Let µ2 be the refractive index of the liquid.

Radius of curvature of the liquid on the side of the plane mirror = ∞
Radius of curvature of the liquid on the side of the lens, R= - 30 cm
The value of µ2 can be calculated using the relation:
1 1 1
= (μ2 − 1)( − )
f2 R1 R2

1 1 1
− = (μ2 − 1)( − )
90 −30 ∞

1 1
= (μ2 − 1)( )
90 30

30
μ2 − 1 =
90

1 4
μ2 = +1 =
3 3

= 1.33

34. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an
eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the
objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the final image at (a) the least
distance of distinct vision (25 cm), and (b) at infinity? What is the magnifying power of
the microscope in each case?

Ans. : Focal length of the objective lens, f1 = 2.0 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f2 = 6.25 cm
Distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece, d = 15 cm
a. Least distance of distinct vision, d' = 25 cm
∴ Image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = -25 cm
Object distance for the eyepiece = u2
According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f2

1 1 1
= −
u2 v2 f2

1 1 −1−4 −5
= − = =
−25 6.25 25 25

∴ u2 = −5 cm

Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 − 5 = 10 cm

Object distance for the objective lens = u2

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

[13]
 1 1 1
= −
u1 v1 f1

1 1 1−5 −4
= − = =
10 2 10 10

∴ u1 = −2.5 cm

Magnitude of the object distance, |u1 | = 2.5 cm

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by the relation:
′
v1 d
m = (1 + )
| u1 | f2

10 25
= (1 + ) = 4(1 + 4) = 20
2.5 6.25

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 20.

2. The final image is formed at infinity.
∴ Image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = ∞
Object distance for the eyepiece = u2
According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f2

1 1 1
− =
∞ u2 6.25

∴ u2 = −6.25 cm

Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 − 6.25 = 8.75 cm

Object distance for the objective lens = u1

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1
= −
u1 v1 f1

1 1 2−8.75
= − =
8.75 2.0 17.5

17.5
∴ u1 = − = −2.59 cm
6.75

Magnitude of the object distance, u1 = 2.59 cm

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by the relation:

′
v1 d
m = ( )
| u1 | | u2 |

8.75 25
= × = 13.51
2.59 6.25

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 13.51.

35. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an
eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the
objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the final image at (a) the least
distance of distinct vision (25 cm), and (b) at infinity? What is the magnifying power of
the microscope in each case?

Ans. : Focal length of the objective lens, f1 = 2.0 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f2 = 6.25 cm
Distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece, d = 15 cm
a. Least distance of distinct vision, d' = 25 cm

[14]
 ∴ Image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = -25 cm
Object distance for the eyepiece = u2
According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f2

1 1 1
= −
u2 v2 f2

1 1 −1−4 −5
= − = =
−25 6.25 25 25

∴ u2 = −5 cm

Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 − 5 = 10 cm

Object distance for the objective lens = u2

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1
= −
u1 v1 f1

1 1 1−5 −4
= − = =
10 2 10 10

∴ u1 = −2.5 cm

Magnitude of the object distance, |u1 | = 2.5 cm

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by the relation:
′
v1 d
m = (1 + )
| u1 | f2

10 25
= (1 + ) = 4(1 + 4) = 20
2.5 6.25

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 20.

2. The final image is formed at infinity.
∴ Image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = ∞
Object distance for the eyepiece = u2
According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f2

1 1 1
− =
∞ u2 6.25

∴ u2 = −6.25 cm

Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 − 6.25 = 8.75 cm

Object distance for the objective lens = u1

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1
= −
u1 v1 f1

1 1 2−8.75
= − =
8.75 2.0 17.5

17.5
∴ u1 = − = −2.59 cm
6.75

Magnitude of the object distance, u1 = 2.59 cm

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by the relation:

[15]
 ′
v1 d
m = ( )
| u1 | | u2 |

8.75 25
= × = 13.51
2.59 6.25

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 13.51.

36. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting angle
60° so that it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index
of the material of the prism is 1.524.

Ans. : The refracted ray in the prism is incident on the second face at critical angle ic.

Given, angle of prism, A = 60°

Refracting index of the material = 1.524
Now, 60° + 90° - r + 90° - ic = 180°
and, r1 + r2 = ∠A
∘
⇒ r = 60 − ic

1 1
sin ic = =
μ 1.524

−1 1
⇒ ic = sin ( )
1.524

∘
⇒ ic ≃ 41
∘ ∘ ∘
∴ r = 60 − 41 = 19

Using Snell's law,

∘
sin i = sin 19 × 1.524

= 0.4962
−1
i = sin (0.4962)

= 29.75°.

37. a. a cross - section of a ‘light pipe’ made of a glass fibre of refractive. The outer
covering of the pipe is made of a material of refractive. What is the range of
the angles of the incident rays with the axis of the pipe for which total
reflections inside the pipe take place, as shown in the figure.
b. What is the answer if there is no outer covering of the pipe?

Ans. :
a. Refractive index of the glass fibre, µ1 = 1.68
Refractive index of the outer covering of the pipe, µ2 = 1.44
Angle of incidence = i

[16]
 Angle of refraction = r
Angle of incidence at the interface = i'
The refractive index (µ) of the inner core - outer core interface is given as:
μ2 1
μ = = ′
μ1 sin i
μ
′ 1
sin i =
μ2

1.44
= = 0.8571
1.68
′ ∘
∴ i = 59

For the critical angle, total internal reflection (TIR) takes place only when i > i, i. e., i
> 59°
Maximum angle of reflection, rmax = 90° - i' = 90° - 59° = 31°
Let, imax be the maximum angle of incidence.
The refractive index at the air - glass interface, µ1 = 1.68
We have the relation for the maximum angles of incidence and reflection as:
sin imax
μ1 =
sin rmax

= sin imax = μ1 sin rmax

= 1.68 sin 31°

= 1.68 × 0.5150
= 0.8652
−1 ∘
imax = sin 0.8652 ≈ 60

Thus, all the rays incident at angles lying in the range 0 < i< 60° will suffer total
internal reflection.
b. If the outer covering of the pipe is not present, then:
Refractive index of the outer pipe, µ1 = Refractive index of air = 1
For the angle of incidence i = 90°, we can write Snell's law at the air - pipe interface
as:
sin i
= μ2 = 1.68
sin r
∘
sin 90 1
sin r = =
1.68 1.68

−1
r = sin (0.5952)

= 36.5°
′ ∘ ∘ ∘
∴ i = 90 − 36.5 = 53.5

Since i' > r, All incident rays will suffer total internal reflection.

38. What is the focal length of a convex lens of focal length 30cm in contact with a concave
lens of focal length 20 cm? Is the system a converging or a diverging lens? Ignore
thickness of the lenses.

Ans. : Focal length of the convex lens, f1 = 30 cm

Focal length of the concave lens, f2 = - 20 cm
Focal length of the system of lenses = f
The equivalent focal length of a system of two lenses in contact is given as:
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2

[17]
 1 1 1 2−3 1
= − = = −
f 30 20 60 60

∴ f = −60 cm

Hence, the focal length of the combination of lenses is 60 cm. The negative sign indicates
that the system of lenses acts as a diverging lens.

39. a. Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an
astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying
power.
b. You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope:
i. Which lenses should he used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your answer.
ii. Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?

Ans. :
a.

Definition - It is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye, by the final image, to the
angle which the object subtends at the lens, or the eye.
b.
i. Objective=.5D
Eye lens = 10D This choice would give higher magnification as.
fo pe
M = =
fe po

ii. High resolving power/Brighter image/lower limit of resolution.

40. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?
The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm
respectively. Find the position of the object relative to the objective in order to obtain an
angular magnification of 30 in normal adjustment.

Ans. : Working differences:

1. Objective of a telescope forms the image of a very far off object at, or within, the
focus of its eyepiece. The microscope does the same for a small object kept just
beyond the focus of its objective.
2. The final image formed by a telescope is magnified relative to its size as seen by
the unaided eye while the final image formed by a microscope is magnified
relative to its absolute size.
3. The objective of a telescope has large focal length & large aperture while the
corresponding for a microscope have very small values.
Telescope Microscope

[18]
 1. Resolving power should be 1. Resolving power is not so large but
higher for certain magnification. the magnification should be higher.
2. Focal length of objective should 2. Both objective and eye
be kept larger while eyepiece piece should have less focal
focal length should be small for length for better magnification.
better magnification. 3. Eye piece should be of
3. Objective should be of large aperture.
large aperture. 4. Distance between objective and
4. Distance between objective and eye eye piece is fixed, for focusing an
piece is adjusted to focus the object object the distance of the objective
at infinity. is changed.
Given: fo = 1.25cm

fe = 5cm

Angular magnification m= 30
Now, m = me × mo
In normal adjustment, angular magnification of eyepiece
25
me = d/fe = + = 5
5

Hence, mo = 6
vo vo
But mo =
uo
=> −6 =
uo

=> vo = −6uo

Applying lens equation to the objective lens:

1 1 1
= −
fo vo uo

1 1 1
= −
1.25 −6uo uo

1 −1−6
=
1.25 6uo

6uo = 1.25 × (−7)

−1.25×7
uo = cm
6

= −1.46cm.

41. Define magnifying power of a telescope. Write its expression.

A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eye piece of focal
length 5 cm. If this telescope is used to view a 100m high tower 3 km away, find the
height of the final image when it is formed 25 cm away from the eye piece.

Ans. :
a. Magnifying power is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image to
the angle subtended at the unaided eye by the object.
Expression
m = β/α = fo /fe

fe
or m = fo /
fe
(1 + )
D

b. Using, the lens equation for objective lens,:

1 1 1
= −
fo vo uo

1 1 1
=> = − 5
150 vo −3×10

[19]
 1 1 1 2000−1
=> = − =
vo 5 5
150 −3×10 3×10
5
3×10
=> vo = cm
1999

≈ 150cm

Hence, magnification due to the objective lens

−2
vo 150×10 m
mo = =
uo 3000m
−2
10 −2
≈ = .05 × 10
20

Using lens formula for eyepiece

1 1 1
= −
fe ve ue

1 1 1
=> = −
5 −25 ue

1 1 1 −1−5
=> = − =
ue −25 5 25

−25
=> ue = cm
6

−25
∴ Magnification due to eyepiece me = = 6
25
−
6

Hence, total magnification => m = me × mo

−4 −4
m = 6 × 5 × 10 = 30 × 10

Hence, size of final image

−4
= 30 × 10 × 100m

= 30 cm.

42. Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a compound microscope. Explain
why both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope must have short
focal lengths.

Ans. :
Expression for total magnification: The (linear) magnification due to the objective,
namely h’/ h, equals
′
h L
m∘ = =
h f∘

where we have used the result

′
h h
tan β = ( ) = ( )
f ∘ L

L ≅ Distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first focal point of
the eye piece = tube length of the compound microscope. [When the final image is
formed at infinity, the angular magnification due to the eyepiece is
me = (D/fe )]

[20]
 Alternate Answer
The (angular) magnification me ,due to eyepiece, when the final image is formed at the
near point, is

D
me = (1 + )
f e

The total magnification when the image is formed at infinity, is

L D
m = m∘ me = ( )( )
f ∘ f e

Alternate Answer
The total magnification, when the final image is formed at the near point, is

L D
m = m∘ me = (1 + )
f ∘ f ∘

Reason: With short focal lengths of objective and eyepiece the total magnification of the
compound microscope increases.

43. a. Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two
radii and radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface.
Consider the object to be a point since lying on the principle axis
in rarer medium of refractive index n1 and a real image formed in the denser
medium of refractive index n2. Hence, derive lens maker's formula.
b. Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of
refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source
from the glass surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed?

Ans. :

i.
Ray diagram showing real image formation as per prescription,
θ1 = α + β

θ2 = β − γ

∴ γ = β −θ

For paraxial rays θ1 and θ2 are small Therefore, n2 sin θ2 = n1 sin θ2 (Snells law)
Reduces to,
sin i i n2
At N sin r
∼
r
=
n1

∴ n1 = rXn2

(α + β)n1 = (β − θ)n2

NM NM NM NM
n1 ( + ) = ( − ) n2
OM MC MC MI

1 1 1 1
n1 ( + ) = ( − ) n2
- u + R + R u

n2 n1 (n2 −n1 )

′
− =
v u R1

Appying above relations to refraction through a lens:

 ii.
For surface 1
n2 −n1 n1 n1

R1
=
v′
−
u
. ... . ... .. (i)
For surface 2
n1 −n2 n1 n2
=
v
− ′
. . .. . . . . (ii)
R2 v

Adding eqn. (i) and (ii)

1 1 1 1
(n2 − n1 )( − ) = n1 ( − )
R1 R2 v u

For u =∝ v = f
n1 1 1
∴ = (n2 − n1 )( − )
f R1 R2

1 n2 1 1
⇒ = ( − 1)( − )
f n1 R1 R2

iii. R = 20 cm n2 = 1.5 n1 = 1 u = - 100 cm

n2 (n2 −n1 ) n1
= +
v R u

0.5 1
= −
20cm 100cm

1.5
= cm
100

⇒ V = 100 cm a real image on the other side, 100 cm away from the surface.

44. i. Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is
formed at infinity. Write the expression for the resolving power of the telescope.
ii. An astronomical telescope has an objective lens of focal length 20m and
eyepiece of focal length 1cm.
a. Find the angular magnification of the telescope.
b. If this telescope is used to view the Moon, find the diameter of the image
formed by the objective lens. Given the diameter of the Moon is 3.5 ×
106 m and radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 × 108 m.

Ans. :
i.

D
Resolving power =
1.22λ

ii.
f0
a.
20
m = − = − = −2000
fe 10−2

b.
 d0 di
tan α = =
u f0
6
3.5×10
⇒ d1 = 8
× 20 = 0.18m
3.8×10

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