Biology

Name an Organelle which serves as a primary

packaging area for molecules that will be
distributed throughout the cell?
a) Mitochondria
b) Plastids
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Vacuole
Biology
The study of living organisms ,is called biology.

Father of biology and Zoology Aristotle.

Living Organism
(सजीव )

• Reproduction
• Metabolism
• Sensitivity
Cell Tissue Organs Body

कोशिका ऊतक अंग िरीर

Cell (कोशिका)
• Smallest Functional Unit of Human Body.
• Study of Cell is called Cytology.
• Cell is discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.
• First living cell is discovered by van Leeuwenhoek.
• Biggest cell –Ostrich Egg
• Biggest cell of human body –Neuron (ovum)
• Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A
cell can replicate itself independently. Hence, they are known as the building
blocks of life.

• A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of
life’s processes.”
• All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell
(unicellular), or many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest
known cells.

• Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to

carry out life processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The
hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.
Cell Structure

1. Cell Wall
❑ Present in Plant Cell only.
• It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
• It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
• It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical
shocks and injuries.
2. Cell Membrane

❑ Present both in Plant and Animal Cell.

❑ Cell Membrane =Lipid + Protein
❑ Semipermeable/Selectively permeable
• The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls
the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It
separates the cell from the external environment. The cell
membrane is present in all the cells.
• By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permit the
movement of selective substances in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell
membrane.
• Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
• The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria,
ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.
3. Plastid (लवक)
❑ Chloroplast
❑ Chromoplast
❑ Leucoplast
❑ Present in Plant Cell only.
Other Points
• Yellow carrots contain xanthophylls, pigments similar to beta carotene, which
help develop healthy eyes and may prevent lung and other cancers.

• Red carrots contain lycopene, a pigment also found in tomatoes and

watermelon; lycopene helps prevent heart disease and some cancers.

• Green colour in green vegetables is due to the presence of a pigment known

as chlorophyll.
 4.Mitochondria
❑ Power House of the cell.

❑ ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

❑William G. Kaelin and Sir peter got Noble Prize 2019.

• Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the
energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.
• Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.
 DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
❑ Genetic Material
❑ Double Helix Model of DNA is given by James Watson and crick.
 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of
substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism
of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
The ER is divided into two types
based on their physical and
functional properties viz.
Smooth and Rough ER.
• Rough ER
• It synthesizes and secretes proteins in the cells.
• Smooth ER
• The SER is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, the main lipids in cell
membranes and are very important in the process of metabolism.
• They also transport the products of the rough endoplasmic reticulum to
other cell parts like the Golgi apparatus.
 6. Golgibody
Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office
as it is involved in the transportation of
materials within the cell
7. Lysosome

1. Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the
cell and helps in cell renewal. Therefore, it is known as the cell’s suicide
bags
2. digestive enzymes
 Nucleus (केन्द्रक)

• Robert Brown
• The nucleus contains the hereditary material of
the cell, the DNA.
• It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature,
divide and die.
Chromosome ( गुणसत्र
ू )
• 23 pair
• The nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes.
• These carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of characters from the
parents to the offspring.
• Chromosomes are composed of DNA in the form of Chromatin and protein.
• Chromosomes contain information for the inheritance of features from parents to
next generation in the form of DNA molecules.
Question of the day
• Name the process in which the passage of water goes from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration through a semi permeable
membrane?
• a) Diffusion
• b) Osmosis
• c) Both a) and b)
• d) Neither a) nor b)
Thank you